표정인식을 위한 PCA와 템플릿 정합을 사용한 얼굴 요소 추출

우효정, 이슬기, 김동우, 류성필, 안재형 충북대학교 산업과학기술연구소 2013 산업과학기술연구 논문집 Vol.27 No.2

This paper proposed an extracting algorithm of human facial components for the recognition of facial expressions. First face image is acquired using the Haar-like feature mask from an input image. The face image is divided into two images. One is the upper image including eye and eyebrow. The other is the lower image including mouth and jaw. The extraction of facial components, such as eye and mouth, begins getting eye image and mouth image. Then eigenfaces are produced by the PCA training process with learning images. An eigeneye and an eigenmouth are produced from eigenfaces. Result eye image is obtained by template matching the upper image with the eigeneye, and the mouth image is obtained by template matching the lower image with the eigenmouth. The simulation results show that the proposed method has superior extraction ratio than previous method.

출생 시 발생한 특발성 치은섬유종증

이효설,최형준,최병재,손홍규,이제호 大韓小兒齒科學會 2008 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.35 No.4

치은섬유종증(Gingival fibromaotsis)은 치은조직의 섬유성 증식을 나타내는 드문 구강질환이다. 원인은 명확히 규명되지 않았으나 상염색체 우성 또는 열성의 유전성이거나 특발성일수 있다. 주로 영구치 맹출 시기에 나타나기 시작하나, 드물게 유치열기나 출생시부터 이환되는 경우도 있다. 치은은 서서히 증식하여 치아의 해부학적 치관부위를 덮거나 구개 변이를 일으켜 혀 운동장애를 야기하거나 입술 폐쇄를 방해하기도 한다. 이 증례의 환아는 14개월 된 여아로 출생 시부터 계속딘 치은증식을 주소로 내원하였다. 특별한 가족력이나 의학적 병력은 없었고, 임상 유전검사 결과 알려진 어떤 증후군으로 진단되지 않았으나, 신체발달이 지연되어 있었다. 펀치 생검을 하였으며, 조직검사명은 치은섬유유종증이었다. 가족력이 없어 특발성 치은섬유종증으로 진단하였다. 환아의 연령 및 전신 상태를 고려해 치은 절제술 등의 외과적 치료는 연기하기로 하였다. Gingival fibromatosis is a rare condition characterized by varying degrees of gingival hyperplasia. Gingival fibromatosis usually occurs as an isolated disorder or can be associated with a variety of other syndromes. It usually appears at the time of eruption of permanent dentition but, can develop at the time of eruption of the primary dentition and rarely at birth. It may deform palatal contour and subsequently restrict the tongue movement, resulting in interference during speech and mastication. In addition, it incapacitates maintenance of normal lip closure. A 14-month-old girl visited the department of pediatric dentistry, Yonsei University Dental Hospital, for the congenital gingival overgrowth. There was no one in the family, who showed similar pattern of gingival growth. The intraoral clinical examination revealed generalized severe enlargement throughout the maxillary and the mandibular arches. Enlarged gingival tissue was pink and had firm consistency. She was referred for chromosomal analysis, which confirmed absence of any known syndrome. Under local anesthesia, "Punch-biopsy" was performed on the labial area, and the specimen was histologically diagnosed as gingival fibromatosis. For she did not have any medical problem nor familiar history, she was diagnosed as having idiopathic gingival fibromatosis. Regarding her age and behavior, close follow-up was decided.

사람 Adenylate Kinase 1의 p-Loop부위에 위치한 Serine^(19) 잔기의 돌연변이에 의한 구조 활정 상관관계

문재희,이한나,류용구,김효준 한양대학교 이학기술연구소 2007 이학기술논문지 Vol.10 No.-

Adenylate kinase (AK)는 모든 세포에 존재하는 에너지대사에 관련하는 효소로서 short form과 long form의 두 종류의 isoform으로 분류된다. 포유류 세포의 세포질에 존재하는 short form은 높은 효소 활성(1,800 U/mg)을 나타내며, 전핵생물이나 미토콘드리아에 존재하는 long form은 매우 낮은 활성(200 U/mg)을 나타낸다. 한편, 박테리아인 Mycobacterium tuberculosis의 AK(AKmt)는 구조적으로는 진핵세포와 같은 short form이지만, 활성은 long form의 전형적인 낮은 활성을 갖고 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 본 연구에서 사람의AK1(hAK1)과 AKmt의 효소의 촉매활성에 중요한 부위인 P-loop의 아미노산 서열 중 활성이 높은 isoform과 활성이 낮은 isoform에서 serine(Ser^(19)hAK1)과 alanine(Ala^(11)AKmt)으로 각각의 보존성이 상이하여 이 부분이 효소 활성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 부위지정 돌연변이법을 이용하여 hAK1의 19번째 Ser을 Ala으로 치환시킨 돌연변이체(S19AhAK1)를 작성하여 hAK1 및 AKmt간의 활성 및 기질 친화도를 반응속도론적으로 비교한 결과 S19AhAK1의 활성은 450 U/mg으로 AKmt 수준으로 낮아졌으나, 기질 친화도인 Km 값은 ATP 및 AMP에 대하여 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 이로서 P-loop의 serine은 side chain의 polarity를 통해 phosphoryl-transfer의 촉매능을 촉진하고 있음을 확인하였다. Adenylate kinase (AK) is a ubiquitous enzyme which related with the energy metabolism in living cells. AK has two kinds of isoforms: short form and long form. Generally the short form has high enzymatic activity (1800 U/mg) and exists in eukaryotic cytosol, while long form has low activity (200 U/mg) and exists in mitochondria and bacteria. Interestingly, AK from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (AKmt) belongs to the short form isozyme, but catalytic activity is as low as that of bacterial long forms'. To characterize this discrepancy, we shed light on the conserved residues in the p-loop of the enzyme. In the flexible P-loop of AK, serine is conserved in high-activity isozymes and alanine is conserved in low-activity isozymes, respectively. Ser^(19) of high activity hAK1 is replaced by Ala at P-loop in low activity AKmt. We substituted Ala for Ser^(19) in hAK1 by site-directed mutagenesis to get a mutant enzyme, S19AhAK1. Enzyme activity of S19AhAK1 was greatly reduced to 450 U/mg, as expected. However, minor changes in Km values for both of ATP and AMP were detected. In condusion, the serine^(19) in hAKl enhances the phosphoryl-transfer catalysis but not in substrate binding, by utilizing the polarity in p-loop environment.

전립선암의 색/출력도플러 경직장초음파검사 : Gleason 점수와의 비교 Correlation with Gleason Score

김효철,김승협,문민환,박병관,김건하,최혁재,윤창진 대한초음파의학회 2002 ULTRASONOGRAPHY Vol.21 No.3

운동형태별 밸런스 테이핑 적용이 EMG 활동 및 혈중 피로물질 반응에 미치는 영향

이효성,이용식,변재철 한국운동역학회 2004 한국운동역학회지 Vol.14 No.3

H-S Lee, Y-S Lee, J-C Byun. The effects of EMG activity and blood fatigue makers on balance taping treatment by exercise type. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 271-284, 2004. The purpose of this study was to analyse the EMG activity of selected muscles with balance taping treatment and blood fatigue makers which accumulated during exercise of progressive maximal intensity. Ten male college students who did not experience any cardiovascular and musculo-skeletal disease were participated in this study. Balance taping were applied to rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimembranous, and around knee joint. Isokinetic knee joint flexion/extension force, EMG activity, lactate and ammonia as blood fatigue makers during progressive maximal intensity exercise were measured for with/without applying balance taping. The results indicated that although flexion force of total work at 60˚/sec with taping was increased applied taping did not affect to the aerobic exercise ability parameters. Lactate level as blood fatigue makers during progressive maximal intensity exercise after taping was decreased but the ammonia level did not change with same treatment. In isokinetic knee joint test at the angular velocity of 60˚/sec, 180˚/sec, and 240˚//sec the taping treatment did not affect to any selected muscle EMG activities except maximal EMG of vastus lateralis at 240˚/sec.

프로야구 오버드로우 투수의 견관절 등속성 토크에 관한 분석

소재무,김용일,김효은 한국운동역학회 2002 한국운동역학회지 Vol.12 No.2

야구 경기에서 투수의 투구 동작은 5단계로 구분되어 정의되지만 투구 속도는 어느 부위의 근력에 의해서 좌우되는지 단언할 수 없다. 그러나 최근에 견관절의 회전력 중요성이 강조되고 있으며 몇몇 선행 연구를 찾아 볼 수 있었다. 그래서 빠른 투구 능력과 견관절 회전력에 대한 상관성 분석의 필요성을 갖게 되었다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 오버 드로우 투수들의 견관절 내.외측 토크를 3가지 자세에서 측정하여 볼 속도와 관계를 규명하고 기준을 제시할 기초 자료 제공에 있다. 연구 결과 앉은 자세에서 내.외전 최대 토크는 집단 (볼 속도 차이) 간 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 누운 자세의 내.외전 최대 토크는 집단간 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 선 자세에서도 동일한 결과가 나타났다. 결론적으로 투구 속도와 자세별 내.외전 최대 토크 근력과는 정량적인 차이는 있었지만 상관성은 나타나지 않았다. 그래서 투구 속도에 영향을 미치는 역학적 에너지 동원 체계에 대한 기전 규명의 추후 연구가 기대된다. The purpose of this study was analysis inter relative the ball velocity and isotonic torque of shoulder joint. The subject were twelve overthrow pitcher of professional baseball player. The measurement was used Cybex 6000. The results of this study were as follows : 1. As the siting position of maximal adduction torque of dominant, A group was higher than B group. As the non-dominant, B group was higher than A group for improved angular velocity. There is no significance difference between group. 2. As the siting position of maximal abduction torque of dominant and non-dominant, B group was higher than A group for all measurement. There is no significance difference between group. 3. As the layed position of maximal internal torque of dominant, A group was higher than B group. As the non-dominant was just higher at 180。/sec than B group, B group was higher at 60。/sec and 300。/sec than A group. There is no significance difference between group. 4. As the layed position of maximal external torque of dominant and non-dominant, A group was more higher than B group for all measurement. There is no significance difference between group 5. As the standing position of maximal internal torque of dominant, A group was just higher at 60。/sec than B group, B group was higher at 180。/sec and 300。/sec than A group. As the non-dominant, B group was higher than A group. There is no significance difference between group. 6. As the standing position of maximal external torque of dominant, A group was higher 60。/sec and 180。/sec than B group. But B group was higher 300。/sec than A group. As the non-dominant, B group was higher than A group. There is no significance difference between group.

젊은 성인에서의 하악 매복 제 3 대구치의 맹출과 위치변화에 대한 방사선학적 평가

김효섭,이재훈 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 2003 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.25 No.4

The third molar appears to be the most frequently impacted tooth. In most studies, the frequency of mandibular third molar impaction has been found to be 20-30%, with females showing third molar impaction significantly more often than males. During development, the position of the mandibular third molar changes countinously before reuption or impaction. Unless this movement is disturbed, the mandibular third molar will erupt normally into the functional position. Panoramic tomographs are usually taken for clincal examinaion and treatment planning. To determine the timing of surgical intervention, it would be beneficial to dertermine certain predictive signs about the future eruption from the panormic radiograph while the tooth is still developing. To estmate whether mandibular third molar are likely to erupt after the age of 20 by determining radiographic feature, we took a study on 25 patients (Average age was 20.2±0.7)with 30 impacted mandibular third molars. Panoramic radiograph was taken at age 20 and 25. The results were as follows. 76.9% of the mandibular third molars with initially complete root development fully erupted by the age of 25 years. however, teeth with incomplete root development more often remained unerupted. The mandibular third molar which impacted in only soft tissue or by the occlusal level to the mandibular second molar erupted more often than other impactions. Initially vertical angulated teeth erupted more often than other angulations. There was a statistically significant difference of angulations change between age 20 and age 25(P<0.05). In the retromolar space/MD width of mandibular third molar ratio, there was a statistically significant difference between the erupted group and the impacted group(P<0.01). It was conclued that we could find the predictive radiographic features to estimate future eruption of mandibular third molars from a panoremic tomograph taken at age 20 years.

비소세포폐암에서 Microsatellite Instability

전효성,김정란,손지웅,박선하,박태인,김창호,김인산,정태훈,박재용 경북대학교 병원 2001 경북대학교병원의학연구소논문집 Vol.5 No.1

연구베경:MMR 유전자의 불활성화에 의해 야기되는 뮤전적 불안정성은 발암기전의 한 부류로 인정되고 있다.저자들은 비소세포폐암의 발암과정에서의 MSI의 역할을 규명하기 위해 비소세포폐암에서 MSI의 빈도 및 MSI 유무에 따른 임상상의 차이를 조사하였다. 대상 및 방법:근치적 절제술을 받은 비소세포폐암 20예를 대상으로 하였다.동결된 폐암조직과 환자의 림프구에서 DNA를 추출한 후 3P와 9p의 15개의 marker들을 대상으로 PCR을 시행하고 7% polyacrylamide gel에서 전기영동한 후 silver 염색을 시행하였다. 암조직과 림프구 DNA의 PCR product의 band를 비교하여 MSI와 LOH를 판정하였다. 결과:1)대상환자들은 남자 19예,여자 1예였으며 모두 흡연자였고 평균 흠연력은 47 갑년이었다. 폐암의 조직형은 편평상피암 15예, 선암 4예,대세포암 1예였고, 술 후 병리학적 병기는 Ⅰ기 6예,Ⅱ기 5예, ⅢA기 7예,ⅢB기 2예였다. 2)20예 가운데 8예(40%)에서 MSI가 관찰되었으며 3예는 한 개의 marker에서,5예는 2개 이상의 marker에서 MSI가 관찰되었다. 3)LOH는 10예(50%)에서 있었으며,LOH유무에 따른 병가 및 흡연력의 차이가 없었다. 4)분석한 marker의 10% 이상에서 MSI가 관찰된 MSI-L종양은 5예였으며, 대부분의 marker에서 MSI양성인 MSI-H종양은 없었다.MSS종양과 MSI-L종양은 흡연력, 병기, 폐암 조직형 및 LOH 빈도의 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론:비소세포폐암에서 MSI는 비교적 흔히 관찰되지만 MMR 유전자의 불활성화에 의한 MMP pathway 는 비소세포폐암의 주요 발생기전은 아닐 것으로 생각된다.향 후 비소세포폐암의 발암과정에 있어서 MMP pathway의 역할을 규명하기 위해서는 보다 많은 예를 대상으로 한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, MSI 발생기전에 관한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. Purpose: Microsatellite instability(MSI) is frequently used as an indicator of microsatellite mutator phenotype (MMP) tumors.MSI has been observed in a percentage of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).However, its role in tumorigenesis of NSCLC remains unknown.The frequency and partten of MSI in NSCLC were evaluted and clinical parameters of MSI-positive tumors with those of MSS(microsatellite stable) tumors were compared. Materials and Methods: Twenty surgically resected NSCLCs were analyzed for 15 microsatellite markers located at chromosomes 3p and 9p.The peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients were used as the source of the normal DNA. Results:1) of 20 cases, 8(40%) demonstrated MSI. 2) Instability was observed more frequently in tri- and tetra-nucleotide repeats that in dinucleotide repeats. In all cases, instability appeared as a shift of individual allelic bands. 3) LOH was observed in 10(50%) of 20 tumors analyzed. 4) Of 20 cases, MSI-H tumor(showing MSI in the majority of markers) was absent. There were 5 MSI-L tumors( showing MSI in a greater than 10% of markers). 5) No significant difference was observed between MSI-L tumors and MSI negative tumors in terms of clinicopathologic features such as pack-year history of smoking, histologic subtype, and (delete) stage of disease.There was also no significant difference in the incidence of LOH in relation to the status of MSI. Conclusion: These data strongly suggest that MSI plays different roles in lung and colon cancer.MMP pathway appears to be far less important in the tumorigenesis of NSCLC, caused mainly by cigarette smoke, with little familial tendency.(tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 2000,48:24-32)

Bacillus sp. FF-7에 의한 항산화물질 생산조건과 항산화 활성

차재영,김효정,전방실,박진철,옥민,조영수 한국응용생명화학회 2003 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.46 No.3

발효식품 시료로부터 분리된 세균을 DPPH(α,α¹-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) 전자공여능으로 항산화 활성을 측정하여 가장 활성이 강한 균주를 선별하여 형태학적, 생화학적, 생리학적 특성 및 16S rRNA 염기서열을 조사한 결과 Bacillus sp.으로 판명되어 FF-7로 명명하였다. DPPH 전자공여능법에 의한 Bacillus sp. FF-7이 생산하는 항산화물질의 최적 생산 배지조건은 탄소원 2% galactose와 질소원 1% tryptone 첨가였다. Bacillus sp. FF-7에 의해 생성된 항산화 물질의 활성을 DPPH 전자공여능, 흰쥐 각 조직 microsomal 실험계 및 linoleic acid 과 산화지질 실험계에서 malondialdehyde를 thiobarbituric acid(TBA)방법으로 측정하였다. 흰쥐 각 조직 microsomal 실험계에서 지질과산화에 대한 항산화 효과는 뇌(97.50%)>심장(79.95%)>신장(77.84%)>비장(77.47%)>고환(69.96%)>간장(62.45%) 순이였다. Linoleic acid의 과산화지질률 TBA법으로 측정한 결과 반응 4일째까지 억제 효과가 강하게 나타났으며, 동시에 대조구로 사용한 0.05% BHT 첨가구에서도 실험종료시까지 항산화 활성이 강하게 나타났다. The antioxidative activity of antioxidative substances produced from several bacterial strains isolated from fermented foods were tested by DPPH (α,α'-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity. One of the strains showing the highest antioxidative activity was identified as Bacillus sp. based on the morphological, biochemical, physiological characteristics, and 165 rRNA sequence, and named FF-7. The molt optimal medium condition for the production of antioxidative substance from Bacillus sp. FF-7 was 2% galactose as carbon source and 1% tryptone as nitrogen source. The antioxidative substance produced from FF-7 in these cultural medium was also tested by in vitro experimental models, the peroxidation of linoleic acid and the peroxidation of rat tissues microsomes by using thiobarbituric acid (TBA) for assay of free rnalondialdehyde production. The antioxidative avtivity against lipid peroxidation of rat tissues microsomes was shown in the following order; brain 97.50% > heart 79.95% > kidney 77.84% > spleen 77.47% > testis 69.96% > liver 62.45%. The antioxidative substance produced from FF-7 on linoleic acid peroxidation by TBA method was effectively inhibited during four days, and 0.05% BHT(butylated hydroxytoluene) used comparative control was also effectively inhibited. Results showed that the highest antioxidative activity by DPPH method of antioxidative substance produced from Bacillus sp. FF-7 was obtained by supplementing 2% galactose as carbon source and 1% tryptone as nitrogen source in cultured medium, this substance effectively inhibited the formation of TBARS in brain microsome in vitro system and in linoleic acid peroxidation.

대뇌 피질 신경 세포 일차 배양에서 6-hydroxydopamine에 의한 신경세포사멸의 특성

정재훈,강효정,손성향,정영기,곽병주,노재성 大韓神經精神醫學會 2000 신경정신의학 Vol.39 No.3

연구목적 : 본 연구는 생쥐 태자 대뇌 피질 세포 일차 배양에서 파킨슨씨병의 동물 모델을 만드는데 사용되는 신경독성 물질인 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA)에 의한 신경세포 사멸의 특성을 관찰한 것이다. 방 법 : 생쥐태자의 신경세포를 배양하여 6-OHDA를 처리하고 이와 더불어 여러가지 신경세포 사멸에 영향을 주는 물질을 투여하여 신경세포의 사멸을 정량적으로 분석하고 형태학적 분석을 전자현미경을 통하여 관찰하였다. 결 과 : 배양한 신경세포에 6-OHDA를 처리하면 투여 양에 비례하여 신경세포의 사멸이 증가하여 50μM 66-OHDA를 24시간 투여하여 일으킨 신경세포 사멸의 형태학적 특징은 세포질의 수축 및 염색질의 응축(nuclear chromatin condensation) 및 핵질의 fragmentation을 동반하는 고사(apoptosis) 형태이다. 이 때의 신경세포의 사멸은 항고사 물질인, 1㎍/ml cycloheximide와 caspase 억제제인 10μMzVAD-fmk에 의해 약화되었으나 글루타메이트 길항제(10μM MK-801 혹은 50μM CNQX)나 항산화제 (100μM trolox 혹은 100μM N-acetyl-cysteine)는 6-OHDA에 의한 신경세포의 사멸을 막지 못했다. 결 론 : 이상의 형태학적 및 약물학적 특징은 6-OHDA가 고사성 신경세포 사멸을 유도한다는 것을 의미하고, 항산화제들이 효과가 없다는 것과 caspase 억제제가 보호효과가 있다는 것은 6-OHDA에 의한 고사성 신경세포 사멸에는 산화적 스트레스보다는 caspase cascade와 관여된 기전이 기여한다는 것을 시사한다. 또한 6-OHDA에 의한 신경세포의 사며른 도파민성 신경세포에 선택적이지 않으며, 일차 대뇌피질 신경세포 배양 시스템이 6-OHDA에 의한 신경세포사멸인구에 사용될 수 있음을 보여준다 Objectives : We examined the patterns of cell death induced by the 6-hydroxydopamine, a selective dopaminergic toxin that used to produce Parkinson's disease model. Method : Neocortices from 14 - or 15-day-old fetal mice for neuron-glia co-cultures were used for this experiments. Results : Cortical cell cultures exposed to 10-100μM 6-hydroxydopamine for 24 hr underwent neuronal death without injuring glia. The degenerating neurons showed hallmark of apoptosis featuring cell body shrinkage, nuclear chromatin condensation and aggregation, nuclear membrane disintegration with intact plasma membrane, and prominent internucle- osomal DNA fragmentation. Neither the glutamate antagonists (10μM MK-801 and 50μM CNQX) nor antioxidants(trolox, 100μM, N-acetyl-cysteine, 100μM prevented the 6-OHDA induced neuronal injury. The death was attenuated by addition of two different anti-apoptotic agents, 1㎍/ml cycloheximide and caspase inhibitor(100μM zVAD-fmk). Conclusion : These features suggest that 6-OHDA induced apoptotic type of neuronal death in cortical neuronal culture. Considering the protective effect of caspase inhibitors, a mechanism involing caspase cascade rather than oxidative stress is responsible for the 6-OHDA-induced neuronal apoptosis. In addition, our results showed that 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis is not confined to dopaminergic neurons and the primary cortical culture system so this system is suitable for the study of 6-OHDA-induced neuronal apoptosis.