곽박(郭璞)의 진대(晉代) 한어(漢語) 입성운(入聲韻) 음운체계

權赫埈 ( Kwon¸ Hyokjun ) 중국어문연구회 2021 中國語文論叢 Vol.- No.107

This study is designed to reconstruct phonology of Rusheng[入聲] as reflected in the Guo Pu[郭璞]’s glosses and rimes, which will be employed as main clues to set up his phonological system. Guo Pu(AD 276―324) has left a massive number of sound glosses to some exegetic and literary works, and a handful of rimes in his extant verses. His glosses include the fanqie spellings [反切法] and the direct phonetic notaions[直音法] which, along with his rimes, are claimed to signal a certain phonology of Jin Dynasty[晉代], halfway between Old Chinese[OC] and Middle Chinese[MC]. For our discussion, we take up Zheng-Zhang’s OC and MC systems as reference with minor modification to his MC medials. The conclusions are stated as follows: MC 1^st div. Wu Rime[屋₁韻] stays as it was in OC, while the other rimes from OC Wu Group[屋部] and Jiao Group[覺部] are on the way toward MC. The formation of Duo Rime[鐸韻] and Yao Rime[藥韻], both of which will belong to Dang Rime Group[宕攝] in Late Middle Chinese, has been completed. Mo Rime [陌韻] of Geng Rime Group[梗攝] does not appear to have progressed much out of OC as of the Guo’s period. MC Xi Rime[昔韻] has two different OC Duo Group[鐸部] origins, one of which had a long vowel *-aa-, the other of which had a short *-a-. In Guo’s phonology, the former is postulated to retain -aa-, while the latter is assumed to be in the transitional phase making its way toward -e- which is believed to be occasioned by the 3rd div. medial. Mai Rime [麥韻] and Xi Rime[錫韻] have retained their vowel as -e- without changing its sound value throughout the periods from OC to MC. It is entirely possible that MC Zhen Rime Group[臻攝] and Shan Rime Group[山攝] have been formed. Xian Rime Group[咸攝] does not seem to have been fully formed, while the formation of Qin Rime Group[侵攝] may have been almost completed in the Guo’s system.

곽박(郭璞)의 진대한어양성운(晉代漢語陽聲韻)음운체계

權赫埈 ( Kwon Hyokjun ) 중국어문연구회 2020 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.101

Phonology of Guo Pu[郭璞] in the Jin Dynasty[晉代] is known to reflect that of a certain transitional point placed between Old Chinese[OC] and Middle Chinese[MC]. The main goal of this study is to find out how far phonology of Yangsheng Rime[陽聲韻] has progressed from OC or how far it is away from MC in his time. We take up his massive number of sound glosses and some extant rimes as main materials of our study. His sound glosses are invested with the fanqie spellings[反切注音法] and the direct phonetic notaions[直音法]. The data provided in this study are fully investigated by being carefully examined at all points available in recent times. We also employ Zheng-Zhang’s OC and MC phonology as reference. The conclusions can be briefly stated as follows: In the words with the -ŋ ending, the OC Dong Group[東部] and the Dong Group[冬部] stay as it was in OC. In the OC Yang Group[陽部], all but the 2^nd division of the Geng Rime[庚韻] which has slightly changed its vowel to -a- still bear striking resemblance to OC phonology. In the words with the -n ending, most of the MC Zhen Rime Group[臻攝] words and the Shan Rime Group[山攝] words have already merged making their way to MC. What draws our special attention is that the 4^th divi. of OC Wen Group I[文₁部, -ЩЩn] and OC Zhen Group[眞部, -iin] merge with the 4^th div. OC Yuan Group Ⅱ[元₂部, -een] into the MC Xian Rime[先韻] by lowering the tongue position. Some of the Qin Group[侵部] words have merged with the Tan Group[談部] and formed into the Tan Rime[談韻] and the Tan Rime[覃韻], and the other words of the Qin Group [侵部] remained as they were in OC.

진대(晉代) 곽박(郭璞)의 음주(音注)와 압운에 나타난 개음 체계

권혁준 ( Kwon Hyokjun ) 중국어문연구회 2018 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.89

There are only a few studies conducted on the phonological systems of transitional periods between Old Chinese [OC] and Middle Chinese [MC]. We mostly ascribe this to the fact that the materials which tell much about these periods are only sparsely found. Therefore, they provide us with only a handful of suggestions about the phonology of the periods. But we have some materials which guarantee us to establish a single phonological system of any specific stage standing between OC and MC. These help us, for sure, to find some phonological phenomena or changes we could not find but for them. One sort of them can be Guo Pu’s (郭璞) sound glosses revealed in his annotations on the works such as Fangyan, Shanghaijing, Mutianzizhuan and Erya, along with the rimes in his poems, many of which unfortunately are extinct and consequently only a few of which survive into the present. His materials are espected to tell us much about what the aspects of sound changes were like or how the sound changes took place before his time. This study highlights a phonological system of medials as reflected in his sound glosses and in some extant rimes. The followings are the major findings of our study: The ^*-r-, the 2^nd grade medial marker, which is known to have affected vocalism of the following vowels as developing into MC, originates from OC and survives in the Guo Pu’s system. This is shown by a number of vowels unaffected by the retroflex medial -r- as yet. We expect that the -r- will affect the following 2^nd grade vowels eventually in some of the post-Guo Pu stages. Thus we postulate that the -r- as a 2^nd grade medial should be reconstructed as a substantial being in his system. As for the origin of the 3^rd grade medials, OC has only ^*-j- which will later palatalise the preceding consonants such as zhang series [章組], xie initial [邪母] and ri initial [日母], surviving into MC. The Guo Pu’s glosses reveal that some of the 3^rd grade vowels are fronted, which implies that the 3^rd grade medials other than -j- must have already occurred before his time. Phonetically speaking, each type of the 3^rd grade medials is combined with each type of initials as follows: Chongniu 4^th grade, jing series [精組], yi initial [以母]: -i- ( > -j- MC) Chongniu 3^rd grade, : -ri- ( > -i- MC) zhang series [章組], xie initial [邪母], ri initial [日母]: -j- ( > -j- MC) Velars, laryngeals, labials, zhuang series [莊組), yun initial [云母], zhi series [知組], lai initials [來母]: -i- ( > -i- MC) But from a phonemic point of view, 3^rd grade medials occurring later than OC are integrated into a single phoneme as either /i/ or /i/ as we define. Finally, we discuss -w-, the closed mouth medial [合口呼介音]. It is known to have been formed by the two different routes by MC. First, -w- has been formed out of some of back vowels by vowel breaking, i.e., diphthongisation, which caused the occurrence of the closed mouth medial -w-. The second route is involved with medialisation of the post-initial -^w- attached to the labio-initials such as ^*K^w- and ^*Q^w-. They finally changed into a regular medial -w-. According to the Guo Pu’s glosses, both vowel breaking and medialisation of -^w- must have already taken place as of his time.

곽박(郭璞)의 진대(晉代) 한어(漢語) 음성운(陰聲韻) 음운체계

권혁준 ( Kwon Hyokjun ) 중국어문연구회 2017 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.84

This study is designed to reconstruct a phonological system of finals in the Yinsheng rimes (陰聲韻) as reflected in the Sound Glosses and rimes of Guo Pu (郭璞), a scholar of the Jin Dynasty (晉代). His sound glosses are mostly of the direct phonetic notaions (直音法) and the fanqie spellings (反切注音法), which are believed to have represented one of phonological systems in the era between Old Chinese (OC) and Middle Chinese (MC). Unfortunately, however, both of the methods had revealed their own limitations. The similar problems risen in the fanqie spellings adopted in the Early MC rime books were overcame with the occurrences of the rime tables in Late MC. But there were no such tables which could compensate for the limitations inherent in the glosses that he adopted. We can count on some rimes still extant in the Guo Pu’s verse as complementary data. We finally reach some conclusions, some of which coincide with those of predecessors while some of which do not. The followings are the results in general: The Guo Pu’s data reflect the phonological system of a rather early transitional period between OC and MC. Some of Rime Groups of OC had split into different rimes or groups. The Zhi Group (支部) does not show any splits but two different changes took place in the Zhi Group (之部). Some of them developed into the You Rime (尤韻); the other developed into the Zhi Rime (脂韻). The 1st Grade and 2nd Grade characters of the Zhi Group (脂部) and the Wei Group (微韻) had formed rimes similar to those of MC while the other still retained the OC characteristics. The Ji Group (祭部) characters reveal no sound changes but in the vowels. Some of the Yu Group (魚部) characters merged with the Ge Group (歌部) characters while some of them developed into the Yu Rime Group (遇攝). The Hou Group (侯部) split into two categories, one into the Yu Rime Group (遇攝), the other into the Liu Rime Group (流攝). The 1st and the 2nd Grade characters of the You Group (幽部) or the Xiao Group (宵部) had been diphthongised and developed into the Hao Rime (豪韻) and the Yao Rime (肴韻) respectively. The 3rd and the 4th Grade of the You Group (幽部) and the Xiao Group (宵部) had merged.

수소화반응에 따른 ErFe₂합금의 상변화에 연구

안효준 국립경상대학교 공과대학 부설 첨단소재연구소 1993 尖端素材 Vol.3 No.-

In order to study the phase changes of ErFe₂by hydrogenation reaction, static and cyclic hydrogenation were performed. During the static isothermal hydrogenation, an amorphous hydride phase is observed at about 200℃, and phase decomposition of stable hydride, ErH₂and Fe at 350℃. Hydrogen absorption-desorption cycling results in a decrease in the reversible hydrogen content with increasing number of cycles. As a result of degradation, amorphous of mixed ErH₂and Fe phases are formed. The heat of hydrogenation and repetitive strain induce a phase decompositiobn. Amorphous hydride phase formation as wel as binary stable hydride is one of the possible degradation mechanism of the metal hydride during cyclic operation.

슬라이딩모드 제어기의 폐루프계 특성을 고려한 주파수성형 제어기법 연구

김효준 三陟大學校 2004 論文集 Vol.37 No.-

This paper presents the design of an active vibration suppression controller for a suspension system. Firstly, sliding mode controller is constructed considering the quarter car model of a vehicle Secondly. the closed-loop characteristics of sliding mode control system is investigated. An active control system is designed based on frequency-shaped sliding mode control scheme regarding the high frequency mode with respect to undesirable oscilation of tue mode Finally, the performance of the active control system is evaluated by simulation under uneven road disturbance condition.

일반화된 역행렬을 사용한 실시간 시스템 인식에 대한 연구

문효준,은희창,서일교 제주대학교 공과대학 첨단기술연구소 2003 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.14 No.2

This study provided an analytical method for real-time system identification by utilizing fundamental linear algebra and minimizing a quadratic form of the differences in physical properties calculated from the initially given properties and the next expected properties. The validity of the proposed method depends on the selected weighting matrix. Although it was observed that the propostd methd gives reasonable values by the proper selection of the weighting matrix, the deficiency of this method like the proper selection of weighting matrix with time needs to he improved.

파라메트릭 사영필터 이론을 이용한 3차원 트러스 구조물의 손상추정

문효준,서일교 제주대학교 공과대학 첨단기술연구소 2004 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.15 No.2

Space truss structures are composed of many members, so it is difficult to find damaged members from the whole system. Therefore, damage detection takes use of 2-step damage identification method. First, kinetic energy change ratio is used to find damage region including damaged members, and then extended parametric projection filter algorithm is used to detect damaged members in damage region. The results of 2-step damage identification method that apply to examples are next. First, in the case of finding damage region using kinetic energy change ratio, the ratios of nodes including damage members are large, so we can consider as this measure is effective. Next, in the case of finding damaged members at nodes of damage regions using extended parametric projection filter algorithm, the stiffness ratios of damaged members converge exactly.

비선형 파라메트릭 사영필터를 이용한 2차원 트러스 구조물의 손상추정에 적용된 손상지표의 유효성과 수렴성에 관한 연구

문효준,오창희,서일교 제주대학교 공과대학 첨단기술연구소 2005 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.16 No.2

A study on the effectiveness and convergency of damage measures for structural damage detection using the nonlinear parametric projection filter algorithm is presented in this paper. Damage measures are associated with the change in mode shape and displacement due to structural damage. So, five damage measures are presented in this paper. They are static displacement, curvature of static displacement, natural frequency, mode shape and curvature of mode shape. The static data are obtained by loading static load to the structure. And modal and dynamic data of a vibrating structure can be gained without dismantling the structure, these data are very useful in various aspects. But the results of detection are affected by the kind of damage measures to be used. The effectiveness and convergency of these damage measures on the structural damage detection using the nonlinear parametric projection filtering algorithm are demonstrated with the numerical examples.

곡선부 주행안정성을 고려한 철도차량의 틸팅 제어

김효준,임무승 三陟大學校 産業科學技術硏究所 2004 産業科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.9 No.1

This paper presents the design of an active tilting controller for a railway vehicle. For this purpose, firstly, railway vehicle model travelling on a curved trajectory is constructed considering the lateral, yaw and roll behavior. Based on the analysis of dynamic model responses, an active control system is designed in the framework of lateral acceleration feedback control scheme. Finally, the performance of the active tilting control system is evaluated by simulation under some curved trajectories and travel speed conditions.