학생의 표현의 자유의 보장범위와 사법심사기준 : 미국 연방대법원 판례와 국가인권위원회 결정의 비판적 검토

권혜령 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2017 法學論集 Vol.21 No.3

Students’ active social participation has had a significant impact on the democratic development of Korean society. It is an exercise of fundamental rights recognized as an essential part of the democratic practice, so it should be encourage in the light of the purpose of school education ‘cultivating democratic citizens’. However, in reality, the fundamental rights of students, including freedom of expression, are very limited. Nevertheless, the discussion on the criteria to apply to the student speech cases is insufficient, and the related cases is hard to find. The U. S. Supreme Court has set categorized standards by dealing with many student speech cases. Tinker standard may limit student expression if it would “materially and substantially disrupt the work and discipline of the school”, Fraser standard may apply to the ugly expression, Hazelwood standard may apply to the school-sponsored speech, and Morse standard may apply to illegal drug-promoting speech. These categorizes have showed their limits by contrary lower courts’ rulings on similar cases. Therefore, new universal standard overcoming each category are being discussed. In Korea, the freedom of expression of students is shrinking due to wide illegal surveillance in on-campus and off-campus, disciplinary threat etc. Above all, the rule of restriction on student speech is that the principle of proportionality should be observed, freedom of expression of student should be the most important thing in school. Because, the student is a subject of discussion that can actively participate in social issues as well as his own problems, the aim of education is to train independent thinking about pluralistic values. In order to effectively respond to infringement on student speech, the strict scrutiny should be apply to student speech cases. Especially, because the content-based and view-pointed regulations may result in a ban on opposing arguments against the mainstream views and will only allow harmless opinion to the government, they should be judged more strictly. 한국사회 민주주의 발전에서 큰 영향을 미쳐온 학생의 적극적 사회참여는 민주주의 실천의 불가결한 일환으로서 당연히 인정되는 기본권 행사이자, ‘민주시민의 양성’이라는 학교 교육 목적에 비추어 장려되어야 할 일이다. 그러나, 현실적으로 표현의 자유를 비롯한 학생의 기본권은 매우 포괄적으로 제한되고 있다. 그럼에도 학생 표현 사건에 적용할 심사기준에 대한 논의는 부족하고 판례 또한 찾아보기 어렵다. 다수의 학생표현 사건을 다루면서 범주화된 기준을 마련해오고 있는 미국 연방대법원은, 학생의 표현이 학습에 실질적 방해가 되는 경우 제한될 수 있다는 Tinker기준, 불쾌한 표현양식을 제한할 수 있다는 Fraser기준, 학교의 승인을 부담해야 하는 표현 으로 판단되는 경우 학생표현을 비교적 폭넓게 제한할 수 있다는 Hazelwood기준 및 불법적 약물사용을 옹호하는 표현을 널리 제한하는 Morse기준 등을 발전시켜왔다. 이러한 범주들이 유사사안에 대한 상반된 하급심 판결로 나타남으로써 그 한계를 보여왔고, 이에 표현의 방해적 ‘영향’, 불쾌한 ‘방식’, 학교지원 ‘맥락’ 및 약물사용 옹호라는 ‘내용’ 등을 기준으로 삼는 각 범주를 극복하는 새로운 보편적 기준에 대한 논의도 지속되고 있다. 우리의 경우 학생의 표현의 자유는 학교내외에서 광범위한 불법사찰, 징계위협으로 인해 위축되어 있다. 무엇보다 학생표현의 제한에 있어서 원칙은, 학생이 신분상 기본권 행사에 일정한 한계가 있음을 인정하더라도 그 제한의 법률적 근거에 따라 필요한 경우에만 제한한다는 비례의 원칙이 준수되어야 한다는 것, 학생도 자신의 문제, 나아가 사회적 문제에 적극 참여할 수 있는 논의주체이고 다원적 가치관에 대한 독립적 사고의 훈련이라는 교육목적상 학생의 표현의 자유의 보호는 학교에서 가 장 중요하게 다루어져야 한다는 것이다. 학생의 미성숙성, 훈육의 대상, 교육의 객체라는 이유로 우리 사회에 내재된 학생의 표현의 자유에 대한 기본권침해에 효과적으로 대응하기 위해서는 민주주의 사회에서 학생의 표현의 자유(특히, 정치적 표현의 자유)의 제한에 있어서는 가장 엄격한 기준에 의해 심사되어야 하며, 그 표현의 ‘내용’과 ‘관점’에 근거한 규제는 다수적 가치와 상충되는 논쟁자체를 금지시키는 결과를 낳을 수 있고 정부에 무해한 표현만을 허용하게 될 것이므로, 교육목적에 비추어 더욱 엄격히 판단되어야 한다.

플라보노이드의 세포 신호전달 조절

이응룡,강근호,강용진,김우열,최혜연,김봉우,정효순,조쌍구 충남대학교 형질전환복제돼지연구센터 2007 논문집 Vol. No.10

Many studies revealed the neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and chemopreventive actions of dietary flavonoids. The plausible mechanistic interpretation of the various effects of flavonoids was concentrated on the anti-oxidant or free radical-scavenging properties of these phytochernicals, both in model systems and under in vivo conditions. While there has been a major focus on the anti-oxidant properties. there is an emerging view that flavonoids and their in vivo metabolites. do not act as conventional hydrogen-donating anti-oxidants. but they may exert regulatory functions in cells through actions at protein kinase or lipid kinase signaling pathways. Flavonoids and more recently their metabolites. have been reported to act at phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI 3-kinase). Akt/protein kinase B(Akt/PKB), protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen activated protein kinase(MAP kinase), and various tyrosine kinases signaling cascades. Inhibitory or stimulatory actions at these pathways are likely to affect cellular function profoundly by altering the phosphorylation state of target molecules and by modulating gene expression. A clear understanding of the mechanisms of action of flavonoids, either as anti-oxidants or modulators of cellular signaling pathways, and the influence of their metabolism on these properties are key to the evaluation of these potent biomolecules as anti-cancer agents, cardio-protectants, and inhibitors of neurodegeneration.

한강 하류 김포평야의 최종빙기 이래 퇴적환경변화

황상일,김혜령,윤순옥 경북대학교 사회과학대학 지리학과 2003 地理學論究 Vol.- No.23

한강하류부에 위치한 김포시 고촌면 김포평야의 충적충과 사면퇴적충에서 퇴적상 분석 및 화분 분석을 실시하여 식생환경, 해면변동, 기후변화와 같은 자연환경인화를 검토하고 이것을 선사시대 인간활동과의 관계에서 살펴보았다. 최종빙기 이래 형성된 연구지역의 퇴적상은 빙기의 선상지성사면퇴적층과 흘로세 충적충으로 구분되며, 화분분석은 흘로세 충적충의 유기질이 다소 포함된 회색실트충, 분해되지 않은 토탄충, 분해된 토탄충에서 이루어졌다. 화분조성은 흘로세 중기 이후 해면미변동을 반영하며, 화분대GP-Ⅰ은 흘로세 해진의 영향으로 수심이 있는 저습지 환경에서 Alnus를 중심으로 한 목본 우점기에 퇴적되었고, 화분대GP-ll시기는 해면의 지속적인 정체와 하강에 따른 지하수위 저하 그리고 활발해진 인간활동의 영향으로 목본이 크게 줄고, 포자와 초본류가 우점하게 되었다. The environmental change such as vegetation environment, sea-level change, climate change and human impact was restored at Gimpo alluvial plain on the upper Han river according to the results of sedimentary facies and pollen analysis. The sedimentary facies which has been constructed since the last glacial stage is composed of the hillslope deposits as the alluvial fan during the glacial stage and Holocene alluvium. Materials for pollen analyses were sampled from gray organic silt layer, peat I layer(abundant fibroid material included the branches of trees and roots of grasses) and peat Ⅱ layer(decomposed peat including organic clay) in the alluvium of the Holocene. The change of the pollen composition reflected sea-level change and vegetation environment during the Holocene. Pollen zone GP-Ⅰ was the period of AP-dominance, including mostly Alnus. Study area was under the lagoon or swamp environment influenced by Flandrian transgression. Pollenzone Ⅱ was the period of Spore & NAP-dominance. It represents that vegetation environment was changed to drier condition by falling the surface of ground-water caused by sea-level regression after long-term stability, and influenced of human activity.

Case report of diseases in psittacine birds, South Korea, 2012-2021

Hye-Ryoung Kim(Hye-Ryoung Kim),Chung-Hyun Kim(Chung-Hyun Kim),Hye-Sun Song(Hye-Sun Song),Ji-Ye Kim(Ji-Ye Kim),Jae-Kyeom Kim(Jae-Kyeom Kim),Yong-Kuk Kwon(Yong-Kuk Kwon) 한국예방수의학회 2022 한국예방수의학회 학술대회자료집 Vol.2022 No.-

Family caregivers’ perceived value of caring for older patient: A hybrid model of concept analysis

Seon-Hye Heo(Seon-Hye Heo),Hye-Ryoung Kim(Hye-Ryoung Kim) 한국노인간호학회 2023 노인간호학회지 Vol.25 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to define and clarify the concept of the family caregivers’ perceived value of caring for older patients. Methods: The hybrid model of Schwartz-Barcott and Kim was used to perform the concept analysis of perceived value of caring. Concept analysis was conducted in three phases: the theoretical phase, fieldwork phase, and final analysis phase. Results: The perceived value of caring was found to have four dimensions and nine attributes. The providing care dimension consisted of two attributes—care behavior and care attitude—and the goals and expectation dimension included three attributes—social norms, family norms, and personal norms. The other two dimensions consisted of two attributes each: a belief in usefulness and a belief in meaning in the building beliefs dimension and life expansion and insight into the future in the suffering sublimation dimension. Finally, perceived value of caring can be defined as the personal belief that behavior or attitude of providing physical, mental, and social services to those in need of care is usefulness and important based on one’s goals and criteria, and with the personal effort of sublimating suffering that arises from care. Conclusion: Based on the study findings, it is suggested that the use of the perceived value of caring should expand in nursing phenomena.

Increase in the Hydrogen-Sorption Rates and the Hydrogen-Storage Capacity of MgH₂ by Adding a Small Proportion of Zn(BH₄)₂

Hye Ryoung Park,Young Jun Kwak,Myoung Youp Song 대한금속재료학회(구 대한금속학회) 2017 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.55 No.9

Abstract: In this work, Zn(BH₄)₂ was added to improve the hydrogen-storage properties of MgH₂. A 99 wt% MgH₂+1 wt% Zn(BH₄)₂ sample was prepared by milling in a planetary ball mill in a hydrogen atmosphere. The proportion of the added Zn(BH₄)₂ was small (1 wt%) in order to increase hydriding and dehydriding rates without reducing the hydrogen-storage capacity too much. Changes in the released hydrogen quantity, Hd, with temperature, T, for as-milled 99MgH₂+1Zn(BH₄)₂ was obtained by heating the sample from room temperature to 683 K with a heating rate of 5 K/min under 1.0 bar of gas. Activation of the sample was not required. 99MgH₂+1Zn(BH₄)₂ had an effective hydrogen-storage capacity (the quantity of hydrogen absorbed in 60 min) of 4.83 wt% in the first cycle. The as-purchased MgH₂ absorbed hydrogen slowly, absorbing 0.04 wt% H in 60 min. On the other hand, in the first cycle, 99MgH₂+ 1Zn(BH₄)₂ absorbed 3.97 wt% H in 5 min, 4.49 wt% H in10 min, and 4.83 wt% H in 60 min at 593 K under 12 bar H₂. (Received February 20, 2017; Accepted May 29, 2017)

The Very Heart of Darkness: Is the Conflict between the Imperial Ideal and the Colonial Reality Resolved in Under Western Eyes?

( Hye Ryoung Kil ) 한국영어영문학회 2004 영어 영문학 Vol.50 No.4

Romance with the Veiled East: Ayesha in She and the “Eastern Bride” in Lord Jim

( Hye Ryoung Kil ) 한국영어영문학회 2017 영어 영문학 Vol.63 No.2

Reading Conrad`s Lord Jim as imperial romance, with a modernist vision, renders the imaginary veiled figure “Eastern bride,” which personifies Jim`s “opportunity” to conquer the East, compared to the veiled immortal Arab Queen Ayesha in Haggard`s She. Like the “Eastern bride” waiting for Jim to uncover her veil, Ayesha has waited over two thousand years for Leo in Africa, providing him with an opportunity to rule the world. The two veiled brides, each embodying the colonial frontier of the East and Africa and acting as the other of Western masculine imperialism, similarly represent an opportunity for the British Empire to expand when the bride is eventually married or unveiled to the English adventurer. Significantly, the brides both remain veiled at the end of the text, as Ayesha dies, though she will return, before uniting with Leo and Jim dies in order to unite with the “Eastern bride.” The failure to unveil the Eastern or Arab bride signifies the end of imperialism, while on the other hand, the failure is inevitable with the veil hiding the truth that the bride, seemingly deemed the other of imperialism, is really its double and unconquerable. That truth, like the goddess “Truth” worshipped by Kor, the great ancient empire in Africa, can be revealed only by death. The “Eastern bride” thus reflects the veiled bride Ayesha, who symbolizes the Arabs challenging the English in the East and Africa, and whose veil is not to be drawn in imperial romance.

Complex glycan chip based on pH-responsive DNA linker for on-chip biosynthesis of tumor-associated glycans

Hye Ryoung Heo,Joo Kye Il,Jeong Hyun Seo,Chang Sup Kim,Hyung Joon Cha 한국당과학회 2021 한국당과학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.07

The Postcolonial Tourism of Dublin: Reading Ulysses as the Dublin Guide

Hye Ryoung Kil 한국제임스조이스학회 2012 제임스조이스저널 Vol.18 No.2