송이 균환내 토양수분의 시공간적 변화

구창덕 ( Gu Chang Deog ),김재수 ( Kim Jae Su ),이상희 ( Lee Sang Hui ),박재인 ( Park Jae In ),안광태 ( An Gwang Tae ) 한국산림과학회 2003 한국산림과학회지 Vol.92 No.6

Water is critically important for Tricholoma matsutake(Tm) growth because it is the major component of the mushroom by over 90%. The mushroom absorbs water through the below ground hyphal colony. Therefore, the objectives of our study were to investigate spatio-temporal water changes in Tm colonies. This study was carried out at Tm fruiting sites in Sogni Mt National Park, where the below-ground fairy-ring colonies have been irrigated. To identify spatial water status within the Tm soil colony soil moisture and ergosterol content were measured at six positions including a mushroom fruiting position on the line of the colony radius. To investigate temporal soil moisture changes in the soil colony, Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR) sensors were established at the non-colony and colony front edge, and water data were recorded with CRlOX data logger from late August to late October. Before irrigation, whereas it was 12.8% at non-colony, the soil water content within Tm colony was 8.0% at 0-5cm from the colony front edge, 6.2% at 10-15cm and 6.5-7.5% at 20-40cm. And the content was 12.1% at 80cm distance from the colony edge, which is similar to that at the non-colony. In contrast, ergosterol content which is proportional to the live hyphal biomass was only 0.4pg/g fresh soil at the uncolonized soil, while 4.9 ㎍/g fresh soil at the front edge where the hyphae actively grow, and 3.8 .㎍/g fresh soil at the fruiting position, l.l ㎍/g at 20cm distance and 0.4㎍/g in the 40cm rear area. Generally, in the Tm fungal colony the water content changes were reversed to the ergosterol content changes. While the site was watered during August to October, the soil water contents were 13.5-23.0% within the fungal colony, whereas it was 14.5-26.0% at the non-colony. That is, soil water content in the colony was lower by 1.0-3.0% than that in the non-colonized soil. Our results show that Tm colony consumes more soil water than other parts. Especially the front 30cm within the hyphal colony parts is more critical for soil water absorption.

Research on the Characteristic of Diesel Elastic-plate Impingement Spray

( Chang Yuan Wang ),( Yong Shang ),( Xiang Rong Li ),( Fu Shui Liu ),( Cheng Hui Yu ) 한국액체미립화학회 2010 한국액체미립화학회 학술강연회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.-

A series of experimental research results on the characteristic of diesel elastic-plate impingement spray using High Speed Photography camera are presented in this paper. The experiments were carried out in a constant volume chamber specially designed, which can hold a high ambiance pressure. The special fixed device was designed so that the elastic-plate can be fixed on the spray path, meanwhile the spray incident angle and height can be changed. The free jet spray and elastic-plate impingement spray was compared under the same experimental condition including different injection pressure and different background pressure. Experimental research showed that impingement spray droplets diffuse more quickly than free jet spray.

어문 규범의 대중화와 국어사전

정희창(Jeong, Hui-chang) 한국어문학회 2016 語文學 Vol.0 No.131

Korean language norms are applied based on Korean language life. As for popularization of the Korean language norms, what the Korean language norms would actually deal with and how the norms are practised are considered the key of the matter. In terms of punctuation marks rules that have been lately revised, they are a good example to suggest goals to be pursued in relation to revision of the norms. One of the reasons for the above argument is that when it comes to accepting changes in a language environment in connection with the punctuation marks revision, as nothing could avoid how some fixed language norms would be separated from the reality, at the same time, adjusting the norms to the reality as closely as possible is also regarded to be natural enough. It can be said that political directions of the Korean language norms have been forming a consensus to some degree. In the light of that, it is necessary both to prepare details in regards to extension of the concerned policy and to systemize any relevant theoretical bases. For instance, one should be motivated good enough to actively prepare and discuss these matters such as if the Korean language norms including ‘rules of Korean spelling’ can be revised, and if yes, one should look into logics and ways to revise, roles of the country and the academic circles, appropriateness of these methods that have been used so far and others. In addition, a medium to actually deliver such details, Korean language dictionaries, must be also continuously improved and investigated.

구어의 규범적 해석

정희창 ( Jeong Hui-chang ),김한샘 ( Kim Han-saem ) 한말연구학회 2016 한말연구 Vol.- No.42

Phonological forms depending on the spoken mechanism can be divided into semantics. This had the most of them, phonological variants this as phonological variants exist of the majority a feature of verbal language. Spoken vocabulary showed a phonological variants the multiple bigyubeom because they exist, have been recognized as geoseuro Which appears in the final announcement in a monolingual dictionary these colloquial, looked the normative aspects of the issue of an octopus. Active discussion in this regard had not progressed, the division of the spoken and written language is uncertain, nor spoken and principles, any discussion of disparate phenomena at onceHave a higher possibility be recognized as to discuss. Korean dictionary in terms of spoken and written language, and entitlement, that I need to discuss the rules of the information the primary goal in discussing methods, basic to present the basis of discussion. High frequency, spoken vocabulary of the rules of organizes multiple the name recognition possible, spoken words, colloquialisms, variants spoken vocabulary in this environment, scope of the revenge the name recognition, meaningReviewed the changes. A monolingual dictionary actually check the list, classified, in theoretical and concrete projects in a way that worked over the next to discuss in depth.

Marked Decreases of Foxp3 and CTLA-4 Are Associated with Strong Antiviral Effects of Tenofovir in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B

( Ji Young Kim ),( Chang Wook Kim ),( Yun Hui Kim ),( Seok Cheon Yeom ),( Su Gyeong Lee ),( Hee Yeon Kim ),( Si Hyun Bae ),( Jong Young Choi ),( Seung Kew Yoon ) 대한간학회 2016 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2016 No.1

Aims: Immune regulatory molecules such as forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) on CD4+ T cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 CTLA-4) on CD8+ T cell are associated with antiviral effector T cell dysfunction, which influences on T cell exhaustion and persistent viral infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B. These Foxp3 and CTLA-4 are up-regulated in chronic hepatitis B. During antiviral therapy with tenofovir, the expressions of Foxp3 and CTLA-4 could be changed. We investigated the relationship between antiviral effects of tenofovir and the expression of Foxp3 and CTLA-4 during tenofovir treatment in chronic hepatitis B. Methods: Eight patients with chronic hepatitis B under tenofovir treatment were enrolled for detection of Foxp3 on CD4+ T cell and CTLA-4 on CD8+ T cell. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from these subjects before tenofovir treatment (T0), 3 month (T3) and 6 month (T6) during tenofovir treatment. For antiviral effect analysis, serum HBV DNA levels were checked at same time. The expressions of Foxp3 and CTLA-4 on T cells were monitored by flow cytometry. Results: Three patients (3 of 8) showed marked decreases of Foxp3 and CTLA-4 during tenofovir therapy (group 1). Five patients (5 of 8) showed minimal changes of Foxp3 or CTLA-4 during tenofovir therapy (group 2). Group 1 showed complete virologic response within 6 month therapy regardless of baseline HBV DNA level but, group 2 showed complete virologic response within 6 month therapy only in patients with low baseline HBV DNA level (< 7log HBV DNA). Conclusions: Among the patients with chronic hepatitis B, the patients who showed marked decrease of Foxp3 and CTLA-4 during tenofovir therapy are associated with strong antiviral effects of tenofovir regardless of baseline HBV DNA level. This finding suggests that restoration of HBV-specific T cell strengthens the antiviral effects of tenofovir.

인구변화를 고려한 자동차보험 요율 최적화

장봉규 ( Bong-gyu Jang ),최창희 ( Chang Hui Choi ) 보험연구원 2016 보험금융연구 Vol.27 No.2

현재 국내 자동차보험회사들은 수지상등 이하의 요율을 이용할 수밖에 없는 환경하에서 세계에서 가장 빠른 인구 고령화에 대응해야 하는 어려움에 직면해 있다. 일반적으로 타 손해보험 종목의 경우 추세를 고려한 수지상등 요율을 이용하는 것이 허용되어 있으나 자동차보험의 경우 금융당국의 규제와 치열한 시장 경쟁으로 인해 수지상등 이하의 요율이 이용되고 있고 자동차보험회사들이 연령별 손해율 변화추세를 요율 산출에 그대로 적용하는 것이 현실적으로 어렵다. 본 연구는 이러한 환경하에서 자동차보험회사들이 인구변화를 고려해 최적화된 연령대별 요율을 산출하는 방법을 소개한다. 이를 위해 먼저 본고는 인구 변화가 연령 구간별자동차보험 손해율에 미치는 영향을 추정하고 자동차보험회사가 보험료를 제한적으로 인상하는 것이 허용된 경우 인구변화를 고려해 자동차 보험의 영업손해(이익)를 최소화(극대화)하는 연령대별 자동차보험 요율(상대도)을 정하는 방법을 제안한다. Currently, Korean auto insurers have to cope with the world-fastest population ageing under the environments that force them to use premiums that are below break-even points. Unlike other property-casualty insurance lines, Korean auto insurers cannot apply break-even insurance premiums, calculated with the consideration of trend, due to financial authorities`` interference and severe market competition. Therefore, it is practically impossible for auto insurers to apply break-even premiums with the consideration of trends in loss ratios of age-groups. This research was conducted to show that auto insurers can improve their profit by using optimal age-group rates, which are calculated with the consideration of population change. To pursue this purpose, we demonstrate that age-groups of auto insurance have distinct loss-ratio trends. Then we explain how insurers can maximize(minimize) their profits(losses) by taking these trends into consideration in calculating age-groups`` auto insurance rates.

1980년대 이후 대만 음식(cuisine)의 형성

마이클 사오(Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao),메이창(May Yu-Hsin Chang),메이-후이첸(Mei-Hui Chen),권정화(번역자) 서울대학교 아시아연구소 2015 아시아리뷰 Vol.5 No.1

대만 음식의 출현은 대만의 민주화 과정과 1980년대 이래 국가 정체성의 성장과 관련이 깊다. 어떠한 측면에서 대만 음식의 형성은 중국 본토의 장저(江浙) 음식, 쓰촨(四川) 음식, 광둥(廣東) 음식 체계가 우세한 가운데 대만 내 두 개의 주요 민족음식, 즉 민난과 학카 음식이 자유화된 것으로 볼 수도 있다. 한족의 음식으로 알려진 민난과 학카 음식이 대만을 대표하는 요리로 급부상하게 된 것이다. 그러나 한족이 아닌 원주민 음식은 여전히 대만 음식으로 통합되지 않고 있는 점 또한 주목해야 한다. 이 글은 대만 음식의 부상이 정치적 변환과 문화적 변화를 뛰어넘는 사회적 산물이라는 점에 주목하고 있다. 민난과 학카 민족 음식의 소비는 가정의 범주를 넘어 레스토랑에서 볼 수 있는 상품화된 ‘요리’로서 빠르게 자리잡고 있다. 이 글은 민난과 학카 민족 음식의 ‘요리화’와 ‘대중화’의 특징과 변화를 설명하고자 한다. 또한 민난, 학카 음식이 어떻게 ‘표현’되고, 어떠한 ‘위치’에 있고, 대만 국가 음식으로써 ‘어느 정도’ 역할을 하는지도 주목한다. 결론에서는 민주주의, 민족성, 국가정체성이 어떻게 연관되어 있고, 이들의 관계가 대만의 현대 음식에 어떻게 반영되어 있는지를 살펴본다. The emergence of Taiwanese cuisine has much to do with the democratization process and the growth of Taiwan national identity since the 1980s. In one way, the making of Taiwanese cuisine can be seen as the liberalization of two major ethnic foods, Mainan and Hakka, from the dominance of Mainland China’s provincial food customs such as that of Jiang-Zhe, Szechuan, and Guandong. The two ethnic Han food of Minnan and Hakka have thus been ungraded to constitute the new core components of the rising Taiwan’s national cuisine. It is equally important to note that, however, the non-Han aborigine food has not been considered as an integral part of Taiwanese cuisine. This paper intends to argue that the rise of Taiwanese cuisine is the direct social product of the above political transformation and cultural change. The Minnan and Hakka ethnic foods have since then been rapidly commercialized to become the recognized “cuisine” popularly served in restaurants beyond household consumption. The rise of “cuisinization” as well as “popularization” of ethnic Mainnan and Hakka foods will then be discussed in this paper by identifying the main features and changes of each of the ethnic food. Special attention is also paid to how Minnan and Hakka food are being “presented,” “positioned” and “weighted” in the constitution of “Taiwanese national cuisine.”Finally, in the conclusion, the interplay of democracy, ethnicity and national identity and its impact on Taiwan’s contemporary foodscape will be highlighted.

Altered Regulation of Renal Acid Base Transporters in Response to Ammonium Chloride Loading in Rats

Kim, Eun-Young,Choi, Joon-Seok,Lee, Ko-Eun,Kim, Chang-Seong,Bae, Eun-Hui,Ma, Seong-Kwon,Kim, Suhn-Hee,Lee, Jong-Un,Kim, Soo-Wan The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2012 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.16 No.2

The role of the kidney in combating metabolic acidosis has been a subject of considerable interest for many years. The present study was aimed to determine whether there is an altered regulation of renal acid base transporters in acute and chronic acid loading. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Metabolic acidosis was induced by administration of $NH_4Cl$ for 2 days (acute) and for 7days (chronic). The serum and urinary pH and bicarbonate were measured. The protein expression of renal acid base transporters [type 3 $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger (NHE3), type 1 $Na^+/{HCO_3}^-$ cotransporter (NBC1), Na-$K^+$ ATPase, $H^+$-ATPase, anion exchanger-1 (AE-1)] was measured by semiquantitative immunoblotting. Serum bicarbonate and pH were decreased in acute acid loading rats compared with controls. Accordingly, urinary pH decreased. The protein expression of NHE3, $H^+$-ATPase, AE-1 and NBC1 was not changed. In chronic acid loading rats, serum bicarbonate and pH were not changed, while urinary pH was decreased compared with controls. The protein expression of NHE3, $H^+$-ATPase was increased in the renal cortex of chronic acid loading rats. These results suggest that unaltered expression of acid transporters combined with acute acid loading may contribute to the development of acidosis. The subsequent increased expression of NHE3, $H^+$-ATPase in the kidney may play a role in promoting acid excretion in the later stage of acid loading, which counteract the development of metabolic acidosis.

신규로 건설된 군 위댐 호내 어류 군집 및 생태적 특성에 관한 연구

이진웅 ( Jin Woong Lee ),윤주덕 ( Ju Duk Yoon ),김정희 ( Jeong Hui Kim ),박상현 ( Sang Hyeon Park ),백승호 ( Seung Ho Baek ),장광현 ( Kwang Hyeon Chang ),장민호 ( Min Ho Jang ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2015 생태와 환경 Vol.48 No.4

To secure water resources, dams are normally constructed on the upper - middle part of streams, and it generates physical disturbances such as habitat alteration and stream fragmentation. Such construction can restrict movement of aquatic organisms, especially for freshwater fish which is one of top predator in aquatic ecosystem, and cause genetic fragmentation and community change. In this study, to investigate impact of habitat alteration after dam construction on freshwater fish, we monitored fish community changes, and compared fish fauna between dam reservoir and inflows. Additionally, movement characteristics and habitat boundaries of four species were identified by radio telemetry method. The study was conducted in the Gunwi Dam which was constructed in December 2010. Radio telemetry was applied to Pungtungia herzi, Zacco platypus (living lotic and lentic), Silurus asotus (lentic preferred species) and Zacco koreanus (lotic preferred species). The number of species was remarkably decreased (4 family, 10 species) comparing with before the dam construction (7 family, 15 species). Specifically, Coreoleuciscus splendidus, Niwaella multifasciata, Liobagrus mediadiposalis, Coreoperca herzi and Odontobutis platycephala that inhabit in the lotic environment were not collected in the study area. A total of 8 species were caught in both the dam reservoir and tributaries except 2 species (C. auratus and S. asotus). Sorenson``s similarity between the reservoir and its tributaries was high (0.842). All of the radio tagged species stayed in the reservoir except S. asotus which moved to the tributary. These species mainly utilized the shallow littoral zone as a habitat. These results could be useful as a baseline data for efficient management of fishes in lakes.

기계적 합금화한 $\sigma$-VFe합금의 중성자 및 X선 회절에 의한 상분석

이충효,조재문,이상진,심해섭,이창희,Lee, Chung-Hyo,Jo, Jae-Mun,Lee, Sang-Jin,Sim, Hae-Seop,Lee, Chang-Hui 한국재료학회 2001 한국재료학회지 Vol.11 No.8

$\sigma$-VFe 금속간화합물에 대한 기계적 합금화(MA) 효과를 중성자 및 X선 회절법으로 조사하였다. MA 분말의 구조분석은 X선 회절(Cu-K$\alpha$) 린 중성자회절(HRPD, λ=1.835$\AA$)을 이용하여 행하였다. $\sigma$-VFe화합물의 MA시 큰 구조변화가 관찰되었으며, MA 60시간의 경우 Fe-Fe 훤자분포는 unit cell에 30개의 원자를 포함하고 있는 $\sigma$상의 tetragonal구조에서 $120^{\circ}C$이상에서 안정하게 존재하는 $\alpha$-(V,Fe) 고용체의 bcc 구조로 상변화함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 $\alpha$-VFe 화합물에 대한 중성자 및 X선 회절패턴의 비교분석을 행하였으며 그 결과 $\sigma$상이 가지는 화학적 규칙성에 기인하는 (101)과 (111) 회절 피크가 중성자 회절에서 뚜렷하게 관찰됨을 알 수 있었다. The mechanical alloying (MA) effect in $\sigma$-VFe intermetallic compound was studied by neutron and X-ray diffraction. The structure of MA $\sigma$-VFe powders were characterized by the X- ray diffraction with Cu- $K\alpha$ radiation and neutron diffraction with monochromatic neutrons of $1.835\AA$ using a high resolution powder diffractometer (HRPD). Mechanical alloying of $\sigma$-VFe compound gives rise to a dramatic structural change. After 60 hours of MA, the Fe-Fe distribution of the $\sigma$- phase VFe tetragonal structure with 30 atoms in a unit cell is found to change into that of the $\sigma$-(V,Fe) solid solution with bcc structure, which is a stable phase at elevated temperature above $1200^{\circ}C$. A comparison of X-ray diffraction data for the $\alpha$-phase has been also made with the corresponding neutron diffraction data. The (101) and (111) diffraction peaks of the $\sigma$-phase was clearly observed only in neutron diffraction pattern, which is believed to be a characteristic feature due to the chemical atomic ordering of $\sigma$- VFe phase.