Promoting Public Value Through International Organization

Brendan Howe(Brendan Howe ) 한국공공가치학회 2023 공공가치연구 Vol.5 No.-

Purpose: This article explores the evolution of practical global governance measures aimed at promoting public values in an anarchic (in the sense of without government) international operating environment. The process of international organization has occupied a central position in the discourse, and the physical manifestations of various formal international organizations and informal institutions have provided practical experiments in policy implementation. From the starting point of the universal lowest common denominator of values generated by an overlapping consensus of competing epistemological traditions (that of avoiding interstate war), the process of international organization has gradually expanded to embrace non-traditional security public values. Middle powers have played a key role in the expansion of the global governance paradigm, and aspirations for more comprehensive public value generation. The centrality of multilateralism and the roles of middle powers have, however, increasingly come under pressure from the realities of great power contestation in the international operating environment. The relatively new “minilateral” manifestations of international organization are also demonstrated as coming up short when providing public value promotion. This article, therefore, asks and attempts to answer the central global governance question of how can public values be promoted in the international operating environment in the absence of a central governing authority? Method: This research project used a qualitative approach consisting of literature review and document analysis. The results of this study should be supplemented by quantitative and qualitative studies in the future. The literature review consists of a comprehensive assessment of scholarly academic publications from competing perspectives in the fields of political and moral philosophy, public administration, and international relations. The document survey is mainly related to the policy documentation output of national governments and international organizations, as well as media reports. Results: The research identifies how new practical challenges to established multilateral manifestations of international organization and the global normative aspirations of middle powers, as well as shortcomings of the more recent minilateral arrangements require radical out of the box thinking. Hence, new modalities and conceptualizations are proposed to address the challenges of public value provision through the process of international organization. These include non-traditional security minilaterals, regional international commissions, and a central role for the new conceptualization of “second-tier” powers. Conclusion: Global public values are generated at the international level, in the absence of global government, through the process of international organization. Various models of practical manifestation of the related theoretical concepts have been proposed, and have been implemented, with varying degrees of success. In a time of increased great power contestation, however, multilateral institutions and middle powers, their chief proponents, have been undermined. The proliferation of minilaterals and minilateralism has proven to be an inadequate procedural replacement. Hence the need to explore additional agencies of “disruptive innovation.”

Expanding the Normative Parameters of Public Value: ‘Good Samaritanism’ and Saving Strangers

Brendan Howe(Brendan Howe ) 한국공공가치학회 2022 공공가치연구 Vol.4 No.1

Differential expression of tumor-associated genes and altered gut microbiome with decreased <i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> confer a tumor-preventive microenvironment in intestinal epithelial Pten-deficient mice

Howe, Cody,Kim, Su Jin,Mitchell, Jonathon,Im, Eunok,Kim, Yong Sung,Kim, You Sun,Rhee, Sang Hoon Elsevier 2018 Biochimica et biophysica acta Vol.1864 No.12

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) antagonizes PI3K-Akt signaling; therefore, Pten impairment causes tumorigenesis. However, the correlation between Pten deficiency and colon cancer has remained elusive due to numerous opposite observations. To study this correlation, we examined whether Pten deficiency in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) induces tumorigenesis.</P> <P>With mucosal biopsies of human colon cancer and normal colon, Pten mRNA was evaluated by quantitative PCR. Using IEC-specific Pten knockout mice (Pten<SUP>ΔIEC/ΔIEC</SUP>), we examined the mitotic activity of IECs; and Pten<SUP>ΔIEC/ΔIEC</SUP>; Apc<SUP>min/+</SUP> mice were generated by combining Pten<SUP>ΔIEC/ΔIEC</SUP> with Apc<SUP>min/+</SUP> mice. Tumor-associated gene was evaluated by micro-array analysis. Fecal microbiome was analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing.</P> <P>We found that Pten mRNA level was reduced in human colon cancer relative to normal tissues. Augmented chromatids, increased Ki-67 and PCNA expression, and enhanced Akt activation were identified in IECs of Pten<SUP>ΔIEC/ΔIEC</SUP> mice compared to Pten<SUP>+/+</SUP> littermate. Combining Pten<SUP>ΔIEC/ΔIEC</SUP> with Apc<SUP>min/+</SUP> condition caused rapid and aggressive intestinal tumorigenesis. However, Pten<SUP>ΔIEC/ΔIEC</SUP> mice did not develop any tumors. While maintaining the tumor-driving potential, these data indicated that IEC-Pten deficiency alone did not induce tumorigenesis in mice. Furthermore, the expression of tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing genes was decreased and increased, respectively, in the intestine of Pten<SUP>ΔIEC/ΔIEC</SUP> mice compared to controls. The abundance of <I>Akkermansia muciniphila</I>, capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, was diminished in Pten<SUP>ΔIEC/ΔIEC</SUP> mice compared to controls.</P> <P>These findings suggested that altered tumor-associated gene expression and changed gut microbiota shape a tumor-preventive microenvironment to counteract the tumor-driving potential, leading to the tumor prevention in Pten<SUP>ΔIEC/ΔIEC</SUP> mice.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Pten gene expression is reduced in human colon cancer biopsies. </LI> <LI> However, IEC-specific Pten-KO does not induce tumorigenesis in mice. </LI> <LI> IEC-Pten-KO mice differentially express tumor-associated genes in the gut. </LI> <LI> IEC-Pten-KO mice harbor low level of colitogenic bacteria, <I>Akkermansia muciniphila</I>. </LI> <LI> Altered gut microbiome and gene expression shape a tumor-preventive environment. </LI> </UL> </P>

Double Pieri algebras and iterated Pieri algebras for the classical groups

Howe, Roger,Kim, Sangjib,Lee, Soo Teck Muse - Johns Hopkins University Press 2017 American journal of mathematics Vol.139 No.2

Stretchable, Implantable, Nanostructured Flow-Diverter System for Quantification of Intra-aneurysmal Hemodynamics

Howe, Connor,Mishra, Saswat,Kim, Yun-Soung,Chen, Yanfei,Ye, Sang-Ho,Wagner, William R.,Jeong, Jae-Woong,Byun, Hun-Soo,Kim, Jong-Hoon,Chun, Youngjae,Yeo, Woon-Hong American Chemical Society 2018 ACS NANO Vol.12 No.8

<P>Random weakening of an intracranial blood vessel results in abnormal blood flow into an aneurysmal sac. Recent advancements show that an implantable flow diverter, integrated with a medical stent, enables a highly effective treatment of cerebral aneurysms by guiding blood flow into the normal vessel path. None of such treatment systems, however, offers post-treatment monitoring to assess the progress of sac occlusion. Therefore, physicians rely heavily on either angiography or magnetic resonance imaging. Both methods require a dedicated facility with sophisticated equipment settings and time-consuming, cumbersome procedures. In this paper, we introduce an implantable, stretchable, nanostructured flow-sensor system for quantification of intra-aneurysmal hemodynamics. The open-mesh membrane device is capable of effective implantation in complex neurovascular vessels with extreme stretchability (500% radial stretching) and bendability (180° with 0.75 mm radius of curvature) for monitoring of the treatment progress. A collection of quantitative mechanics, fluid dynamics, and experimental studies establish the fundamental aspects of design criteria for a highly compliant, implantable device. Hemocompatibility study using fresh ovine blood captures the device feasibility for long-term insertion in a blood vessel, showing less platelet deposition compared to that in existing implantable materials. <I>In vitro</I> demonstrations of three types of flow sensors show quantification of intra-aneurysmal blood flow in a pig aorta and the capability of observation of aneurysm treatment with a great sensitivity (detection limit as small as 0.032 m/s). Overall, this work describes a mechanically soft flow-diverter system that offers an effective treatment of aneurysms with an active monitoring of intra-aneurysmal hemodynamics.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

The Rwandan Crisis : A Watershed for Humanitarian Intervention

Howe, Brendan M. 이화여자대학교 국제통상협력연구소 2004 Asian International Studies Review Vol.5 No.2

Ten years on, the impact of the inaction of the international community during the Rwandan crisis is still being felt. This article consider normative, legal, and realpolitik constraints operating upon decision-makers, contending that the first two should have enabled decision-makers to authorize intervention if not actually requiring them so to do, and that the international community's non-intervention in genocide was, therefore, due to considerations of national interest. However, international law played a significant role in framing excuses for inaction, and the end of the crisis saw international decision-makers having their hands forced by pressure from their internal and external communities, promising that non-state-centric humanitarian considerations could play aa greater role in future conflicts such as Kosovo and Sudan. Thus this article demonstrates not only that liberal claims of a new world order at the end of the Cold War were premature, but also that post-Rwanda power-political considerations no longer fully explain normative war-fighting decision-making.

Geopolitical Challenges to Liberal Internationalism, the New World Order, and the Democratic Peace

Howe, Brendan 이화여자대학교 국제통상협력연구소 2001 Asian International Studies Review Vol.4 No.1/2

The post-Cold War "New World Order" has been heralded as the fulfillment of the Kantian dream of democratic perpetual peace long trumpeted by liberal internationalists. However, while it is true that democratic values are (for the moment) triumphant, and that universalism is riding piggy-back fashion upon waves of globalization, the victory is far from complete, and the process far from inevitable. Universalism is itself subject to limits, and those excluded from full participation may well rebel against the dominance of the western democratic core. If western states do not wish such revolt to gain momentum, they must take steps to ensure that the benefits of participation and economic well being are not spread too unevenly across the globe.

From Human Insecurity to International Crisis : Security Spillover on the Korean Peninsula

Howe, Brendan M. Ewha Institute of Unification Studies 2011 Journal of peace and unification Vol.1 No.2

Strategic analysis is founded on the assumption of rational behavior based upon calculating decision-making by unitary actors. With regard to security on the Korean Peninsula, however, this article challenges the belief that the internal affairs of states should be discounted, and posits that the lack of internal justice may increase international disorder. Regarding states as unitary rational actors misses alternative explanations for behavior, leads to the adoption of self-fulfilling worst-case-scenario planning, is inherently confrontational, and contributes to the likelihood of the emergence of a security dilemma. Thus if those who engage strategically with the DPRK truly wish to reduce the threat posed by the rogue regime, it is essential that all aspects of the security spectrum be considered.

EFFECTS OF HYDRAULIC MANIPULATION ON HABITAT AVAILABILITY FOR MIGRATORY SHOREBIRDS IN AN AUSTRALIAN COASTAL WETLAND

HOWE ALICE 한국수자원학회 2005 한국수자원학회 학술대회 Vol.2005 No.1

Normative and Legal Challenges to un Peacekeeping Operations

Howe, Brendan,Kondoch, Boris,Spijkers, Otto Brill Academic Publishers 2015 Journal of international peacekeeping Vol.19 No.1

<P>The application of law and norms in military operations is complex. This article provides an overview of legal and normative aspects in un peace operations. It will focus on key challenges to un peace operations. First, it will review un peacekeeping from the perspective of international law. After providing an overview of the legal framework of un peacekeeping and the application of human rights law, international humanitarian law, and international criminal law, the article turns to issues related to the accountability and immunity of un peacekeepers. The final section addresses normative concepts including the responsibility to protect, the protection of civilians, human security and their relevance in regard to un peacekeeping.</P>