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Gust durations, gust factors and gust response factors in wind codes and standards
Holmes, John D.,Allsop, Andrew C.,Ginger, John D. Techno-Press 2014 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.19 No.3
This paper discusses the appropriate duration for basic gust wind speeds in wind loading codes and standards, and in wind engineering generally. Although various proposed definitions are discussed, the 'moving average' gust duration has been widely accepted internationally. The commonly-specified gust duration of 3-seconds, however, is shown to have a significant effect on the high-frequency end of the spectrum of turbulence, and may not be ideally suited for wind engineering purposes. The effective gust durations measured by commonly-used anemometer types are discussed; these are typically considerably shorter than the 'standard' duration of 3 seconds. Using stationary random process theory, the paper gives expected peak factors, $g_u$, as a function of the non-dimensional parameter ($T/{\tau}$), where T is the sample, or reference, time, and ${\tau}$ is the gust duration, and a non-dimensional mean wind speed, $\bar{U}.T/L_u$, where $\bar{U}$ is a mean wind speed, and $L_u$ is the integral length scale of turbulence. The commonly-used Durst relationship, relating gusts of various durations, is shown to correspond to a particular value of turbulence intensity $I_u$, of 16.5%, and is therefore applicable to particular terrain and height situations, and hence should not be applied universally. The effective frontal areas associated with peak gusts of various durations are discussed; this indicates that a gust of 3 seconds has an equivalent frontal area equal to that of a tall building. Finally a generalized gust response factor format, accounting for fluctuating and resonant along-wind loading of structures, applicable to any code is presented.
CHANGES IN THE EXTENT OF FINANCIAL INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE G7 COUNTRIES IN THE 1970s AND 1980s
HOLMES, MARK J.,PENTECOS, ERIC J. 한국국제경제학회 1992 International Economic Journal Vol.6 No.4
This paper uses principal components analysis to examine the extent to which financial interdependence within the G7 countries has changed between the 1970s and the 1980s. In general, evidence is found of both greater capital market integration and of monetary interdependence. More specifically, the US, Japan and West Germany have all lost some degree of autonomy over monetary policy, while the UK has retained some autonomy by remaining outside the exchange rate mechanism of the European monetary system. In terms of capital market intergration, five of the G7 countries seem to have become more interdependent, the exceptions being Japan and the UK. [F15, F36]
Extreme wind prediction and zoning
Holmes, J.D.,Kasperski, M.,Miller, C.A.,Zuranski, J.A.,Choi, E.C.C. Techno-Press 2005 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.8 No.4
The paper describes the work of the IAWE Working Group WGF - Extreme Wind Prediction and Zoning, one of the international codification working groups set up in 2000. The topics covered are: the international database of extreme winds, quality assurance and data quality, averaging times, return periods, probability distributions and fitting methods, mixed wind climates, directionality effects, the influence of orography, rare events and simulation methods, long-term climate change, and zoning and mapping. Recommendations are given to promote the future alignment of international codes and standards for wind loading.
Wind structure and codification
Holmes, J.D.,Baker, C.J.,English, E.C.,Choi, E.C.C. Techno-Press 2005 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.8 No.4
The paper describes the work of the Working Group on Wind Structure, one of the International Codification Working Groups set up by the International Association of Wind Engineering in 1999. The topics of terrain and exposure, shielding and shelter, topographic effects, tropical cyclone and hurricane wind structure, and thunderstorm wind structure, are described with emphasis on their codification in wind loading codes and standards. Recommendations from the working group are given.