MO Theoretical Studies on the Effect of Bond Angle Distortion in Pyrazine

Lee, Ik-Choon,Kim, Ho-Soon Korean Chemical Society 1984 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.5 No.2

An enhancement of through-bond interaction by bond angle distortion in pyrazine was examined using various MO methods. Results of MINDO/3 geometry optimization with an angle (${\alpha}$) at $C_2$ atom fixed to 120∼90$^{\circ}$ lead to distorted structures in which the distorted bond is brought closer toward lone pair orbital n of N atom. It was also found that the bond angle distortion increased the P character at the atom $C_2$, resulting in an increased vicinal overlap between n and the $C_2-C_3$ bond. The FMO patterns of ${\sigma}$ framework showed three-fold degeneracy, one of which was of different symmetry which mixes in the symmetry adapted pair, $n_+\;and\;n_-;\;both\;n_+\;and\;n_-$ orbitals thus can interact with both FMOs of the ${\sigma}$ framework. The LCBO-MO analysis with partial elimination of bonds, antibonds or both, however, revealed that the main interaction of $n_+$ was with the HO-${\sigma}$ and that of $n_-$ was with the LU-${\sigma}^{\ast}$ orbital of the ${\sigma}$ framework.

제주도 지하수 질산염 농도의 시·공간적 변화 특성: 장기(1993-2015) 모니터링 자료의 평가

김호림(Ho-Rim Kim),오준섭(Junseop Oh),도현권(Hyun-Kwon Do),이경진(Kyung-Jin Lee),현익현(Ik-Hyun Hyun),오상실(Sang-Sil Oh),감상규(Sang-Kyu Kam),윤성택(Seong-Taek Yun) 대한자원환경지질학회 2018 자원환경지질 Vol.51 No.1

1993년부터 2015년까지 관측된 제주도 지하수 장기모니터링 관측정(N = 4,835)에서 수집된 지하수 수질자료(N = 21,568)를 기반으로 질산성질소의 시공간적 변동 특성을 평가하였다. 제주도 지하수의 질산성질소 농도의 중앙값은 2.5 mg/L로서 다른 국가나 대륙의 조사 결과에 비해 다소 높거나 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지하수 용도, 행정구역 및 고도 별로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 특히, 산간 지역에 비해 저지대 해안가에 위치한 농업 및 주거지역에서 농도가 높음을 확인하였다. Mann-Kendall 및 Sen’s slope 분석을 활용한 질산성질소 농도의 추세 분석 결과, 하류 저지 대에 비해 중산간지역에서의 질산성질소 농도 증가 경향이 뚜렷하였다. 제주도 내 토지 피복의 시계열 변화 특성과 결부 지어 보면, 중산간지역의 오염 증가 추세는 농업지역의 확장 등 인위적 활동 증가에 기인한 결과로 판단된다. 반면,기지정된 지하수자원특별관리구역에서는 전반적으로 질산성질소 농도의 감소 경향이 나타났는데, 이는 지하수 관리 측면에서 수질관리를 위한 적극적인 정책이 유효함을 시사한다. 본 연구에서는 제주도 지하수의 질산성질소 오염관리를 위한 적정 방안을 제안한다. The spatio-temporal variations of nitrate concentrations in groundwater of Jeju Island were evaluated by an analysis of time series groundwater quality data (N = 21,568) that were collected from regional groundwater monitoring (number of wells = 4,835) for up to 20 years between 1993 and 2015. The median concentration of NO 3 -N is 2.5 mg/L, which is slightly higher than those reported from regional surveys in other countries. Nitrate concentrations of groundwater in wells tend to significantly vary according to different water usage (of the well), administrative districts, and topographic elevations: nitrate level is higher in low-lying agricultural and residential areas than those in high mountainous areas. The Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen’s slope analysis show that nitrate concentration in mid-mountainous areas tends to increase, possibly due to the expansion of agricultural areas toward highland. On the other hand, nitrate concentrations in the Specially Designated Groundwater Quality Protection Zones show the temporally decreasing trend, which implies the efficiency of groundwater management actions in Jeju. Proper measures for sustainable groundwater quality management are suggested in this study.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

하부 직장암에서 저위 전방 절제술이나 대장 항문 문합술 시행시 환회장루 설치의 필요성 여부에 관한 고찰

김호영,김익용,김상희,윤광수 대한대장항문학회 1997 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.13 No.3

일반향 응고법에 의한 InP 결정 육성

김호건,정익수 漢陽大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1993 基礎科學論文集 Vol.12 No.-

일방향 응고법(unidirectional solidification)에 의하여 Ⅲ-V족 화합물 반도체인 InP결정을 육성한 후 결정육성을 위한 기초적 조건을 연구하고 합성된 InP의 전기적 특성을 조사하였다. 길이 50cm의 석영관을 준비하고 석영관의 밑바닥에 인(phosphorus)을 넣고 석영관의 하단으로 부터 15cm윗부분에 인듐금속이 들어있는 석영crucible을 장착하고 석영관 내부의 압력이 10-5torr가 되도록 유지한 후 밀봉하였다. 석영관 밑바닥에 들어있는 P를 450℃의 온도에서 승화시켜 crucible내에 녹아있는 인듐금속에 diffusion되도록 하여 InP조성을 만든 후 시간당 2∼5℃/h의 속도로 서냉시켜 결정을 육성하였다. 육성된 결정에 대하여 X선회절분석과 배면 Laue반사법을 이용하여 InP합성의 여부 및 단결정성을 확인하였고 Van der Pauw법을 이용하여 온도의 변화에 따른 electron mobility, 비저항 등의 전기적 성질을 측정하였다. 각 조건에서 합성된 물질은 InP였으며 주로(111)방향으로 성장하였다. 융액의 냉각속도를 5℃/h이상 비교적 빠르게 했을때는 조성적 과냉각에 의하여 단결정성이 좋지않았으며 2℃/h의 비교적 느린 속도로 결정을 육성하였을때 비교적 양질의 결정을 육성할 수 있었다. XRD분석 및 광학 현미경을 이용한 미세구조 관찰 결과 초기 냉각부분(first freeze portion)인 ingot의 하단에서 후기 냉각부분인 ingot의 상단으로 갈수록 단결정성이 좋은 것으로 밝혀졌다. 전기적 성질을 알아보기 위해서 Hall effet를 측정한 결과 InP결정은 n형 반도체임이 확인되었고 150K∼300K의 온도범위에서 carrier의 농도는 1015∼??이었고 carrier의 이동도는 온도가 증가함에 따라 감소하였으며 그 값은 30X10³∼2×10³㎠/Vsec의 범위였다. Ⅲ-V group compound semiconducter, InP crystal, was prepared by unidirectional solidification method and the fundamental conditions for crystal growth were investigated. Phosphorous (P) powders (99.999% purity) were put into the bottom of a quartz ampule. A quartz crucible charged with Indium metal(99.99% purity) was attached at the upper side in the quartz ampule. The quartz ampule containing quartz crucible was made vacuous under the pressure of 10-5 torr and sealed up. Indium(In) metals in the quartz crucible were melted at 1070℃ and sublimed phosphorous vapors were diffused in Indium melt unidirectionally so that the melt of InP composition was formed from the lower part to the upper part in the quartz crucible. By cooling the InP composition melt, crystal were grown. The grown crystals were characterized by X-ray and microstructure observation under the polarized optical microscope and electrical properties of crystals were measured by Van der Pauw method. The ingots obtained at various cooling rate were identified as InP crystals which had the main growing direction of <111>by the X-ray analysis. The InP single crystals were obtained upper side of the ingot at slow cooling rate of melt. It was found that the InP crystals were n-type semiconducter, that the concentration and mobility of carrier were 1015∼1016/cm-3 and 30X10³∼2×10³㎠/V·sec, respectively.

Ca 첨가한 AZ91 마그네슘 합금 용탕의 산화거동

최병호,유봉선,박원욱,박익민 대한금속재료학회 2004 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.42 No.8

The effects of Ca addition on the liquid oxidation behaviors of AZ91 alloys have been investigated. The oxide layers formed on the molten Ca-containing AZ91 alloys were investigated by using scanning electron microscope and Auger electron spectroscopy in order to elucidate the effect of Ca additions on the ignition and burning of the molten alloys. The thermogravimetric measurements indicated that Ca-containing AZ91 alloys have good oxidation resistance. AES depth analysis revealed that the oxide layers on the molten Ca-containing AZ91 alloys consisted of several layers; the outer layer mainly consisted of CaO and the inner layer was mainly a mixture of CaO-MgO and Al₂O₃. The formation of protective CaO in the oxide layer was directly responsible for improved oxidation resistance of the Ca-containing AZ91 alloys.

Amphotericin B의 投與가 마우스의 免疫反應에 미치는 影響

李正鎬,黃翼根 全北大學校 1983 論文集 Vol.25 No.-

Amphotericin B(AmB)가 免疫反應에 關與하는 機轉을 究明하기 爲한 基礎資料를 얻고자 마우스를 모델로 抗原(SRBC)의 感作量, AmB의 投與時期 및 投與量에 따라 AmB가 細胞性免疫反應에 미치는 效果를 足蹠腫腸反應檢査 및 脾臟細胞의 로젵 形成能儉査로 測定하였던 바 다음과 같은 結果를 얻었다. 抗原感作(10^8SRBC/mouse)과 同時에 여러 濃度의 AmB를 投與한 後 發顯되는 DTH는 AmB를 350㎍Υ mouse의 濃度로 投與한 群에서 가장 顯著한 增加를 보였다. 여러 濃度의 感作抗原下에서의 Arthus反應이나 DTH는 모두 投原量에 關係없이 AmB(350㎍/mouse)를 投與한 群에서 對照이 比하여 大體로 增加되었으며, 對照群에서의 最適感作抗原量은 10^7SRBC/mouse이었으나, AmB를 投與한 群에서는 10^8SRBC/mouse이었다. AmB(350㎍/mouse)의 投與時期에 따른 感作抗原(10^8SRBC/mouse)에 對한 DTH는 AmB를 感作 後投與한 群에서는 對照에 比하여 差異ffm 보이지 않았으나 AmB를 抗原感作 前 또는 感作과 同時에 投與한 群에서는 對照에 比하여 DTH가 增加되었는데 特히 AmB를 抗原感作과 同時에 投與한 群에서 그 報加가 가장 顯著하였다. AmB(350㎍/mouse)의 投與時期에 따른 感作마우스(10^8SRBC/mouse)의 로젵 形成率AmB를 抗原 感作前에 投與한 群에서는 對照에 比하여 오히려 減少되었으나, AmB를 抗原感作과 同時 또는 感作 後에 投與한 群에서는 對照에 比하여 增加되었는데 特히 抗原感作 後 4日에 AmB를 投與한 群에서 그 增加가 가장 顯著하였다. 以上의 結果로 AmB가 免疫反應을 增强시키는 最適感作抗原濃度, AmB의 最適投與量 및 投與時期 等을 밝힐 수 있었으며, AmB가 免疫反應에 關與하는 몇가지 可能性있는 機轉을 類推할 수 있었다. Amphotericin B (AmB), a polyene antibiotic that binds to choresterol in the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells, is clinically used in the treatment of systemic fungal infection. Using in vitro and in vivo models, several investigators have demonstrated both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effect of AmB. The immunostimulatory effect of AmB may be a useful adjunct to host defenses against fungi, while the immunosuppressive activity may have deleterious effects. But there has still been no report to evaluate the effects of AmB on delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) and rosette forming cell reaction (RFR). Therefore, this present study was attempted to investigate the immunomodulating effect of AmB on the reponses to sheep erythrocytes(SRBC) by footpad swelling reaction and rosette formation of spleen cells in ICR mice. DTH in AmB-treated mice (17.5㎎/㎏ per mouse) were generally increased compared to those of PBS-treated controls. The optimal immunopotentiating effect of AmB was provoked when the mouse was sensiitzed with SRBC at 10-fold higher doses of antigen (10^8SRBC/mouse) than those required for optimal immune response in PBS-treated control mice (10^7SRBC/mouse). DTH of AmB-treated mice were enhanced when AmB was injected into mice before or at the same time of SRBC-sensitization, particularly the enhancement degree of DTH was more prominent when mice were treated with AmB at the same time of sensitization than before. However, there was no significant difference in the response when AmB given after sensitization. The percentage of RFR was decreased compared with those of control when AmB was administrated before SRBC-sensitization, but was increased when AmB was treated after SRBC.

東海沿岸 海水浴場 開發에 關한 硏究 : Focused on the Fishing Villages 漁村을 中心으로

張翼昊 江陵大學校東海岸地域硏究所 1990 東海岸硏究 Vol.1 No.1

As the coastal resources are getting decreased and the ocean fishery gradually increased, the coastal fishery is slowing down year by year and its rate of increase in lower than the average rate of fisherly increase of Korea. In addition, constitutional small - scall, vulnerable basic facilities and low investment funds have resulted in the decrease of productivity in the coastal fishery. Also, low income has drove the fishermen to give up fishing and the decrease of labor quality is evident. Considering the above - mentioned present situation, it is urgently needed to increase the income of fishermen by carrying out the tourist development projects in the undeveloped fishing villages. 1. The coastal area of the East Sea is favored by nature for tourism and so well - known as four - season touring resort. The number of sea bather visiting this area in summer was about 3,977,000 in 1981 and about 4,520,000 in 1989, increasing 8,440 in number during the last 8 years. The most favorite bathing resort was Kyungpo, followed by Naksan and Mangsang. As the coastal fishing villages near the existing resorts are expected to be developed into the additional four - season touring resorts, it is the time to build up and carry out the plan for changing these villages into the touring villages should aim to give the chance to the visitors for enjoying their spare times and raising their will for industrial production, and also to the residents for expanding their jobs and increasing their income. In view of the present situation of coastal touring resorts, the coastal area of the East Sea holds 29 out of 119 bathing resorts of Korea, 25 out of 104 sea fishing places, 13 out of 115 national, resorts, and 43 out of 1,183 cultural assets. 2. The kinds of incidental business available in the fishing villages are inn, private residence, dinning house, pleasure boat, and a variety of shopping corners. For these business, governmental offices, fisheries cooperatives, and the Office of Fishery make a variety of supports. The general difficulties for the tourist development in the fishing villages are disharmony in development, lack of diversity, insufficient quantity and low quality of tourist facilities, and a variety of legal restrictions. 3. The general problems facing for the development of bathing resorts are the insufficient for the tourists, inaccordance between the residents in managing the resort facilities, poor working funds for serving the tourists during the low - demand season, non - hygienic facilities of inn and dinning house, lack of souvenirs and special local products for the tourists. 4. The general difficulties in developing the fishing places are low awareness of developmental need, poor activities of publicity, legal restrictions, and insufficient safety guarantee in using the fishing boats. 5. The general plans for improving the tourist develpment in the fishing village are the reorganization and extensive development of tourist potential, investment enlargement of social in direct capitals, extention of touring resorts, development of all season leisure to break a sow - demand season, and partial easing of legal restrictions in developing the touring resorts. 6. Harmonious development and reasonable management of bathing resorts are needed. Reduction of low - demand season by developing all - season leisure items can be added as indispensable conditions. 7. In the lodging business, the government should establish an appropriate facilities standard and supervise its obeyance. In the private residence, the residents themselves should arrange the different rental fees according to the available facilities. For developing the souvenirs and the special local products representing the regional characteristics, officials and residents should cooperate together. 8. For the tourist development in the fishing village, considered are a variety of ways to increase the income of fishermen by application of the fishermen fraternity and to develop the subsidiary occupations for the fishermen. In carrying out these projects, governmental guide and support should be made to be in good harmony between the increase of income and the conservation of nature.

초음파탐상 PD-RR Test의 통계적 신뢰도 평가 (Ⅲ) : a Round Robin Test Reesult (Part Ⅲ)

박익근,박은수,김현묵,박윤원,강석철,최영환,이진호 한국비파괴검사학회 2003 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.1

국내 원전의 건전성 및 안전성 확보에 직결되는 자동 초음파검사의 신뢰도 및 검사시스템의 기량을 평가하기 위해 자동UT-PD RRT를 수행하였다. 수행된 RRT의 조건은 2001년 수동 PD-RRT에 적용된 설계변수와 동일하다. 본 연구에서는 자동 UT의 결함검출확률 및 오판확률과 결함크기측정에 대한 불확도 분석을 이용하여 자동 초음파검사의 통계적인 신뢰도를 평가하고 수동 UT PD-RRT의 결과와 비교하여 기량을 검증하고자 한다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 향후 각종 비파괴검사에 대한 RRT를 수행하여 기술수준을 파악하고 비파괴검사기술의 발전을 도모할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

새로운 리더쉽에 관한 소고 : 카리스마 리더쉽을 중심으로

기호익 경기전문대학 1997 京畿專門大學 論文集 Vol.- No.25