A study on the concentrations of 11-nor-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH) in hair root and whole hair

Han, E.,Choi, H.,Lee, S.,Chung, H.,Song, J.M. Elsevier Sequoia 2011 Forensic Science International Vol. No.

In this study, we investigated the patterns of cannabis users (n=412) according to their sex, age, and the results of urinalysis and hair analysis, and classified the concentrations of THCCOOH in hair into three categories to examine the levels of cannabis use. We also compared the concentrations of THCCOOH in hair root, hair without the hair root and whole hair and examined the relationship among them according to the results of urinalysis. The hair samples were washed, digested with 1ml of 1M NaOH at 85<SUP>o</SUP>C for 30min and extracted with 2ml of n-hexane:ethyl acetate (9:1) two times after adding 1ml of 0.1N sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) and 200μl of acetic acid. The final mixture was derivatized with 50μl of PFPA and 25μl of PFPOH for 30min at 70<SUP>o</SUP>C. The solution was evaporated, and the residue was reconstituted in 40μl of ethyl acetate and transferred to an autosampler vial. One microlitre was injected into the GC/MS/MS-NCI system. The concentrations of THCCOOH ranged from 0.06 to 33.44pg/mg (mean 2.96; median 1.32) in hair from cannabis users who had positive urine results and ranged from 0.05 to 7.24pg/mg (mean 1.35; median 0.37) in hair from cannabis users who had negative urine results. The average concentration of THCCOOH in hair from cannabis users who had positive urine results was higher than that from cannabis users who had negative urine results. Male cannabis users in their forties were predominant. We classified the concentrations of THCCOOH in hair into three groups (low, medium and high), and could use the grouping of THCCOOH in hair as a guide for determining the level of use. The low, medium and high concentration ranges for THCCOOH in hair were 0.05-0.24, 0.25-2.60 and 2.63-33.44pg/mg, respectively. We also investigated 28 hair samples with the root. The highest concentrations of THCCOOH were seen in the hair root from 18 out of the 28 hair samples. The average concentrations of THCCOOH in hair root, hair without hair root and whole hair from cannabis users who had positive urine results were higher than those who had negative urine results.

Deaths from recreational use of propofol in Korea

Han, E.,Jung, S.,Baeck, S.,Lee, S.,Chung, H. Elsevier Sequoia 2013 Forensic science international Vol.233 No.1

Propofol, a short-acting and sedative-hypnotic agent, induces and maintains anesthesia. Since it is known to produce mild euphoria and hallucinations, the recreational use of propofol has been a big issue in Korea. Furthermore, many deaths have occurred due to its abuse and misuse. In order to study the prevalence of abuse and deaths due to propofol, all autopsy cases conducted between 2005 and 2010 at the NFS (National Forensic Service, Korea) were monitored by checking its concentrations in the blood. Propofol was detected in 131 cases (0.88%) out of 14,673 autopsied cases within 6 years. Propofol alone was detected in 49 of 131 fatal cases, while the combination of drugs was detected with propofol in the remaining 82 cases. The concentrations of propofol from autopsied cases ranged from 0.05 to 8.83mg/L (mean 1.66; median 0.9) and from 0.08 to 8.65mg/L (mean 1.71; median 1.05) in the heart (n=31) and the femoral blood (n=32), respectively. The investigation of the ratio of heart to femoral blood and the difference between the concentrations in heart and femoral blood (n=15) from the same body revealed the ratio from 0.45 to 3.66 (mean 1.53; median 1.40). The autopsy resulted in accidental death after self-administration in 16 autopsied cases among 131 autopsied cases. In 16 cases, their ages ranged from 17 to 56 and 75% of them were in their 20's and 30's and 75% were female. Half of them were medical personnel including 19% of doctors and 38% of nurses. The combination of drugs was detected in 6 cases. Fluoxetine was detected in three and vecuronium was detected in two along with propofol. The cause of death in 14 cases was drug intoxication, while that in 2 cases was hanging. Due to its prevalence, Korea has become the first country that regulates propofol as a psychotropic substance.

A comparative study on the concentrations of 11-nor-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH) in head and pubic hair

Han, E.,Choi, H.,Lee, S.,Chung, H.,Song, J.m. Elsevier Sequoia 2011 Forensic Science International Vol. No.

In this study, the concentrations of 11-nor-Δ<SUP>9</SUP>-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH) in pubic, axillary and beard hair were measured and the correlation between the concentrations of THCCOOH in head and pubic hair from same cannabis users were evaluated. The papers on body hair analysis for THCCOOH were rarely found although police officers submit body hair as a complimentary specimen to forensic laboratories in case cannabis users had no hair. Head, pubic, axillary, and beard hair were collected. All hair samples were cut into 0.5mm segments and decontaminated with methanol, digested with 1mL of 1M NaOH at 85<SUP>o</SUP>C for 30min and extracted in 2mL of n-hexane:ethyl acetate (9:1) two times after adding 1mL of 0.1N sodium acetate buffer (pH=4.5) and 200μL of acetic acid followed by derivatization with 50μL of PFPA and 25μL of PFPOH for 30min at 70<SUP>o</SUP>C. The extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry operating in negative chemical ionization mode (GC/MS/MS-NCI). We determined the concentrations of THCCOOH in both pubic and head hair. The concentrations of THCCOOH in pubic hair were higher than those in head hair. We also evaluated the concentrations of THCCOOH in body hair (pubic, axillary and beard hair) and head hair according to the positive/negative urine test results. There was no statistically significant difference in the concentrations of THCCOOH in head and body hair according to urine results.

Establishment of the measurement uncertainty of 11-nor-D⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in hair

Han, E.,Yang, W.,Lee, S.,Kim, E.,In, S.,Choi, H.,Lee, S.,Chung, H.,Song, J.m. Elsevier Sequoia 2011 Forensic science international Vol.206 No.1

The quantitative analysis of 11-nor-D<SUP>9</SUP>-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH) in hair requires a sensitive method to detect a low-pg level. Before applying the method to real hair samples, the method was validated; in this study, we examined the uncertainty obtained from around the cut-off level of THCCOOH in hair. We calculated the measurement uncertainty (MU) of THCCOOH in hair as follows: specification of the measurand, identification of parameters using ''cause and effect'' diagrams, quantification of the uncertainty contributions using three factors, the uncertainty of weighing the hair sample, the uncertainty from calibrators and the calibration curve, and the uncertainty of the method precision. Finally, we calculated the degrees of freedom and the expanded uncertainty (EU). The concentration of THCCOOH in the hair sample with its EU was (0.60+/-0.1)x10<SUP>-4</SUP>ng/mg. The relative uncertainty percent for the measurand 0.60x10<SUP>-4</SUP>ng was 9.13%. In this study, we also selected different concentrations of THCCOOH in real hair samples and then calculated the EU, the relative standard uncertainty (RSU) of the concentration of THCCOOH in the test sample [u<SUB>r</SUB>(c<SUB>0</SUB>)], the relative uncertainty percent, and the effective degree of freedom (v<SUB>eff</SUB>). When the concentrations of THCCOOH approached the cut-off level, u<SUB>r</SUB>(c<SUB>0</SUB>) and the relative uncertainty percent increased but absolute EU and v<SUB>eff</SUB> decreased.

Sarcopenia is associated with albuminuria independently of hypertension and diabetes: KNHANES 2008-2011

Han, E.,Lee, Y.h.,Kim, G.,Kim, S.R.,Lee, B.W.,Kang, E.S.,Ahn, C.W.,Cha, B.S. W.B.Saunders [etc.] 2016 clinical and experimental Vol.65 No.10

Introduction: Although sarcopenia is associated with metabolic disorders, its influence on albuminuria has not been determined. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between sarcopenia and albuminuria in the general population. Methods: This was a population-based, cross-sectional study using a nationally representative sample of 2326 subjects aged ≥20years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys of 2008-2011. Appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess sarcopenia, which was defined as ASM divided by body mass index, as recommended by the international consensus meeting of the National Institutes of Health. Albuminuria was defined as an albumin-to-creatinine ratio of ≥30mg/g using random spot urine samples. Results: A total of 385 (16.5%) subjects were classified as having albuminuria. Sarcopenic subjects showed a higher proportion of albuminuria than subjects without sarcopenia (odds ratios [ORs]=2.17-3.26, all P<0.05) after stratification based on the presence of hypertension, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome and a higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (all P<0.001). The albuminuria risk was comparable between insulin-sensitive subjects with sarcopenia and insulin-resistant subjects with preserved muscle mass. A multiple logistic regression analysis also demonstrated that sarcopenia was independently associated with albuminuria (OR=1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.04-2.48, P<0.05). The association between sarcopenia and albuminuria remained strong in the elderly population (ORs=1.80-2.68, P<0.05), whereas it lost its significance in the younger age group. Furthermore, the risk of albuminuria was much higher in sarcopenic obese subjects than in other groups (OR=4.90, 95% CI=3.23-7.43, P<0.001). Conclusions: Sarcopenia was associated with an increased risk of albuminuria independent of hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Sarcopenia and obesity had a synergistic impact on the increased risk of albuminuria. This suggests that sarcopenic obesity as well as sarcopenia alone may be considered as novel risk factors for albuminuria.

정신분열병 환자의 혈청 면역글로불린 및 보체농도에 관한 연구

신수아,연규월,우행원 大韓神經精神醫學會 1997 신경정신의학 Vol.36 No.6

연구 목적 : 정신분열병의 병인에 대해 생물학적 및 사회심리학적 측면에서 다양한 가설이 제시되고 있다, 이 중 정신분열병의 원인을 생물학적 측면에서 밝혀 보려는 시도의 하나로서 정신분열 병 환자의 혈청 면역글로불린 및 보체농도의 변화를 측정하고 임상증상과의 상관관계를 살펴봄으로써 그 원인 관계를 알아보고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 연구방법 : 연구대상은 정신과 진단 편람 제 4판(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV)의 정신분열증 진단기준을 만족시키는 27명의 입원환자로서, 입원당시 및 약물 치료 2주 후 혈청 면역글로불린 IgG, IgA 및 IgM과 보체 C3와 C4 농도를 nephelometry로 측정하였다. 임상증상은 반구조화된 정신과적 면담으로 구성된 표준화된 평가척도인 양성 및 음성 증상 척도(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. PANSS)를 이용하여 입원 당일 및 약물 치료 2주 후 평가하였으며. 평가 당일 오전에 채혈하였다. 연구결과 : 1) 입원 당시 정신분열병 환자군에서 혈청 IgG(p< .01)와 IgM(p< .05)이 의미있게 낮았다. 2) 입원 당시 정신분열병 환자군의 혈청 C3와 PANSS의 양성증후군 척도 점수가 의미있는 상관관계 (p< .05)가 있었다. 3) 치료 후 여자 환자군의 혈청 IgG가 의미있게 증가(p< .05)하였다. 4) 치료 후 혈청 IgG, IgA, Ig, M, C3및 C4와 PANSS의 양성 및 음성증후군 척도 점수 사이에는 유의한 상관성이 없었다. 결 론 : 정신분열병 환자군이 정상인에 비해 면역기능이 저하되어 있으며 이는 치료에 따라 회복되는 것으로 생각되고, 양성증후군 척도 점수와 C3가 의미있는 상관관계를 나타낸 것은 급성기 정신분열중의 면역지표로서 새로운 가능성을 제시한다고 할 수 있겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to elucidate the biological correlates of schizophrenia by measuring the change of serum immunoglobulin and complement levels and investigating a relationship of clinical symptoms to serum immunoglobulin and complement levels in schizophrenics. Methods The subjects were 27 inpatients, 13 men and 14 women, who met the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV(DSM-IV) and 24 normal controls,8 men and 16 women. The serum immunoglobulin and complement levels of patients were measured at admission day and after 2 weeks of treatment. Immunoglubulin and compliment levels were obtained in seam using nephelometry. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS) were used to determine the clinical symptoms . Results : 1) The serum IgG(p<.01) and IgM(p<.05) levels of schizophrenics measured at admission day were significantly lower than those of normal controls. 2) The serum C3 level significantly(p<.01) correlated with positive syndrome score. 3) The serum IgG levels of schizophrenics were significantly(p<.05) increased after 2 weeks of treatment, especially in female schizophrenics. 4) The correlations of serum IgG, IgA, IsM, C3 and C4 to positive and negative syndrome scores of PANSS after treatment failed to get significant result. Conclusion : It is suggested that the immune function of schizophrenics appears to be decreased when compared with normal controls and is slightly increased with clinical improvement. Significant correlation between C3 and positive syndrome score at admission suggests possibility of immunologic marker of acute schizophrenia.

다시 있게 함

최하니(Hanee Choi) 한국공간환경학회 2023 공간과 사회 Vol.33 No.2

본 글은 2012년부터 지난 11년간 서울시 곳곳에서 열리고 닫히며 대안적인 먹거리 실천의윤리를 만들어가는 ‘마르쉐@’ 농부시장에 대한 사례연구로, 농부시장의 먹거리 실천들이 만들어가는 집합적 정동 — 농의 정동 — 의 자생적인 힘을 탐색한다. 특히 농부시장의 먹거리를 매개로 펼쳐지는 ‘물질-담론적 실천(material-discursive practices)(Barad, 2003)’ 의 정동적 성격에 주목하여 이러한 실천들이 시장의 안팎으로 퍼져나가며 먹거리 실천의 윤리를 재조정해 가는 과정을 분석한다. 나아가 이에 대해 ‘연구’하는 과정에서 현장의 정동과연구자가 마주치고 어긋나는 지점들을 적극적으로 드러내는 정동연구의 글쓰기 방법을 탐색한다. 이와 같은 작업은 에코페미니즘, 생태주의 또는 먹거리 체계의 대안적인 규범과 같이 몇 가지 담론만으로 농부시장의 실천들을 틀 지우지 않을 때 비로소 생동하는 ‘물질-담론적 실천’의 힘을 전달하기 위함이다. 이러한 관점에서 본 연구는 한국의 여성환경운동의발생과 그 실천적·이론적 흐름을 집대성한 문순홍의 ‘다시 있게 함(restoration)’이라는 생태적 감수성을 만들어가는 전략의 언어를 재료로 삼아 다음을 질문하고, 대답해 볼 것이다. ‘마르쉐@’ 농부시장은 우리의 일상에 무엇을 다시 있게 하는가? This article presents a case study of the ‘Marché@’ farmers’ market, which has been opening and closing in various areas of Seoul for the past 11 years, since 2012, and has created an alternative ethical framework for food practices. The primary focus of this paper is to explore the autopoietic power of collective affects that emerge within the food practices of farmers’ markets, which I refer to as the affect of nóng ( ( ), agriculture). To elucidate this power, the study centers on the concept of ‘material-discursive practices’(Barad, 2003) that manifest the affect of nóng ( ( ), agriculture) in the farmers’ market, particularly in the context of food mediation. Additionally, it analyzes the ongoing process through which this power continuously generates and recalibrates the ethical dimension of food practices within the farmers’ market. Furthermore, this article examines the application of affective research methods in social science, shedding light on the moments when researchers encounter these affects at field sites during the research and writing process. By adopting this approach, the paper aims to present an alternative perspective for understanding the ‘material-discursive practices’ of the ‘Marché@’ farmers’ market, which come to life when the market’s practices extend beyond limited discourses such as ecofeminism, ecology, or alternative norms of food systems. Drawing from this perspective, the study also incorporates Moon Soon-hong’s concept of ‘restoration’ as a strategic approach, fostering an ecological sensibility which encapsulates the Korean women’s environmental movement. With the use of this framework, the following question is posed and addressed: What does the ‘Marché@’ farmers’ market restore in our daily lives?

유동 가시화를 이용한 PCHE의 유동분배에 관한 실험적 연구

설한이(Hanee Seol),손상호(Sangho Sohn),김동호(Dong Ho Kim),김우경(Woo Kyoung Kim),김진섭(Jin Sub Kim),이공훈(Kong Hoon Lee),최병일(Byung-Il Choi),김정철(Jungchul Kim) 대한설비공학회 2022 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.6

PCHE is widely used for industrial applications with increasing demand in extreme environments. This study introduced a flow visualization experiment to observe the internal flow in PCHE by using a high-speed camera and investigated the effect of flow path shapes and flow rates, and compared flow distribution. In the experiment for the effect of flow path shapes, the velocity-deviation of I shape was large at 2.28, but the velocity-deviation of N and NR was reduced to 1.04 and 1.05. In the experiment for the effect of flow rates, the velocity deviation was greater than low flow rate at the high flow rate, and the flow distribution was asymmetrical at the high flow rate.

Electricity-generation mix considering energy security and carbon emission mitigation: Case of Korea and Mongolia

Ryu, Hanee,Dorjragchaa, Shonkhor,Kim, Yeonbae,Kim, Kyunam Elsevier 2014 ENERGY Vol.64 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>To compare electricity-generation fuel mixes in two countries with multiple energy policy goals and unique circumstances, we look at three scenarios reflecting the carbon emissions mitigation targets, differences in energy security levels, and electricity-generating costs of each nation. Korea and Mongolia show clear differences in electricity-generation structure related to import dependency, the potential of renewable energy, and threats to energy security. These variations lead to different decisions on the power-generation fuel mix plan.</P> <P>Use of fossil fuel resources in Korea results in carbon dioxide emissions and energy insecurity, while in Mongolia carbon emissions, also from fossil fuels, and energy insecurity are separate concerns as Mongolia domestically operates coal-fired power plants and imports electricity. Policies targeting two objectives, carbon emissions mitigation and energy security improvement, show complementarity in Korea as fossil fuels are replaced by renewables or nuclear power, but represent trade-offs in Mongolia as emissions mitigation and improved energy security cannot be achieved with one strategy. In conclusion, national plans to achieve two goals differ by country: In Korea, the appropriate portion of nuclear energy is the determining policy factor. In Mongolia, carbon capture and storage is the clear alternative for mitigating carbon emissions despite large renewables potential.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Electricity-generation fuel mixes in Korea and Mongolia are compared with multiple energy policy goals. </LI> <LI> The relationship between two policy objectives differs by country. </LI> <LI> Strategies on fuel mixes to achieve goals differ by country. </LI> </UL> </P>

유동 가시화를 이용한 PCHE의 유동분배에 관한 실험적 연구

설한이(Hanee Seol),손상호(Sangho Sohn),김동호(Dong Ho Kim),김우경(Woo Kyoung Kim),김진섭(Jin Sub Kim),이공훈(Kong Hoon Lee),최병일(Byung-Il Choi),김정철(Jungchul Kim) 대한설비공학회 2022 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.6

PCHE is widely used for industrial applications with increasing demand in extreme environments. This study introduced a flow visualization experiment to observe the internal flow in PCHE by using a high-speed camera and investigated the effect of flow path shapes and flow rates, and compared flow distribution. In the experiment for the effect of flow path shapes, the velocity-deviation of I shape was large at 2.28, but the velocity-deviation of N and NR was reduced to 1.04 and 1.05. In the experiment for the effect of flow rates, the velocity deviation was greater than low flow rate at the high flow rate, and the flow distribution was asymmetrical at the high flow rate.