The Changing Labor Market, Industrial Relations and Labor Policy

Tadashi Hanami 한국노동연구원 2004 노동정책연구 Vol.4 No.3

거품경제가 붕괴한 이래, 한때 세계적으로 칭송받던 일본식 경영은 폐기되거나 무시되는 경향이 있었다. 그러나 최근 들어 일본식 경영시스템은 특히 지속적인 심각한 경제침체 속에서 성공적으로 기업을 개조시킨 경영자들 일부로부터 재평가받고 있다. 그들에 따르면 많은 일본 기업의 실패는 일본식 경영 때문이 아니라 자기개혁의 과정을 지속시키고 세계적 도전에 대응하는 데 실패했기 때문이다. 이러한 일본식 경영에 대한 재평가에도 불구하고, 한때 심각한 어려움을 겪었던 기업이 놀랄 만큼 회복된 가장 성공적 사례들에서 나타나는 중요한 특징들은 다음과 같다. 외부로부터 영입된 리더들은 첫째, 철저한 혁신을 도입했다. 둘째, 경쟁심을 불어넣었다. 셋째, 외부로부터의 승진과 채용을 도입했다. 넷째, 과감한 구조조정을 실시했다. 다섯째, 리더들 스스로는 의사소통하는 능력으로 평가되었다. 이러한 모든 특징들은 전통적인 고용관행과는 모순된 것으로, 이 특징들 대부분은 노동시장의 유연화라는 특징을 갖고 있다. 종신고용의 장점에 관한 논쟁의 결론과는 무관하게, 이 시스템에 의해 포괄되는 노동자들의 숫자와 현재 일본 노동시장에서 차지하고 있는 그들의 역할 모두가 축소되고 있다는 사실을 언급할 필요는 아마도 없을 것이다. 최근 수십 년간 전체 피고용자 중 파트타임 근로자, 임시직 근로자와 같은 비정규직 근로자들의 수와 비중이 꾸준히 지속적으로 증가해 왔다. 일본식 종신고용은 두 가지 심각한 결점을 갖고 있다. 우선, 이 체제는 여성, 소수자, 외국인, 장애인, 노령자에 대해 명확하게 차별적인 고용구조를 창출시켰다. 둘째, 이 체제는 기업별 노조로 알려진 독특한 형태의 노동조합 유형을 만들어냈는데, 이 노조는 결국 이런 차별적 체제를 수용하고 지지했다. 일본에서 노조는 종신고용을 보장받는 특권적 정규직 종업원들에게서만 조직되었고 비정규직 노동자들은 배제되었다. 그 결과 최근 수십 년간 일본의 노동조합은 노조조직률의 하락 때문에 고통받아 왔고 비정규직노동자들의 조직화를 시도했으나 별 성과를 얻지 못했다. 전후 노동정책 결정 시스템의 가장 중요한 특징은 (복지, 노동, 건강 부분을 대표하는 부서인) 노동성에 의해 확립된 노사정 3자위원회(tripartite committees)인데, 이 위원회는 노동 관련 법안의 도입과 개정을 포함하여 주요 노동정책을 승인하는 역할을 한다. 대규모 기업 노조의 지도자들은 이 위원회에서 대규모 기업의 특권적 정규직의 이해를 진전시킴을 통해 정책결정 과정을 효과적으로 통제해 왔다. 그들은 유연적 노동시간제, 해고를 포함하는 고용조정 수단, 단기 고용계약, 파견노동공급 등 유연적 인적자원관리방법에 대한 경영전권(management prerogatives)적 공격을 성공적으로 방어했고, 이러한 경영전권을 제한하는 법률을 촉진시켰다. 이러한 종류의 최근 사례는 작년에 개정된 노동기본법인데, 이 법안은 노동자를 해고할 때 정당한 사유의 요건을 도입하는 것이었다. 이 법 개정은 경영측의 비정규 고용 선호와 정규직 고용 기피라는 최근의 경향을 더욱 가속화시켰다. 그 결과 이미 고용된 특권적 (정규직)노동자들의 기득권은 잘 보호된 반면, 대부분의 구직자들에게 정규직 고용의 기회는 감소하였고, 따라서 특권 없는 (비정규직) 고용이 더 늘어나게 되었다. Since the collapse of the bubble economy, the once world-acclaimed Japanese-style management tends to be either discarded or ignored. However, more recently the system is being reevaluated, especially by some of the business leaders who successfully revamped their companies amidst the general persistent serious economic stagnation. According to them many Japanese companies failed not because they were under Japanese style management but they failed to continue the process of self-reform and deal with global challenge. In spite of such reevaluation of Japanese style, some of the significant features of most successful cases of spectacular recovery of once seriously troubled companies are: 1. Leaders coming from the outside introduced drastic innovations, 2. implanted the spirit of competition, 3. promotion and employment from outside, 4. bold restructuring, 5. leaders are distinguished by their ability to communicate. All these features seem to be incompatible with traditional employment practices, most of them being features of flexibilization of the labor market. Regardless of the outcome of the debate on the merit of life-time employment, there is probably no need to mention that the practice is declining both in terms of the number of workers covered by this system and the role that plays within the contemporary Japanese labor market. The number and percentage of non-regular workers such as part-time workers, temporary workers among the total number of employed persons have been growing constantly and steadily within these recent decades. Japanese-style lifetime employment has two serious defects. First, it has created a distinctly discriminatory employment structure against women, minorities, foreigners, handicapped and aged persons. Secondly, it created a unique type of trade union known as enterprise unions, which in turn accepted and buttressed this discriminatory system. Unions in Japan organize only privileged regular employees covered by lifetime employment and exclude non-regular workers. As a result they have suffered from declining unionization rate in recent decades and have only started to try to organize non-regulars but in vain. The most significant feature of the postwar labor policy-making system is tripartite committees established at the Labor Ministry(present Ministry of Welfare, Labor and Health) which approve major labor policies including introduction and amendment of labor legislations. Labor leaders from big enterprise unions represented in these committees have been effectively controlling the policy-making process promoting the interests of privileged regular employees of big enterprises. They have successfully defended and promoted restrictive legislations on management prerogatives for flexible HRM methods such as flexible working hour system, employment adjustment measures including dismissals, short-term employment contract, agency labor supply etc. The most recent example of this kind is the last year amendment of the Labor Standards Law to introduce a provision requiring just cause to dismiss workers. This amendment accelerated the recent development of managements preference of non-regular employment and avoidance of regular employment. The result is that the vested interests of privileged already-employed workers are well protected while reducing opportunities of regular employment for most of the job seekers and thus promoting under-privileged employment in general.

Union and Industrial Relations for the 21st Century

Tadashi Hanami(타다시 하나미),고병권 (번역자) 고려대학교 노동문제연구소 1998 고려대학교 노동문제연구소 기타간행물 Vol.- No.-

Fluorescence Thermometer Based on Luminescence Imaging of Garnet Sensor

Nobuyuki Hanami,Toru Katsumata,Hiroaki Aizawa,Mitsuo Honda,Masayuki Shibasaki,Koichi Otsubo,Shuji Komuro 제어로봇시스템학회 2008 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2008 No.10

Red colored photoluminescence (PL) images have been observed from Cr doped garnet, Y3Al5O12 (YAG) sensor using a CCD camera system. PL image from YAG sensor increases linearly with temperature from 25 to 250 oC. Temperature can be measured using PL image from Cr doped YAG sensor. Image processing techniques, such as line scanning, histogram and integration of brightness are effective for two-dimensional fluorescence thermometer application.

Effect of Oxygen on Mechanical Properties of Metal Injection Molded Titanium and Titanium Alloy

Doi Kenji,Hanami Kazuki,Tanaka Hideki,Teraoka Tsuneo,Terauchi Shuntaro 한국분말야금학회 2006 한국분말야금학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.1

Mechanical properties of metal injection molded titanium and titanium alloy parts were investigated in this study. Material powders with low oxygen content and spherical shape were obtained by electrode induction-melting gas atomization which could melt and atomize titanium and titanium alloy bars with no touch on crucible or tundish. Tensile specimens were fabricated from obtained powders by metal injection molding process. Tensile strength of the specimens increases with increasing oxygen content. This result corresponds to a tendency of wrought metal.

COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND EVOLUTION OF AKARI AND SPITZER 24 μm-DETECTED GALAXIES AT z = 0.4 - 2

Naofumi Fujishiro,Hitoshi Hanami,Tsuyoshi Ishigaki 한국천문학회 2017 天文學論叢 Vol.32 No.1

We present physical properties of 24 μm galaxies detected by AKARI and Spitzer and their evolution between redshifts 0.4 < z < 2. Using multi-wavelength data from X-ray to radio observations in NEP Deep Field (for AKARI) and Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Field (for Spitzer), we derive photometric redshift, stellar mass, star-formation rate (SFR), dust extinction magnitude and rest-frame luminosities/colors of the 24 μm galaxies from photometric SED fitting. We infer the SFRs from rest-frame ultraviolet luminosity and total infrared luminosity calibrated against Herschel photometric data. For both survey fields, we obtain complete samples with stellar mass of $>10^{10} M_\odot$ and SFR of $> 30 M_\odot/{\rm yr}$ up to z = 2. We find that specific SFRs evolves with redshift at all stellar masses in NON-power-law galaxies (non-PLGs) as star-formation dominant luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs). The correlations between specific SFR and stellar mass in the Spitzer and AKARI galaxy samples are well consistent with trends of the main sequence galaxies. We also discuss nature of PLGs and their evolution.

The AKARI NEP-Deep survey: a mid-infrared source catalogue

Takagi, T.,Matsuhara, H.,Goto, T.,Hanami, H.,Im, M.,Imai, K.,Ishigaki, T.,Lee, H. M.,Lee, M. G.,Malkan, M.,Ohyama, Y.,Oyabu, S.,Pearson, C. P.,Serjeant, S.,Wada, T.,White, G. J. Springer-Verlag 2012 Astronomy and astrophysics Vol.537 No.-

<P>We present a new catalogue of mid-IR sources using the AKARI NEP-Deep survey. The InfraRed Camera (IRC) onboard AKARI has a comprehensive mid-IR wavelength coverage with 9 photometric bands at 2–24?µm. We utilized all of these bands to cover a nearly circular area adjacent to the north ecliptic pole (NEP). We designed the catalogue to include most of sources detected in 7, 9, 11, 15 and 18?µm bands, and found 7284 sources in a 0.67?deg<SUP>2</SUP> area. From our simulations, we estimate that the catalogue is~80 per cent complete to 200µJy at 15–18µm, and ~10 per cent of sources are missed, owing to source blending. Star-galaxy separation is conducted using only AKARI photometry, as a result of which 10 per cent of catalogued sources are found to be stars. The number counts at 11, 15, 18, and 24µm are presented for both stars and galaxies. A drastic increase in the source density is found in between 11 and 15µm at the flux level of~300micro;Jy. This is likely due to the redshifted PAH emission at 8µm, given our rough estimate of redshifts from an AKARI colour–colour plot. Along with the mid-IR source catalogue, we present optical-NIR photometry for sources falling inside a Subaru/Sprime-cam image covering part of the AKARI NEP-Deep field, which is deep enough to detect most of AKARI mid-IR sources, and useful to study optical characteristics of a complete mid-IR source sample.</P>

CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS OF THE AKARI NEP DEEP FIELD

T. Miyaji,M. Krumpe,H. Brunner,T. Ishigaki,H. Hanami,A. Markowitz,T. Takagi,T. Goto,M. A. Malkan,H. Matsuhara,C. Pearson,Y. Ueda,T. Wada 한국천문학회 2017 天文學論叢 Vol.32 No.1

The AKARI NEP Deep Field Survey is an international multiwavelength survey over 0.4 deg$^2$ of the sky. This is the deepest survey made by the InfraRed Camera (IRC) of the infrared astronomical satellite AKARI with 9 filters continuously covering the 2-25 μm range, including three filters in the Spitzer gap between the IRAC and MIPS coverages. This enabled us to make sensitive MIR detection of AGN candidates at z ~ 1, based on hot dust emission in the AGN torus. It is also efficient in detecting highly obscured Compton-thick AGN population. In this article, we report the first results of X-ray observations on this field. The field was covered by 15 overlapping Chandra ACIS-I observations with a total exposure of ~ 300 ks, detecting $\approx 450$ X-ray sources. We utilize rest-frame stacking analysis of the MIR AGN candidates that are not detected individually. Our preliminary analysis shows a marginal detection of the rest-frame stacked Fe K$\alpha$ line from our strong Compton-thick candidates.

DETECTION OF THE COSMIC FAR-INFRARED BACKGROUND IN AKARI DEEP FIELD SOUTH

Matsuura, S.,Shirahata, M.,Kawada, M.,Takeuchi, T. T.,Burgarella, D.,Clements, D. L.,Jeong, W.-S.,Hanami, H.,Khan, S. A.,Matsuhara, H.,Nakagawa, T.,Oyabu, S.,Pearson, C. P.,Pollo, A.,Serjeant, S.,Taka IOP Publishing 2011 The Astrophysical journal Vol.737 No.1

<P>We report new limits on the absolute brightness and spatial fluctuations of the cosmic infrared background (CIB) via the AKARI satellite. We carried out observations at 65, 90, 140, and 160 mu m as a cosmological survey in AKARI Deep Field South, which is one of the lowest cirrus regions with a contiguous area of the sky. After removing bright galaxies and subtracting zodiacal and Galactic foregrounds from the measured sky brightness, we successfully measured the CIB brightness and its fluctuations across a wide range of angular scales, from arcminutes to degrees. The measured CIB brightness is consistent with previous results reported from COBE data, but significantly higher than the lower limits at 70 and 160 mu m obtained via Spitzer from the stacking analysis of selected 24 mu m sources. The discrepancy with the Spitzer result is possibly due to a new galaxy population at high redshift obscured by hot dust or unknown diffuse emission. From a power spectrum analysis at 90 mu m, two components were identified: the CIB fluctuations with shot noise due to individual galaxies in a small angular scale from the beam size up to 10 arcminutes, and Galactic cirrus emission dominating at the largest angular scales of a few degrees. The overall shape of the power spectrum at 90 mu m is very similar to that at longer wavelengths, as observed by Spitzer and the Balloon-borne Large-Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST). Our power spectrum, with an intermediate angular scale of 10-30 arcminutes, gives a firm upper limit for galaxy clustering, which was found by Spitzer and BLAST. Moreover, the color of the CIB fluctuations, which is obtained by combining our data with the previous results, is as red as ultra-luminous infrared galaxies at high redshift. These galaxies are not likely to provide the majority of the CIB emission at 90 mu m, but are responsible for the fluctuations. Our results provide new constraints on the evolution and clustering properties of distant infrared galaxies and any diffuse emission from the early universe.</P>

GALAXIES ON DIET: FEEDBACK SIGNATURES IN RADIO-AGN HOST GALAXIES

Marios Karouzos,임명신,Markos Trichas,Tomogotsu Goto,Matthew Malkan,Angel Ruiz,전이슬,김지훈,이형목,김성진,Nagisa Oi,Hideo Matsuhara,Toshinobu Takagi,Kazumi Murata,Takehiko Wada,Kensuke Wada,심현진,Hitoshi Hanami,STEPH 한국천문학회 2017 天文學論叢 Vol.32 No.1

There exists strong evidence supporting the co-evolution of central supermassive black holesand their host galaxies; however it is still under debate how such a relation comes about and whether itis relevant for all or only a subset of galaxies. An important mechanism connecting AGN to their hostgalaxies is AGN feedback, potentially heating up or even expelling gas from galaxies. AGN feedbackmay hence be responsible for the eventual quenching of star formation and halting of galaxy growth. Arich multi-wavelength dataset ranging from the X-ray regime (\textit{Chandra}), to far-IR (\textit{Herschel}), and radio(\textit{WSRT}) is available for the North Ecliptic Pole field, most notably surveyed by the \textit{AKARI} infraredspace telescope, covering a total area on the sky of 5.4 sq. degrees. We investigate the star formationproperties and possible signatures of radio feedback mechanisms in the host galaxies of 237 radiosources below redshift z = 2 and at a radio 1.4 GHz flux density limit of 0.1 mJy. Using broadbandSED modelling, the nuclear and host galaxy components of these sources are studied simultaneously as a function of their radio luminosity. Here we present results concerning the AGN content of the radio sources in this field, while also offering evidence showcasing a link between AGN activity and host galaxy star formation. In particular, we show results supporting a maintenance type of feedback from powerful radio-jets.

A deep survey of the AKARI north ecliptic pole field : I.<i>WSRT</i>20 cm radio survey description, observations and data reduction

White, G. J.,Pearson, C.,Braun, R.,Serjeant, S.,Matsuhara, H.,Takagi, T.,Nakagawa, T.,Shipman, R.,Barthel, P.,Hwang, N.,Lee, H. M.,Lee, M. G.,Im, M.,Wada, T.,Oyabu, S.,Pak, S.,Chun, M.-Y.,Hanami, H.,G EDP Sciences 2010 Astronomy and astrophysics Vol.517 No.-