丁若鏞 易學의 ‘再閏之卦’ 硏究

丁海王(Jung, Hae-Wang) 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2017 한국민족문화 Vol.64 No.-

丁若鏞의 易學은 曆法的 세계관의 반영으로서, 역학사적으로 漢代 역학자들의 역법적 세계관에 바탕한 역학에 상당 부분 찬동하는 역학이다. 정약용의 역학은 또 漢代 象數易의 한 특징인, 『周易』의 기호와 언어를 매개하는 ‘象’을 중시하는 역학이다. 정약용의 이러한 관점들은 그의 역학체계 전반에 해당되는 것이지만, 특히 그의 ‘再閏之卦’에 대한 해석에서 드러난다. 역법의 의의는 천체운행의 공간적 상황을 시간으로 표현한 것이며, 그 기본축은 1년의 12달이라는 시간흐름의 순환으로 표현된다. 그러나 이것은 기본 역법체계의 平年과 平月이며, 이만으로는 실제 천체 운행을 그대로 반영할 수 없다. 왜냐하면 실제와 기본 역법체계 사이의 오차가 있기 때문이다. 이 오차를 반영한 것이 閏年과 閏月이다. 정약용은 平年·平月의 기본 역법체계를 12개의 四時之卦로 나타내고, 閏年·閏月에 해당되는 괘를 ‘再閏之卦’로 이름하였는데, 이것이 곧 ‘中孚卦’와 ‘小過卦’이다. 그래서 이러한 사시지괘와 재윤지괘로서 역법의 기본체계가 다 갖추어지고 이 괘들이 중심괘가 되어 64괘 중 나머지 50개의 괘, 즉 그가 말하는 50衍卦가 연역되어 나온다고 주장한다. 정약용 역학의 재윤지괘의 존재 의미는 이 세계의 변화운행에는 그 기본축 외에도 거기에서 발생할 수 있는 오차를 보정하는 요소가 존재한다는 그의 특징적 세계관에 있다. 또, 당연하게도 다른 괘들과 마찬가지로 재윤지괘인 중부괘와 소과괘도 그 괘사와 효사의 해석에는 그의 상수역 이론이 적용된다. Yagyong Jung"s Yi-theory is the reflection of his calendar world view based on the view of Yi-theorists of the Han漢 Dynasty period. And his Yi-theory is a theory to put stress on the images象 which mediate between symbol and language in 『Zhouyi周易』(『Book of Changes』), that view is a characteristic of the Doctrine of Images and Numbers數 in interpreting 『Zhouyi』 in the Han Dynasty period. This point of view of Yagyong Jung can be universally applicable to all of his Yi-theory, especially to his interpreting two ‘Zairunzhigua’es which mean the hexagrams to symbolize two leap months in five years. The significance of a calendar is to describe the spatial situation of the celestial movements in time, and the basic axis is to be expressed as a recurring cycle of twelve months of a year. But this is just the axis of common year and common month of the basic calendar system. These common year and common month alone can not mirror all of the actual celestial movements. Because there is the gap between the actual celestial movements and the basic calendar system. To correct this gap is leap year and leap month. Yagyong Jung expresses the basic calendar system of common year and common month by 12 ‘Sishizhigua四時之卦’es which mean the hexagrams to symbolize four seasons and twelve months of a year, and he names the hexagrams that corresponds to leap year and leap month as two ‘Zairunzhigua’es, those are ‘Zhongfugua中孚卦’ and ‘Xiaoguogua小過卦’. So according to his view, these ‘Sishizhigua’es and ‘Zairunzhigua’es embody the basic fabric of the calendar, from which other 50 hexagrams of 64 hexagrams of 『Zhouyi』 are developed, he calls the hexagrams ‘50yangua五十衍卦’es. The significance of ‘Zairunzhigua’es of Yagyong Jung"s Yi-theory is, in the changes and operations of the world there is an element that corrects the gaps that may arise there in addition to the basic axis. This is one of the characteristics of his view of the world. And, of course, in case of ‘Zairunzhigua’es, namely ‘Zhongfugua’ and ‘Xiaoguogua’, here as elsewhere his theory of the Doctrine of Images and Numbers are applied to the interpretation of the symbol and language of the hexagrams卦 and the lines爻.

Periapical multilocular osteoporotic bone marrow defect

Jung, Yun-Hoa,Cho, Bong-Hae,Nah, Kyung-Soo 대한구강악안면방사선학회 2005 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.35 No.4

A case of osteoporotic bone marrow defect, which appeared as a well-defined multilocular radiolucency overlapping the roots of mandibular right second molar, was reported. On periapical radiograph, a daughter cyst-like radiolucency was seen at the anterior margin of the lesion making it difficult to rule out odontogenic keratocyst.

In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Cleavage in Canine Oocytes

Hae }ung Kim,Sang Ryeul Lee,Sin Hae Park,Sung Hyun Kim,Bong Soo Kim,Dong Hun Yoo,Sin Hae Park,Mi Jung Shin,Jae Wook Kim,Zae Young Ryoo 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2006 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.30 No.2

풋마늘의 冬季養液裁培에 關한 硏究

鄭恩周,吳仲烈,黃海鎭,韓相政 대구효성가톨릭대학교 응용과학연구소 1995 응용과학연구논문집 Vol.4 No.-

겨울철 新鮮한 풋마늘의 生産體系 確立으로 端境期를 解消함과 아울러 아파트 人口가 增加하고 있는 오늘날 室內에서 簡單한 方法으로 풋마늘을 生産하는데 必要한 資料를 얻고자 하였다. 1) 萌芽率은 15±1℃區와 20±1℃區의 Hyponex와 水道물에서 瀋陽種(暖地型)이 瀋種 7日後에, 그리고 濟州種(暖地型)이 播種 21日後에 各各 100%를 나타내었다. 그러나 義城種(寒地型)은 15±1℃區에서 播種 7日後에 全혀 萌芽하지 않았고 21日後에 15±1℃區와 20±1℃區에서 各各 85% 및 95%의 萌芽率을 보였다. 2) 草長은 15±1℃區보다 20±1℃區에서, 그리고 水道물보다 Hyponex에서 더 크며 그의 伸長速度가 빨랐다. 瀋陽種은 15±1℃區와 20±1℃區의 Hyponex와 水道물에서 播種 35日後에 잎이 黃化하면서 草長의 伸長이 停止되었으나 濟州種과 義城種은 伸長을 繼績하였다. 瀋陽種은 다른 2品種에 比하여 草長이 顯著히 컸으며 伸長速度가 매우 빨랐다. 3) 播種 21日後의 葉數, 葉?徑, 葉重 및 葉?重은 15±1℃區보다 20±1℃區에서, 그리고 水道물보다 Hyponex에서 더 增加하였다. 供試 3品鍾中 瀋陽種이 各處理區에서 葉數가 顯著히 많고 葉重이 무서웠다. 義城種은 15±1℃區의 Hyponex와 水道물에서 葉伸長을 볼 수 없었다. 4) 比生長率(CGR)은 15±1℃區와 20±1℃區의 Hyponex와 水道물에서 瀋陽種과 濟州種은 播種7日後에, 그리고 義城種은 播種 14日後에 極大期를 나타낸 다음 漸次 減少하였다. 極大期의 比生長率은 15±1℃區보다 20±1℃區에서, 그리고 水도물보다 Hyponex에서 더 높았다. 5) 20±1℃區에서 CGR의 잎으로서 寄與率은 瀋陽種과 濟州種이 播種21日後까지 增加한 다음 漸次 減少하는 傾向을 보였으나 義城種은 繼績 增加하였고, 뿌리로의 寄與率은 3品種 모두 播種14日後부터 急激히 減少하였다. 6) 葉面積指數는 20±1℃區에서 3品種 모두 水道물보다 Hyponex에서 높았다. 播種28日後의 葉面積指數는 濟州種이 2.0 그리고 義城種이 1.0이었는데 比하여 瀋陽種은 4.0 以上이었다. 7) 本實驗의 어느 境遇에 있어서도 瀋陽種이 濟州種 및 義城種에 比하여 萌芽率가 빠르고 草長이 크고 葉收量이 많았으며, 15±1℃區보다 20±1℃區에서 그리고 水道물보다 Hyponex에서 生育이 良好하였다. 그리고 瀋陽種은 20±1℃區의 Hyponex와 水道물에서 播種後 14日이 經過하면 收穫이 可能하였다. The purpose of this study is to establish a production system for providing fresh leafy garlic in winter season and to obtain data for an easy method of indoor nutriculture of this plant, especially in apartment life. 1. Emergence rates in 15℃ and in 20℃ cultured by Hyponex and by tap water were 100% after 7 and 21 days from planting in Shenyang cultivar, a Southern ecotype, and in Cheju cultivar, a Southern ecotype respectively. Euisung cultivar, a northen ecotype, did not planting uner 15℃ until 7 days from planting, but emerged 85% and 95% after 21 days from planting under 15℃ and 20℃ conditions, respectively. 2. Plant lengths were higher in 20℃ and in Hyponex culture than in 15℃ and in tap water culture, respectively. Shenyang cultivar in 15℃ and 20℃ cultured by Hyponex and tap water ceased to eloongate the leaf and showed chlorosis after 35 days from planting, but Cheju and Euisung cultivars continued to elongate the leaf. The plant length of Shenyang cultivar was especially long as compared with other two cultivars and grew fast. 3. After 21 days from planting, leaf number, diameter of leaf sheath, leaf weight and weight of leaf sheath were higher in 20℃ and in Hyponex culture than in 15℃ and in tap water culture. respecively. Among three cultivars, Shenyang had much more leaves and heavy ones. 4. Comparative crop growth rate(CGR) showed at maximum after 7 days from planting in 15℃ and in 20℃ cultured by Hyponex and by tap water in Shenyang and Cheju cul-tivar while after 14 days from plamting in Euisung cultivar, then decreased gradually afterward. The CGR at maximum was higher in 20℃ and in Hyponex culture than in 15℃ and in tap water cul-ture, respectively. 5. The percentage of contribution of CGR to leaf were increased until 21 days from planting, then decreased gradually afterward in Shenyang and Cheju cultivars, but Euisung showed continu-ous increase. The percentage of contribution of CGR to root declined markedly after 14 days from planting in all three cultivars. 6. Leaf area index(LAI) were high in all three cultivars in 20℃ in Hyponex culture as compared with tap water culture. After 28 days from planting, LAI was 2.0 and 1.0 in Cheju and in Euisung cultivar respectively, comparing with above 4.0 in Shenyang cultivar. 7. In every conditions, Shenyang cultivar exceeded in emerging date, plant length and leaf produc-tion, and the growth was better in 20℃ and in Hyponex culture than in 15℃ and in tap water cul-ture, respectively. After 14 days from planting, Shenyang cultivar was possible to harvest in 20℃ cultured by Hyponex and by tap water.

A Study on the Political Integration of South and North Korea : focused on the Political Integration Designs in the Unification Policies and the Unification Schemes of South and North Korea

Jung,Hae-Gu 고려대학교 아세아문제연구소 2002 亞細亞硏究 Vol.45 No.1

수학철학적 관점에서 본 <구수략>

정해남,Jung, Hae-Nam 한국수학사학회 2009 Journal for history of mathematics Vol.22 No.4

본 연구는 최석정의 <구수략>을 수학적 측면보다는 수학철학적 측면에서 재조명한다. 최석정은 <구수략>을 통해 산학을 산학 자체만이 아닌 도학의 전통에서 산학을 정리하고, 산학의 기본 경서라 할 수 있는 <구장산술>을 소강절의 사상론을 바탕으로 재정립하려는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이는 산학에서 성립되는 법칙이 자연만물의 이치에 벗어나지 않는다는 최석정의 독특한 시각으로 해석할 수 있다. We study Choi Suk Jung's <GuSuRyak> on perspective of philosophy of mathematics. He explains Chosun mathematics as systems of Changes through <GuSuRyak> and redefines <The Nine Chapters> on So Kang Gul's Sasang theory. This is the unique view on Chosun mathematics. we conjecture that Choi Suk Jung tries to establish the mathematical principle on So Kang Gul's Sasang theory.

몬테카를로 방법에 의한 수소분자의 기저상태 에너지의 수치 해석적인 계산

양해정,양회룡,정진,김미정,최승평,장차익 조선대학교 기초과학연구소 2000 自然科學硏究 Vol.23 No.1

Numerical methods that are known as Monte as Monte Carlo methods can be loosely described as statistical simulation methods, where statistical simulation is defined in quite general terms to be any method that utilizes sequences of random numbers to perform the simulation. Monte Carlo methods are now used routinely in many problems, the simulation of the esoteric subnuclear processes in high energy physics experiments, cellular automata, self-organized critical phenomena, the Ising spin glass, the simulation of a Bingo game, etc. The physical processes are simulated directly, and there are no needs to even write down the differential equations that describe the behaviors of the systems. The only requirement is that the physical systems be described by probability density functions. We consider with the Monte Carlo variational method and the Monte Carlo path integral method(MCPI). These methods are used to calculate the energy of the ground states of H2 molecule by the formal similarity between the Schroedinger equation and the multi-dimensional diffusion equation.

형제 유·무에 따른 성격특성의 비교

박경숙,박정인,이정림,조혜정 연세대학교 생활과학대학 1985 婦學 Vol.18 No.-

The aim of this research was to make a comparative analysis of personality traits among children with more than 2 siblings, with only 1 sibling, and those without siblings. The subjects were 117 pupils in the 5th grade, selected from 4 elementary schools in Seoul. The instrument for the study was a standardized personality inventory developed by Bum Mo Chung. The data were analysed with two­way analysis of variance in which the independent variables were sex and the number of siblings. The major results were: ⑴ the personality traits of the children were influenced more by sex differences than by the number of siblings, and ⑵ the personality of the boys was found to be more active, impulsive, and dominant than that of the girls, while the personality of the girls was more reflective than that of the boys.

He 원자의 가장 낮은 들뜬 상태 에너지의 수치 계산

차혁렬,양해정,김미정,정진,양회룡,최승평,장차익 조선대학교 기초과학연구소 1999 自然科學硏究 Vol.22 No.1

The one-electron theory of atoms, molecules, and crystals have enjoyed a wide success in many branches of physics. This theory provides a physically appealing description of the electronic structure of many-electron systems. In addition, this theory gives a convenient basis for performing the detailed calculation on specific many-electron systems. In such calculations, it is usually necessary to introduce many simplified assumptions in order to make a progress. Since the principal computational difficulty supposed by the Hartree-Fock equations is the treatment of the exchange term, it would be very desirable to simplify the treatment of these terms by using Slater's average of the exchange potential. The first order correction of energy in the lowest excited states of He atom is calculated by using the unperturbed wave function obtained with the Hartree-Fock-Slater approximation and compared with the result obtained by the simple analytical method. The numerical results agrees with an experimental results for the lowest excited states of He atom with tolerance 3.22%, 2.16%, 2.94% and 3.41%. These results show that the numerical analysis can be applied to other multielectron atoms with the personal computer.

청소년의 스마트폰 중독과 우울 및 불안과의 관계

김경은,김필송,민주연,박수경,신서인,이지은,정해인,조호정,최정원,최정인 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2013 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.47

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the degree of smart phone addiction among adolescents and their depression and anxiety levels. Method: In this study, 379 high school students were selected using the convenient sampling method. The instruments used for this study were smart phone addiction measure, the CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale), and the STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory). Data were analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 program with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA with Scheffe test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Result: The mean score for smart phone addiction was 40.45±17.27, depression was 36.56±9.58, state anxiety was 44.00±9.61, and trait anxiety was 45.70±9.75. There were significant differences between the degree of smart phone addiction and the following variables: gender (t=-4.953, p<.001), hours of smart phone use per day (F=12.259, p<.001), types of frequently used features (F=3.485, p=.008), and satisfaction level for smart phone (F=5.18, p<.001). There were statistically significant relationships (p<.001) among degree of smart phone addiction, depression level, and state and trait anxiety levels. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that there was a significant relationship between smart phone addiction and mental health, specifically, depression and anxiety among adolescents. Further research is needed to develop nursing strategies to provide care for adolescents who frequently utilize smart phones.