Strategic Metamorphosis from Sisyphus to Chameleon? North Korean Security Policy and Military Strategy

( Sung Hack Kang ) 한국국방연구원 1995 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.7 No.1

National security is basically an ambiguous symbol. Like a chameleon, it has been determined by the supreme decision maker of a nation, depending upon the given spatial and temporal conditions. Nevertheless, national security has been conventionally understood to protect, preserve and defend the lives and properties of the people and their territory. To put it differently, it has meant military defense from the external military threat. But since the end of War II, its meaning has been extended beyond any material damage to include the protection of the vital values of a nation. Then, the protection of existing vital national values through the maintenance of the status quo is the first imperative for government policy, which can employ all kinds of means: political, economic, diplomatic, cultural, and military methods. Among those methods, the military one has been referred to as military strategy. The military strategy of most nations adopted a defensive attitude, namely deterrence to maintain the status quo, which is the first objective of their security policies. Historically, only the nations with revisionist and expansionist goals adopt an offensive military strategy. Such nations were many in history, but they have been rare during specific periods. North Korea has been one of these nations. With an expanded definition of security-the communization of the whole Korean peninsula-the Kim II Sung regime has tried to achieve this anti-status quo positive goal by means of military power, but has failed. For him, war is continuation of the revolution by other means. He can be said to have followed the principle of simplicity in military strategy by consistently pursuing communist unification. However, a chance for the unification of the Korean peninsula by means of a second surprise attack has not come. The continuous presence of American troops in South Korea has almost certainly assured North Korea of another defeat. However, Kim II Sung`s belief in and adherence to a revolutionary war dogma made him almost blind to the need for being faithful to the South-North dialogue. Kim II Sung has waited for a fortuitous opportunity to come. He believed that after the complete pullout of US troops from South Korea, the "center of gravity" of South Korea would return to Seoul and be limited there. He then would be able to gain a victory in his revolutionary war through an offensive strategy as the North Vietnamese did. He waited for the culminating point of offensive, holding the communist view that history was on his side. However, history has turned out to be not on his side. By the present moment, the Kim Jong-il regime has not yet presented the new security policy. It is not clear whether North Korea will abandon the ultimate goal it has continued to pursue during the past half a century, that is, the communization of the Korean peninsula, or will change its military from offensive to defensive strategy by adapting the deployment of its military forces. However, one thing is clear that it will never be easy for the North Korean regime to change radically its traditional military strategy. North Korea has pursued the goal of communist unification of the whole Korean peninsula by military forces like a Sisyphus. The glaringly increasing gap between its goal and its ceaseless efforts might lead one to apply Santayana`s definition of a fanatic, rather than the myth of Sisyphus, as one who redoubles his efforts as he moves further away from his goal. In any case, a Sisyphus cannot become a chameleon at will, because of the law of inertia also works in the political world.

테니스 서브의 운동학적 분석

강상학 한국스포츠리서치 2004 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.15 No.4

This study carried out a kinematical analysis of four tennis players' serve motions, and drew conclusions as follows. 1. As for service footwork, all the four players preferred the pose of pin-point stance. 2. The width of back swing stance was around one third of their height. 3. All the four players landed first their left foot into the court just after impacting, and jump on impacting was generally high but they had the style of foot-up, in which their first step hardly entered into the court. 4. The forwarding speed of the body center appeared highest just before impacting and lowered slightly just after impacting. 5. The height of toss appeared low in general. 6. According to the moving track of the racket head center, player s1 and s2 used fiat serves in which the racket head did not move right or left and player s3 and s1 spin serves in which the racket head moved significantly to right or left. 7. What appeared to play the largest role in speeding the racket head was segmental motion by the inner twist of the upper arm.

9ㆍ11 테러와 김정일 정권의 생존 전망

강성학 고려대학교一民국제관계연구원 2002 국제관계연구 Vol.6 No.1

It is commonly mentioned that everything has changed since the events of September 1, 2001. Evidently some things have changed; others have been reinforced; and others have become visible though previously had went unrecognized. America's war against terrorism will certainly have an impact on many states. North Korea has been one of the states on the list of terrorist states. Then we must raise the question, "Will the DPRK survive, say, by the year 2020?" The Kim's regime could be, like any other state's political regime, threatened to be overthrown, in theory, from "within" as well as from "without." Firstly, let me examine the possibility for Kim's regime to bo overthrown from within. Until now, there has been no known factor for us to speculate that there any noteworthy political opposition to Kim's regime within North Korea's borders. There has never been any report that may indicate even a symptom of rebellion against the leadership of the two Kims (i.e. Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il). In midst of the serious situation of nationwide starvation, there were many North Koreans who wanted to escape from North Korea at the risk of their lives. However, there were no people who dared to challenge Kim's leadership. Since he became the heir of Kim Il Sung in February 1974, Kim Jong Il consolidated his personal power basis throughout North Korea's governmental organizations and virtually ruled North Korea for the last almost three decades. Kim is a great pretender. Holding up the picket saying "Our way to Socialism" high, he pretends to be an infallible Philosopher-King who has perfect knowledge of the changing outside world and how to cope with it. But he is nothing but a violent tyrant. We know that the tyrant Stalin was not overthrown from within while he was alive, however terrible the tyrant might have been, not to mention Hitler(Unser Fuhrer), Mussolini(Il Duce) and Hirohito(Tenno Heika). Like his historical predecessors, "Supreme Leader Kim"(Dear Soo Ryong) in North Korea is not likely to be overthrown from within. Secondly, then, is there any possibility for Kim's regime to be overthrown from the outside? If Kim Jong Il is content in maintaining the status quo on the Korean Peninsula, it could be safely said that no outside powers including the United States have intentions to overthrow the Kim's regime in North Korea. Besides, China is and ally of a kind in that it would not let North Korea be unified by South Korea, as made clear by the massive military intervention during the Korean War to maintain North Korea as a separate political entity, most friendly to or at least not hostile to China. However Kim Jong Il continues to pursue a positive goal, an ambitious, revolutionary, revisionist, self-imposed historical mission to unify the whole Korean peninsula on his own terms by his own strategy, as his father Kim Il Sung did throughout his life time, though without success. In other words, Kim continues a revolutionary war against South Korea. For Kim, war is merely a continuation of politics by other means. Such a strategic mindset was handed down from Clausewitz to Lenin to Stalin and Mao to Kim Il Sung and finally to Kim Jong Il. Yet Kim Jong Il has also a distorted form of the Clausewitzean dictum. For Kim Jong Il, a hereditary prince, as for Machiavelli, "the arts of peace are those of non-violent war by fraud." For Kim, peace also is a mere continuation of war by other means. Kim Jong Il employed the strategy of mendicant brinkmanship to outside powers. They could not ignore Kim. North korea's internal disaster will explode over Northeast Asia. To prevent that, the U.S. must sustain the repugnant regime. Food and energy donations propped up the most repressive government in the world, because North Korea's missiles with nuclear, biological or chemical bombs can reach South Korea and Japan, two key U.S. allies. Kim's mendicant brinkmanship has been successful until now. U.S. strategy since the Cold War has focused on conventional regional war. The geographic scale of this war can be specified since it comes from the Korean peninsula. Within it, the U.S., together of course with South Korea, has prepared for conventional warfare in which nuclear, chemical, biological weapons, and ballistic missiles are not to be used. This plays to American strengths. No nation could stand up to the United States in such a war. But North Korea has been trying to overcome the U.S. psychological and military advantages. North Korea has been diversifying into nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. In Clausewitz's terminology, biological weapons move the center of gravity of the war from the front, where the U.S. has advantage, to the rear, the population centers, where the U.S. clearly does not. Germ weapons target innocent lives, not military force. It would be suicidal for North Korea to launch such an attack, but the possibility it might do so makes Washington thread more carefully, especially after the tragic incident of September 11, 2001. North Korea's hitting Seoul or Tokyo or both cities with anthrax bombs will be horrible. Therefore, North Korea may be treated more gingerly. There is no doubt that the inter-Korea summit meeting was an historic event. It is a timely intriguing question whether the inter-Korea summit meeting will be a historical turning point for Korea's national history of turn out to be nothing but deceptive pageantry carefully choreographed by Kim Jong Il. By now, most indications in the post-summit period suggest that hopes were raised too high and too prematurely. One thing is still clear; Kim Jong Il has no intention to change his exclusive policy, not to mention not giving in to external pressure to compromise. Kim Jong Il will continue to behave like a hedgehog toward the outside world, holding up the anachronistic icon of "Juche" high. As Aristophanes said, "You can not teach a crab to walk straight." Despite Hamish McRae's optimistic prediction that it is very hard for him to see anything other than unification of North and South by 2020, South Korea's sunshine will not be able to lighten Kim's kingdom of darkness as long as Kim Jong Il is alive, even by the year 2020. the inter-Korean relationship is ruled by a kind of unit-veto system. Like the weather, we can always talk about it, but no one can do anything about Kim's totalitarian regime in North Korea especially as long as China supports it. In short, my crystal ball is not clear, but at least I can say that the DPRK will not be overthrown from the outside, either. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, it would be better for us to remind ourselves of what English poet William Blake sang at the dawn of the nineteenth century: "You throw the sand against the wind, And the wind blows it back again."

소아 동종 조혈모세포이식 200예의 분석 : Single Center Study

김학기,조빈,정낙균,정대철,장필상,김선영,김춘추 대한조혈모세포이식학회 2002 대한조혈모세포이식학회지 Vol.7 No.1

연구배경: 1983년 11월부터 2000년 9월까지 시행한 동종 조혈모세포이식의 성적을 분석하여 소아 골수이식의 발전 방향을 모색하고자 하였다. 방법: 1983년 11월부터 2000년 9월까지 가톨릭의대 조혈모세포이식센터, 성모병원 소아과에서 동종 조혈모세포이식을 시행한 200예를 대상으로 조혈모세포이식의 유형 및 대상질환, 이식 당시의 상태 및 전처치에 따른 치료 성적을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결과: 200예 중 HLA-일치 형제간 골수이식이 146예(73%), HLA-일치 형제간 골수이식 이외의 이식이 54예(27%)였다. 1) HLA-일치 형제간 골수이식: 146예 중 남아와 여아가 각각 78명과 68명이었으며 SAA 50예의 5년 무병 생존율은 95.8±2.9%였고 AML 45예의 5년 무병 생존율은 71.7±7.0%로 일차 및 이차 관해기에 이식 받은 40예와 5예의 5년 무병 생존율은 각각 73.6±7.2%와 60.0±21.9%였다. AML에서 전처치로 Bu/Cy를 사용한 28예와 TBI/Cy를 사용하였던 9예의 5년 무병 생존율은 각각 81.9±7.4%와 33.3±15.7%였으며 Bu/Cu/TBI를 시행한 8예의 무병 생존율은 80.0±17.9%였다. ALL 33예의 5년 이상 무병 생존율은 75.5±7.5%였고 일차 및 이차 관해기에 이식을 시행하였던 18예와 14예의 무병 생존율은 각각 83.0±9.0%와 71.4±12.1%였다. CML 및 MDS 11예의 5년 무병 생존율은 72.7±13.4%였다. 기타 질환으로는 Fanconi 빈혈 2예, 혈구탐식성 조직구증식증 2예, 순적혈구 빈혈 2예, Kostmann 증후군이 1예로 이들의 전체 무병 생존율은 85.7±13.2%였다. 2) HLA-일치 형제간 골수이식 이외의 이식을 시행하였던 54예의 3년 이상 무병 생존율은 45.3±11.6%였으며 HLA-일치 UBMT 26예, CBSCT 15예, 형제 이외의 혈연에 의한 골수이식이 13예로 이들의 무병 생존율은 각각 56.2±10.8%, 58.2±13.1%, 35.9±17.3%였다. 결론: 소아 난치성 혈액질환의 완치요법으로 동종 골수이식의 치료효과를 확인할 수 있었으며, 동종 조혈모세포의 공여원으로 비혈연간 골수나 제대혈의 이용이 점차 증가하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. Background: Bone marrow transplantation was first introduced to Korean children in 1983. Since then the number of children receiving transplants has increased steadily. Methods: We analyzed two hundred pediatric cases of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation between Nov. 1983 and Sep. 2000 in Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center of Korea. Results: HLA-matched sibling transplantations were performed in 146 cases (78 males, 68 females, median age; 10 years) with median follow-up of 47 months. The 3-year estimated event-free survival (EFS) of ALL and AML was 76% and 72% respectively. The 5-year estimated EFS of severe aplastic anemia and CML/MDS was 96% and 73% respectively. The 2-year estimated EFS of nonmalignant rare disease was 86%. Twenty-six children underwent unrelated bone marrow transplantation (UBMT), 15 cord blood stem cell transplanta-tion (CBSCT) and 13 familial haploidentical transplantation (FHT). There were 35 males and 19 females with a median age of 6.5 years and median follow-up of 18.5 months. The estimated 2-year EFS of UBMT, CBSCT and FHT were 56%, 58% and 34% respectively. Conclusion: HLA-matched sibling allogeneic BMT showed better survival in children with hematopoietic stem cell disorder compared to UBMT and CBSCT. Recently, transplants using alternative stem cell source are increasing due to lack of suitable matched sibling donor and continuous efforts for reducing transplant-related complications are warranted for improving survival.

한국에서 한 일간지 신문기사 검색을 통한 IMF 전과 후의 자살 양상 비교

박상학,김경환,김학렬,김상훈,표경식,조용래 조선대학교 부설 의학연구소 2000 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.25 No.1

Objectives : Under an IMF bailout program, our country's financial situation forced people to change many things suddenly. Therefore, this study was attempted to search the aspects of changes of suicide attempts in order to find out how the financial crisis affects people's suicide attempts, the extreme repertoire for psychological change Method : November 21, 1997, the day issued the application of IMF bailout program, is the basic date for comparing the changes, on a certain newspaper(Dong-A daily newspaper). The condition was divided into two, namely before and after the basic date, and the characteristics of suicide were compared between two conditions. Results : The news of suicide increased more after than before the application of IMF situation. (before:105, after:158) Specially, for 30-50 years old, active age in community, the rate of suicide attempts reached twice than that of the others. After the IMF situation, the prominent reason of suicide was the financial crisis. For the type of suicide, the family suicide was remarkably increased after the IMF situation. Conclusion : The frequency of the news of suicide was higher after than before IMF bailout program. The major reason of suicide was the financial crisis. Considering that the social and economic crisis affects people's view of death, psychosocial interventions are necessary for their mental health.

야구의 당겨치기와 밀어치기 동작의 비교 분석

강상학 한국스포츠리서치 2005 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.16 No.2

The present study conducted a comparative analysis of high school baseball batters' pull batting and push batting motions focused on kinematical variables such as time by section, angle. speed and batting posture. From the results of this study were drawn conclusions as follows. 1. The point of time of pull batting impact was later than that of push batting impact. 2. The angle of the support leg at the moment of impact was open wider in pull batting motion. 3. The rotation angle of the upper body and the rotation angle of the pelvis at the moment of impact were higher in pull batting motion. 4. The knee of the drive leg at the moment of impact was bent slightly more in push batting motion. 5. The moving speed of the center from rear to front at the moment of the drive foot's stepping on the ground and impact was slightly higher in push batting motion. 6. The maximum transitional velocity of the bat and the maximum rotating velocity of the bat just before impact were slightly higher in push batting motion. 7. The direction of stride on the drive foot's stepping on the ground was slightly more advanced in push batting motion, and the length of stride was slightly longer in pull batting motion. 8. The difference of height between the hands and the end of the bat at the moment of impact was larger in pull batting motion, and the difference of horizontal front and rear position was larger in push batting motion.

MOSFET를 사용한 고주파 인버터의 제어방식에 따른 전력손실 비교 : 위상변이 제어와 펄스농도 제어

김학성,안희욱 金烏工科大學校 産業技術開發硏究院 1999 産業技術開發硏究 Vol.15 No.-

The power losses are calculated and compared in high frequency voltage source inverters that are operated by two different types of control method : phase-shift control (PSC) and pulse-density modulation (PDM). MOSFET is considered to be used as a switching device for high frequency operation. The calculation procedure of power losses in the inverter stage is proposed. And its example is discussed for comparison of performance of the two types of control in terms of power loss. The results shows that differences in power losses between the two types are mainly due to the switching loss at turn-off instant and that PDM type has less power loss than PSC especially in high frequency operation.

외상후 정신과적 장애와 뇌척수액이 Catecholamine 농도 측정에 대한 연구

박상학,김학렬 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 1989 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.14 No.2

Cerebrospinal catecholamine metabolites from 23 post - traumatic psychiatric patients and 6 control subjects were assayed with high performance liquid chromatography - electrochemical detection. The subjects are 12 patients with organic delusional syndrome, 4 patients with organic affective syndrome, 4 patients with organic personality disorder, 1 patient with organic amnestic syndrome and 2 patients with post - traumatic stress disorder. At the date of sampling after 2 weeks of drug withdrawal, the patients' psychiatric symptoms were evaluated and measured with a few psychiatric rating scales including Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). CSF sample was taken between 8 and 9 o' clock in the morning and stored at -70℃ until assay. The author hoped to find out relation between each of the catecholamine metabolites and specific psychiatric symptom(s) noted in patients group after head injury. Because psychiatric symptoms in these patients can be the prototype of a specific psychopathology of the other psychiatric illness. The results are as below. 1) Mean CSF level of HVA, and DOPAC was 39.43ng / ㎖, 169.76ng / ㎖ and 5.97ng / ㎖ respectively. The MHPG level higher than that of normal control significantly (P<0.001). 2) GAS score which can represent the severity of general psychiatric symptoms did not tell any difference in the level of CSF catecholamine metabolites. 3) The HVA level was increased in patients with the symptom of emotional withdrawal, conceptual disorganization mannerism and depressive mood, motor retardation, unusual thought content, blunted affect, disorientation. The patient with the symptom either of hypochondriasis or tension showed significantly lower HVA level. 4) The MHPG level was increased in all patients except either with hostility, or blunted affect, disorientation. 5) The patients with the symptom of either suicide idea or insomnia showed no difference in metabolite level. 6) The patients who had thought disorder showed increased level of HVA(P<0.05) and MHPG compared to the patients with affective symptom. All above findings were discussed with literature review and implication of clinical purpose and future research was considered.

남성 성기자해에 대한 정신의학적 고찰

김상훈,김학렬,박상학,김재민,박찬원 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2002 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.27 No.2

Background and Objectives : As the authors experienced 2 cases of male genital self-mutilation while psychotic, investigated with psychiatric points of view including general and psychiatric characteristics, family background, Psychodynamics of genital self-mutilation in Korea. Materials and Methods : Among total 20 cases of the genital self-mutilation, 4 accident-caused cases were excluded. Results : Epidemiological data showed that the most of the genital self-mutilation cases are twenties(56.3%); most are sing1e(68.5%) and the lower socio- economic c1asses(43.8%), the proportion of believers(31.2%) are somewhat larger than of those don't have any religions; most(50.0%) have no occupation. The familial background appeared that the most of them have grown up under widow mother's care(45.5%) and in some other places than their own homes(45.5%) and that there are relatively more first son (45.5%) among them. In terms of the mutilation types and instruments, transection of penis type were committed most frequent1y(93.8%), mostly by knives(68.8%). The formal diagnoses were mainly schizophrenia(87.5%) and schizoid personality disorder(12.5%). Major symptoms at the time of the act were delusion and/or hallucmation(62.5%) and depressive state(43.7%). Psychodynamically, lots of cases could be explained as to punish failures in the male ro1e(21.9%), related to re1igiosity(15.6%), and the wish to be or delusion of being fema1e(12.5%). Conclusion : Psychiatric investigation on the cases of genital self-mutilation reported in Korea suggests that the risk factors for the selfUmutilation on the genitalia are the deprivation of the early experiences required for personality development, Presence of psychotic disorder or depression, identity confusion, and the guilty feelings toward sexual aggression.

섬유질 가수분해물로부터 효율적인 Ethanol 생산균주의 분리

고학룡,문종상,심기환,성낙계 한국산업미생물학회 1991 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.19 No.4

섬유성 가수분해물로부터 효율적으로 ethanol을 생산하는 세 가지 균주를 밀기울 당화액에서의 집적 배양에 의해 토양에서 분리하였다. 효모인 KM-09와 KM-402 및 세균인 HG-225의 생리학적 및 생화학적 특성은 각각 Candida sp. 및 Klebsiella sp.과 거의 유사하였다. KM-09와 HG-225 균주는 발효당으로 xylose와 cellobiose를 이용하였고 HG-225는 발효시 넓은 당 이용성을 가졌다. KM-09, KM-402 및 HG-225의 최적 생육 pH 및 온도는 각각 5.8, 5.6 및 6.8 그리고 32℃, 30℃ 및 38℃였다. 분리균에 의한 밀기울 당화액에서 ethanol 발효 동안 최대 ethanol 생산온도는 최적생육온도보다 다소 높았으며, 0.2% MgSO_4의 첨가는 ethanol 생산성을 향상시켰다. 세 가지 균주 중 KM-09의 ethanol 함량이 약 2.3%(v/v)로서 가장 높았고 HG-225의 ethanol 생산속도가 가장 빨랐으며 이때 최대 생산성은 배양 4일 후였다. KM-09와 HG-225는 4%(w/v) xylose로부터 각각 1.42 및 1.05%(v/v)의 ethanol을 생산하였으나 균 증식속도는 glucose에 비해 매우 느린 것으로 나타났다. 한편, KM-402는 glucose에서는 가장 ethanol 생산성이 좋았으나 xylose 및 cellobiose에서는 생산하지 못하였다. There strains able to efficiently produce ethanol from cellulosic hydrolysates were isolated from soil samples by enrichment culture in liquid saccharified wheat bran medium. The profiles of physiological and biochemical properties of two yeasts KM-09 and KM-402 and a bacterium Hg-225 were almost identical from those of Candida sp. and Klebsiella sp., respectively. Strains KM-09 and HG-225 used xylose and cellobiose as fermentable sugars, and HG-225 had a wide range of sugar utilization for ethanol fermentation. The optimal pH and temperature for growth of KM-09, KM-402 and HG-225 were 5.8, 5.6 and 6.8 and 32℃, 30℃ and 38℃, respectively. During the ethanol fermentation in saccharified wheat bran by the isolated strains, optimal temperature for ethanol production was more or less higher than those for growth, and addition of 0.2%(w/v) MgSO_4 into the medium enhanced ethanol productivity. Of the three strains ethanol content of KM-09 was the highest with about 2.3%(v/v), and ethanol production rate of HG-225 was faster than the others and maximum productivity was after 4 days. KM-09 (1.42%, v/v) and HG-225 (1.05%, v/v) produced ethanol from 4%(w/v) xylose but growth rate was slower than on glucose. Otherwise KM-402 showed the highest ethanol productivity on glucose, but no ethanol was detected on xylose and cellobiose.