Hand Linkage System Formation Using CT Images

Xiaopeng Yang,Hayoung Jung(정하영),Heecheon You(유희천) 대한인간공학회 2021 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.11

Objective: The aim of this study is to form a hand linkage system using computed tomography (CT) images. Background: A human hand linkage system is widely used in biomechanical modeling and ergonomic design to define hand segments and hand link lengths. However, an inappropriate linkage system is commonly constructed based on bone length data or bony landmark locations. Method: Hand skeletons of 15 male participants were reconstructed from CT images in 10 postures selected from a natural hand-closing motion. The wrist joint center was anatomically estimated as the intersection of the centerline of the metacarpal of the middle finger and the distal wrist crease. The remaining hand joint centers were kinematically estimated based on the relative motion between the distal bone segment and the proximal bone segment of a given joint. A hand linkage system was then formed by connecting the derived joint centers. Results: Fifteen hand linkage systems were generated with different hand sizes. Hand link lengths of different hand segments were calculated for each participant. Regression models for predicting hand link lengths using hand length as the independent variable were established. Furthermore, regression models for predicting the joint center coordinates of the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) and the four finger metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints using hand length or hand breadth were established. Our models showed higher R2 values and lower maximum standard errors than the existing models. Conclusion: With the proposed regression models, practitioners can efficiently establish a hand linkage system, given the hand length and hand breadth. Application: The findings of the present study can be applied to hand models for ergonomic design and biomechanical modeling.

HAPS와 NGSO 시스템의 Service Link상의 간섭영향

양의장,김규환,함형일,강영흥 한국항행학회 2003 韓國航行學會論文誌 Vol.7 No.1

본 논문에서는 성층권 통신 시스템 (HAPS : High Altitude Platform System)과 NGSO (Non-Geostationary Orbit) 시스템간 간섭 영향을 두 가지의 경우로 나누어서 분석한다. 한가지는 HAPS 시스템이NGSO 시스템에 미치는 간섭이며, 다른 한가지는 NGSO위성이 HAPS시스템에 미치는 간섭 영향이다. 그 결과NGSO 이동국이 받는 간섭은 NGSO위성 위치가 95?일 때 가장 높게 나타났으며, 이때 HAPS와 NGSO모두에 의한 간섭은 사용자 수가 20명 이상부터 간섭 기준을 초과함을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 HAPS 이동국이 받는 간섭의 경우에는 NGSO 위성 양각이 87?일 때 가장 높은 간섭이 나타났으며, 이 때 NGSO와 HAPS 모두에 의한 간섭은 사용자 수가 10명 이상부터 간섭 기준을 초과함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 64?일 때 가장 낮은 간섭이 나타났으며, 이때 NGSO와 HAPS 의 사용자 수가 같을 경우에는 190명에서부터 간섭을 초과함을 알 수 있었다. In this paper, we analyze the interference effects between NGSO(Non-Geostationary Orbit) and HAPS(High Altitude Platform System) by dividing into two cases. The one is interference effects of HAPS into NGSO, the another is the interference effectes of NGSO into HAPS. At the result, we can know the interference effect into NGSO mobile station is the highest when position of NGSO is 95%. In this case, we can also know the interference effects from both HAPS and NGSO exceed interference criteria when the number of users are more than 20. And, in the case of the interference effect into HAPS mobile station, we can know it is the highest when elevation angle of NGSO is 87°, and the interference effects from both NGSO and HAPS exceed interference criteria when the number of users is more then 10. Moreover, the interference effect is the minimum, when elevation angle of NGSO is 64°, at this time, in case that the number of users of NGSO equal to the number of user of HAPS, the interference effects exceed interference criteria when the number of users is 190.

문학(文學)을 통(通)해 본 한대문화(漢代文化)의 비한족적(非漢族的) 성격(性格)

김학주 ( Hak Chu Kim ) 서울대학교 인문학연구원 1978 人文論叢 Vol.2 No.-

"The Han Culture" means the culture of Two-Han period (B.C. 2 century -All 2 century), and "Han racial character" means the character of the Han race which created pre-Ch`in China on the north China plain. Han race``s pre-Ch`in China had a great difference in their territory and racial constitution with that of Han dynasty, but when we say "Han Racial Culture", it generally includes ``Han culture" within there. Nonetheless, I distinguish their character in this paper to emphasize the drastic change in Han dynasty and to emphasize that it is unfair sometimes to name them with synonyms, Since Two-Han culture became a cultural foundation of the forthcoming age, I, think the study of the cultural change in Han period could lead us to understand the character of the traditional Chinese culture more clearly. This work should be done from many perspectives, but I went on my study here from literary aspect in the first stage.(2)1. Ch``u-tz``u(楚辭) and Ch``u-ko (楚歌) Ch``u-tz``u and Ch``u-ko were developed from the songs of Ch``u, located at China``s southern district. Hence they carry with southernly passion and rythmical variety, which are quite different from the former Han race``s songs in their emotion and style. Ch``u-tz``u was, at first, written by Ch``u-yuan(屈原 B. C. 343- 290?), but actually they were read and prevailed from Han period. And Ch``u-yuan``s works began to be interpreted as patriotic poems from this time. Though Ch``u-ko are almost same in style with Ch``u-tz``u, but in length they are far shorter. Ch``u-ko were prevailed from the early Han dyansty, even the emperor Liu-pang (劉邦), B. C. 247-195), Hsaing-yu(?羽)B. C. 232-202), Liu-Ch``e(劉澈, B.C. 156-87) left some famous Ch`` u-ko writings. Ch``u was thought as a district of southern barbarian in pre-Ch`in era. Songs of barbarians began to be read and written from Han period, and that means a drastic change in the Chinese culture from Han dynasty. 2. Fu(賦) In the early stage of Han dynasty, Ch``u-tz``u was developed into another new forms, Fu of Han. Fu made the prime object on its writing with the grandiloquence, ornamentation and display of expression, and became more formalized and prosifled than Ch``u-tz``u. It seems to me that Han race were so unaccustomed to the rythm of the songs of Ch``u that their inexperiences in the writings of Ch``u-tz``u cannot help transforming it to Fu. I think, mimetism in Fu writing which prevailed throughout Two-Han also could be a circumstantial evidence to the above hypothesis. And most of the Fu writers of Han period were engaged in flattery to the Emperor, we cannot find a rightous man among them. Comparing to the Han race, who were traditionally respecting rightousness, we find a wide difference in the Fu writer``s character. These characters of Fu and Fu writers in Han period, which represent literature of Han, show us an aspect of drastic change of the Han culture from the original Han race``s character. 3. Five-word Poetry(五言詩) : In the former-Han era, typical form of Chinese poetry, Five-word poetry came into being. Though "Nineteen Old Poems(古言十九首)" and "Poems of Lee ling(李陵詩)" were not written in the early period of Han dyansty, we cannot deny that Five-word poetrybroke out during the reign of Wu-(武帝,劉澈). "Five-word" means "Five syllabic", and comparing with previous Four-word poetry, they are buoyant in rythm. This drastic change n the rythm cannot occur without contact with the heterogeneous culture, that is without the change in their songs and language. 4. Prose writings: Prose writings of Han period also tend to the ihetorical flourish and regdlarization of the passage from the beginning. Especially, prose of the Pu writers of the early periods of Han, such as Chia-yi(??) B. C 201-169), Ssu-ma Hsiang-ju(司?相如, B. C. 179?-lI7) have more regular word form and more antithetical expression. We could say that their prose writings were a start of Pien-wen(?文) which flourished at Nan-pei-ch``ao(南北朝). The formalizing tendency of prose became more intense in Late-Han period. It seems that because Han writers were lost the rythm and intonation of the Han race``s conventional language, they couldn``t but write the prose like that.(3) If we take a careful look on entire Chinese history, we can find a various change in Han dynasty. Politically autocratic system was solidly fixed, socially men-women re``ation and concept of Confucian teachings such as Chung(忠, loyalty or faithfulness), Hsiao (% Filial Piety), etc. were changed, philosophically Yin-yang(?陰) principles and Wuhsing(五行) theory were applied to many fields. And when we study the problem through literature, we find a drastic change of Han race``s cultural character at the time of Han. I think when we talk about the tradition of Chinese culture, we have to give consideration on the drastic change of this era. Furthermore, we guess dynasties of non-Chinese race such as Nan-pei-ch``ao(南北朝), Yuan(元) and Ch``ing(?) also had this kind of change.Hereby, I think, when we give consideration to these changes, we can understand the correct meaning of long history of the Chinese culture.

The Cosmopolitan Interpretation of Hawthorne`s Mode of Romance in Henry James`s Novels-Centered on The Blithedale Romance and The Bostonians

( Yeon Jin Hahm ) 한국비교문학회 2012 比較文學 Vol.56 No.-

Hawthorne was of crucial importance as the only previous writer of stature James knew of who had shown how American psychological experience could be treated in imaginative literature. Hawthorne was as important to James as he had been earlier to Melville, even though the novels of James and Melville have extremely different orientations. In his critical biography Hawthorne, James makes an implicit comparison between himself and Hawthorne, whose notation of the actual world around him was vague because he was not absorbed by it, as James was. James`s relationship to Hawthorne was thus complex and many-sided and involved both close kinship and essential conflict, affinity and dissent, agreement and disavowal, the psychological chords struck by Hawthorne are sounded again by James. The individual`s selfhood has unusual importance in Hawthorne, as it does again in James. As American writers, Hawthorne and James have many similarities; their fiction, continually interested in moral problems, has an extraordinary delicacy. Especially in assimilating The Bilthedale Romance into The Bostonians, to underscore themes he shared with Hawthorne, James also made Hawthorne`s material reflect his own more worldly attitudes-his sense of the limitations of the New England mind, his concern with manners, and the possibilities of aesthetic enrichment represented for him much more by Italy than by Boston. The difference between Hawthorne`s novel and James`s, however, is the difference between Hawthorne`s “shadows and confusions” and James`s lucid social relationships, which have been made possible by exposure to a larger culture than Hawthorne had at his disposal, In conclusion, the altered form of literary traditionality reflects James`s inauguration of not just a different way of writing but a different way of thinking about the kind of work. The historical drama of James`s career, as I read it, lies in his reconstruction, eventually of the practice of the novelist`s work. Especially I suggest that in the course of James`s reorganization of influence his pride and prejudice strongly and repeatedly intervene in his consciousness and cosmopolitan mind formation. The reaction of James`s cosmopolitan intelligence upon Hawthorne`s powerfully archetypal mind eventually helps to demonstrate how the American psychological tradition came into being in the nineteenth-century.

배양검사를 통해 확인한 중환자실 직원의 손씻기 효과

정재심,최정화,이순행,김양수 대한기초간호자연과학회 2003 Journal of korean biological nursing science Vol.5 No.2

The effect of hand hygiene was measured by hand culture before and after hand hygiene for 86 nurses, doctors, and nurses aide/housekeepers in Surgical Intensive Care Unit. The subjects were asked to press their dominant hand in hand-shaped Mannitol salt agar immediately after patient contact and then washed their hand by preferred hand hygiene agents [soap and water, waterless alcohol gel, or 4% chlorhexidine gluconate detergent(CHG)], and cultured one hand again. Amount of isolated microorganism was calculated by counting the number of divided areas(1 x 1cm) which is culture positive in hand culture plate. The amount of microorganisms were significantly reduced from 58.1(±38.59) to 27.4(±30.4) cells after hand hygiene. The staff nurse's hand hygiene was more effective compared to medical doctors and nurses aide/housekeepers. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) was isolated in 41(47.1%) subjects ; but only removed 100% in 28(32.2%) subjects. When the amount of hand microorganisms was compared by subject's preferred hand hygiene agents, it was decreased in order of 4% CHG, waterless alcohol solution, soap and water, and water. The hand hygiene practice was inadequate to reduce hand microorganisms and significantly different by occupations. Further research and development of hand hygiene improvement program which emphasize the quality of hand hygiene is recommended.

한류와 인문학 : ‘동력으로서의 인문학’과 ‘성찰 지점으로서의 한류’

Hallyu(Korean Wave) and Humanities - ‘Humanities as Power Source’ and ‘Hallyu as a Point of Introspection’ - 부산대학교 인문학연구소 2014 코기토 Vol.- No.76

한류에 대한 인문학적 연구는 대체로 한류의 원인을 밝히거나, 한류 콘텐츠의 성공 요인을 분석적으로 고찰하는 흐름을 취해 왔다. 이러한 연구는 한류를 향한 인문학의 일방적 연구의 시각을 내재해 왔다. 필자는 이러한 일방성을 넘어서기 위해, 두 가지 방향의 연구를 시도하였다. 첫째, 한류의 동력(動力)으로서의 인문학의 미래지향성에 주목하였다. 그 과정에서 한류를 문화교류의 과정으로 보았다. 둘째, 한류와 연장선상에 있는 반한류 현상에 대한 탐구를 통해 한류에 대한 인문학적 성찰의 계기를 확보하고자 하였다. 최근의 ‘신한류’ 현상 내지는 ‘한류3.0’ 단계론은 한류가 더 이상 대중문화 영역에만 머물지 않고 문화 전반에 걸쳐 확산되는 현상임을 역설하고 있다. 이러한 상황은 종합적이고 통합적인 ‘한류학’ 구축의 필요성을 높이고 있다. ‘신한국학’으로서의 ‘한류학’은 ‘문화교류’의 맥락에서 한국의 문화와 문화상품을 세계에 ‘소통(疏通)시키는’ 것을 핵심 역할로 설정하여야 할 것이다. 이러한 ‘한류학’의 출발점을 ‘한류’와 ‘인문학’의 ‘쌍방향적’ 연구로부터 찾을 수 있을 것이다. The study of humanities about Hallyu usually used to have a tendency to establish the cause of Hallyu, or to analyze success factor. This kind of research has shown unilateral viewpoint of humanities about Hallyu. I paid attention to two aspects of research in order to overcome this one-sidedness. First, I took notice of future directivity of humanities as power source of Hallyu, a process of cultural exchange. Second, I tried to secure an opportunity of humanistic self-examination through a search for anti-Hallyu. The recent ‘new Hallyu’, or ‘Hallyu 3.0’ shows that Hallyu is a proliferating culture phenomenon going beyond the boundary of popular culture. This situation increases a necessity to establish a general and integrated study of Hallyu. ‘Hallyu studies’ as ‘new Koreanology’ has to make Korean culture and its cultural goods ‘communicate with’ the world as a main channel of cultural exchange. The ‘interactive’ study of ‘Hallyu’ and ‘humanities’ will be a good starting point for ‘Hallyu studies’

Haloperidol과 bethanechol 병합사용시 혈장 haloperidol 및 reduced haloperidol 농도에 미치는 영향

김형섭,안지영,여운태,조숙행,Kim, Hyeong-Seob,Ahn, Jee-Young,Yeo, Un-Tae,Jo, Suk-Haeng 대한생물정신의학회 1998 생물정신의학 Vol.5 No.1

Bethanechol, a cholinergic agonist, has been recommended for the management of peripheral anticholinergic side effects during the treatment of antipsychotic medications. But there have been few studies which have evaluated the drug interactions of antipsychotics and bethanechol, even the treatment effects of bethanechol on anticholinergic side effects. So the authors have evaluated whether psychopathology and plasma haloperidol and reduced haloperidol concentrations are significantly changed or not when bethanechol was administrated with maintained doses of haloperidol and other coadministrated drugs(such a benztropine). Also we have evaluated the abating effects of bethanechol on anticholinergic side effects during the treatment with haloperidol. Fifteen schizophrenics with higher than 5 of total score of anticholinergic side effects of 'Rating scale for side effect' were assigned to two groups, and bethanechol 30mg/day and 60mg/day were applied on each group for 4 weeks. The daily haloperidol dosages were fixed before 2 weeks of study. We assessed anticholinergic side effects by 'Rating scale for side effect' and psychopathology by BPRS, and plasma haloperidol and reduced haloperidol concentrations by HPLC at baseline, 2nd week and 4th week. The results were as followed, 1) there was no significant change of plasma haloperidol and reduced haloperidol concentration, 2) at baseline, the dosage of haloperidol showed significant correlation with the total score of anticholinergic side effect, but not at 2nd week and 4th week, 3) in 60mg/day group, dry mouth and the total score of anticholinergic side effects were significantly improved, but not in 30mg/day group, 4) there was no significant change of BPRS except withdrawal at 2nd week. These results suggest that coadministration of bethanechol influenced neither on psychopathology nor on plasma haloperidol and reduced haloperidol concentrations and that improved dry mouth and total score of anticholinergic side effects at 60mg/day.

진성구취 및 가성구취 환자군의 심리적 특성차이에 대한 연구

장승원,김진성,강경,김주연,손지영,백승환,최제인,류봉하,Jang, Seung-Won,Kim, Jin-Sung,Kang, Kyung,Kim, Ju-Yeon,Son, Ji-Yeong,Baek, Seung-Hwan,Choi, Jane,Ryu, Bong-Ha 대한한방내과학회 2013 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.34 No.4

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the difference between genuine and pseudo halitosis about qi stagnation and stress. Methods : We recruited 63 halitosis patients who visited the halitosis clinic in the Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital from June 2012 to August 2013. We classified the halitosis patients into two groups, genuine and pseudo halitosis based on organoleptic assesment (OLT) score and evaluated the severity of self-reported halitosis using visual analog scale (VAS), amount of sulfide compounds using Halimeter, qi stagnation level using qi stagnation questionnaire and stress levels using heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. Results : Comparing the genuine halitosis group and the pseudo halitosis group, there was no significant difference in VAS of halitosis but significant difference in halimeter score. Distribution of qi stagnation and non-qi stagnation groups was significantly different between genuine and pseudo halitosis. Compared to the genuine halitosis group, the pseudo halitosis group showed a significant higher value of low frequency/high frequency ratio (LF/HF ratio). Conclusions : The result of this study suggest that there is significant difference about qi stagnation and stress level between genuine halitosis and pseudo halitosis patients, so when approaching pseudo halitosis patients, we should consider their psychological and emotional status.

생발음(生髮飮)피부도포가 C57BL/6 마우스의 육모 촉진에 미치는 영향

이상학 ( Sang Hak Lee ),정석희 ( Seok Hee Chung ),신현대 ( Mi Yeon Song ),송미연 ( Hyun Dae Shin ) 한방재활의학과학회 2007 한방재활의학과학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Objectives : Saengbal-eum(Shengfà-yin) is a hair care product which is composed of eight plant extracts used in oriental medicine. This study was carried out to investigate effect of Saengbal-eum(Shengfa-yin) on hair regrowth in a shaving model of C57BL6 mice. Materials and Methods : Five-week-old mice were acclimated for 1 week under 21~23℃, 40~60% relative humidity, and 12h of a light/dark cycle before beginning experiment. There were four experimental groups including normal saline(control), a positive control of 3% Minoxidil(MXD), and 30%, 100% Saengbal-eum(Shengfa-yin) extracts(sample-I, II) for 12 female mice. The test compounds were topically treated once a day for 14 days. The hair regrowth was photographically and histologically determined during the experimental period of 14 days. Revelation of TGF-β1 and EGF were also determined using a immunohistochemistry. Results : The topical application of 3% MXD and Saengbal-eum(Shengfa-yin) in female mice promoted hair regrowth earlier and faster than the control groups. Concentrations of hairs and thick-hair ratio in 3% MXD and Saengbal-eum(Shengfa-yin) groups were promoted than control group. There was not significant difference of hair regrowth, concentration of hair, and thick-hair ratio between 3% MXD and Saengbal-eum(Shengfa-yin) groups. TGF-β1 was not revealed in control, 3% MXD and Saengbal-eum(Shengfa-yin) groups. EGF was strongly positive in out root sheat of some thick hair of 30%, 100% Saengbal-eum(Shengfa-yin) group, but negative in control and 3% MXD group. Conclusions : These results suggest that Saengbal-eum(Shengfa-yin) has hair growth promoting activity and it can be for treatment for alopecia. And these effects relate to EGF revelation of hair roots.

한국인 탈색모발에 블루계열 염색 시 지렁이 자가분해물의 처리 효과

박정아 ( Jeong-a Park ),석지한 ( Ji-han Suk ),강상모 ( Sang-mo Kang ) 대한미용학회(구 대한미용과학회) 2018 대한미용학회지 Vol.14 No.2

In Korean hair, blue-dyeing causes severe hair damage due to a pre-bleaching step. Due to such damage, color retention period of the hair becomes very short. The prsent study aimed to address this problem, and to this end, samples were prepared as follows: blue-dyed hair (control group), dyed hair after pre-treatment with earthworms autolysate on bleached hair (pre-group), dyed hair with a mixture of dye and earthworms autolysate (mixed group). After blue-dyeing bleached hair once and 3 times, L^*a^*b^* values measured to examine the color retention after shampoo application, at frequency once, 10 times, 20 times. For blue-dyeing, the hair was dyed well, where a^* was close to ‘0’ in proportion to b^* as brightness (L^*) and yellow (b^*) were relatively low. L^*a^*b^* values were found to be highest in a pre-group when bleached hair (once, 3 times) was blue-dyed and shampooed up to 20 times while the color retention was the best in the pre- and mixed-groups. In regard to the dependence of color retention on shampoo frequency, the pre-group was more than 3 times greater than the control group and mixed-group. In terms of ‘dyeing uniformity’, ‘vividness’, ‘glossiness’ and ‘smoothness’, the pre-treated group was the best for both one-time and 3-times bleached hair. With respect to ‘texture roughness’, the control group was the highest. Regarding ‘hair dye deodorization effects’, the mixed group was the greatest. Just like the spectrophotometer measurement, the pre-treated group was the best at an expert group questionnaire. Since the earthworms autolysate treatment was found to enhance hair coloration and color durability during blue hair dyeing, it is reasonable to say that such treatment is commercially valuable.