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卞烘圭,金桂旬 全北大學校 敎育大學院 1992 敎育論叢 Vol.12 No.-
This study was attempted to survey current practices of teachers' questioning, to identify problems and issues of their questions and questioning, and to derive possible suggestions for establishing improvement strategies of their questioning skills in the classroom. The questionnaire method was used as the tool for this study. The question items for collecting data were provided based on background literature and studies previously done related to classroom questions and questioning and they were categorized into three areas: teacher questioning, student questioning, and improvement strategies of questioning. The data collected from 373 teachers from both primary and secondary school teachers in three local areas : large, middle-size, and small cities in the country. Teacher responses were analyzed by variables of sex, school levels, period of teaching experiences, size of working cities, and overall measures. The statistics used for this study were percentages in each categories and chi square tests for identifying response differences between or among the variables. The study results were summarized as follows : 1. Most teachers recognized the critical importance of their questions and questioning regardless of their sex, length of teaching experiences, and sizes of working areas. 2. More than 30 percent of teachers responded that they usually raise questions more than ten times in a class hour. The reason of low frequencies of questioning was explained as that they were not to be behind in teaching subject matters within a schedule of academic year, while that of high frequencies was for maxmizing the effectiveness of student learning. 3. Teachers responded highly on the item that they were trying to ask questions on both recalling and applying subject contents. This response was more strongly revealed by those who had longer period of teaching experiences than those who had less longer experiences. 4. In relation to teacher reactions on students' difficulties in answering their questions, teachers were mostly responded to rephrase the first question in easier words and expressions, and this tendency was more strongly revealed among female teachers than among male ones. For those who answered correctly and appropriately, teachers have usually given their high reinforcements and rewards and this tendency was stronger among primary school teachers than among secondary teachers, and stronger among those who had longer teaching experiences than among those who had less longer experiences. 5. The practices of student indication were flexible and generally teachers were followed in two ways dependent upon circumstances : 'teacher questioning first - then student indication' and 'student indication - then teacher questioning'. The primary school teachers were tended to indicate those who want to answer, while the secondary teachers did it without following any special rules. 6. Teachers were generally welcoming to active student questioning and were also trying to instruct active questioning skills to students. In case of confrontation with difficulties in answering for student questions, teachers responded as that they try to find out answers in cooperation with students. 7. Teachers' perception on the rate of active student questioning was recognized to be very low because students had been given very low chances in raising questions. The most important thing in training active student questioning was indicated as the teachers' positive attitude to welcome student questions. 8. Teachers were usually trying to make their efforts to improve their questioning skills and they recommended the discussion method as the best one to train student questioning in relation to encouraging their higher - order thinking. They were almost not intended to reflect and analyze their questions and questioning, but believed that they have fairly good abilities to raise different cognitive levels of questions in order to foster relevant thinking.
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갈신홍 ( Chen Hong Ge ),리태건 ( Tae Ken Rhee ),최익만 ( Ik Man Choi ) 한국외국어대학교 중국연구소 2010 中國硏究 Vol.50 No.-
Many famous classical writers think that the East and the West has formed two different ways when commenting on the historical process from primitive society to enter the civilized society. These two different ways are represented by Ancient Greece of "Classical Ancient", and represented by ancient Eastern countries of "Ancient Asia". Specifically, the development path of "Classical Ancient" is from clan to private property and then to state, individual private ownership breaks through the clan organization, state replaces the clan. In the absence of digestion of the original clan organization, the "Ancient Asia" directly develops into slavery countries, and consanguinity clan system integrates with national organization form. Different paths of historical development have created different cultural characteristic, therefore there are many differences between Eastern and Western culture. "Cultural Comparison" is a major problem, limited to textual length, in this article we will mainly do some research on different rational thinking mode, social governance mode, human nature theory and other issues of Eastern and Western ethical culture, and study the social causes behind cultural differences. For example, while Western culture highlights the cultural system of scientific rationality, Eastern culture focuses on the thinking system of value rationality; Eastern social governance follows a path different from the Western contract legal system; in the theory of human nature, the Western advocates of evil of human nature, the Eastern of Confucian advocates of good of human nature. Therefore, the result is "politics of spread the goodness" in Western in comparison with "politics of restrain the evil" in Eastern of Confucian. The existence of every culture has its realistic reasons and historical reasons for its existence. Investigating the significant differences between Eastern and Western culture and studying the deep reasons of these differences has important significance for understanding the differences between Eastern and Western culture, also better understanding Chinese culture, Korean culture, Western culture, accommodating Eastern and Western Culture to get better development of human culture. The social and material condition of production determines the mode of social life, and also the ideology and culture of the mode of social life. If we want to understand the history and ideology culture of East and West, and if we want to understand the Confucianism which guides and influences the history and culture of Eastern, we must make deep research on background of the social and historical causes of the Confucianism of East to analyze the specific social and historical conditions. From the view of different ways which generate the Eastern and Western history road, "Classical Ancient" is formed on the basis of private ownership after the collapse of the system "Ancient Asia" is transformed from the clan public ownership of land into state ownership of land. Direct transition from the clan to the state makes the whole social structure of generating legacy system of clan, which is linked by consanguinity. This is the key issue to understand the mode of production, social system, ideology and culture of the ancient Orient, and especially it is the direct historical basis to study the formation and characteristics of Confucianism. The history road of "Asian" shows that public ownership of land in ancient orient and the forms of social organization that determined by low productivity, makes the national publics function created in the absence of complete differentiation and disintegration of the clan organization. Thus, the country`s social structure naturally depends on the natural consanguineous organization. "Classical Ancient" is from the family to private property and then to the state. The family is replaced by state. "Ancient Asia" is from family to the state and the state is mixed with the family. Clan exists as prototype organization for the nation. The state is established by the relationship of clan consanguinity, the rule mode, which can be learned from and imitated, is also directly derived from the clan rule mode. The strong legacy system of clan in state`s political system makes the social structure, cultural spirit and historical process of ancient orient with great particularity. The Confucianism founded by Confucius is a theoretical reflection of real existence of clan (patriarchal clan system) of the Ancient Oriental state and another extension of the history road of "Asian" in the ideological field. Today, as a very profound way, globalization is gradually reconstructing the social life of different countries and nations all over the world. Due to the historical and practical reasons, the Eastern and Western has developed two different historical paths, creating their own characteristics objectively. How to grasp the demands of cultural accommodation in the world of globalization, how to get better development in the cultural conflict and cultural integration of these two different culture, it is the question which must be answered in the study of comparative subject of Eastern and Western culture.
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Liu, Jin-Ge,Yao, Quan-Hong,Zhang, Zhen,Peng, Ri-He,Xiong, Ai-Sheng,Xu, Fang,Zhu, Hong Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2005 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.38 No.5
As a crucial transcription factor family, heat-shock factors were mainly analyzed and characterized in tomato and Arabidopsis. In this study, we isolated two putative heat shock factors OsHSF6 and OsHSF12 that interact specifically with heat-shock element (HSE) from Oryza sativa L by yeast one-hybrid method. The full-length cDNA of OsHSF6 and OsHSF12 have 1074bp and 920bp open reading frame (ORF), respectively. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences revealed that OsHSF6 was a class A heat shock factor (HSF) with all the conserved sequence elements characteristic of heat stress transcription factor, while OsHSF12 was a class B HSF with C-terminal domain (CTD) lacking of AHA motif. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the sequences and structures of two HSFs' DNA binding domain (DBD) had a high similarity with LpHSF24. The results of RT-PCR indicated OsHSF6 gene was expressed immediately after rice plants exposure to heat stress, and the transcription of OsHSF6 gene accumulated primarily in immature seeds, roots and leaves. However, we did not find the transcription of OsHSF12 gene in different organs and growth periods. Our results implied that OsHSF6 might be function as a HSF regulating early expression of stress genes in response to heat shock, and OsHSF12 might be act as a synergistic factor to regulate the expression of down-stream genes.
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Zhou Meng-jiao,Yang Jia-jie,Ma Ting-yao,Feng Ge-xuan,Wang Xue-lian,Wang Li-Yong,Ge Yu-ze,Gao Ran,Hong-liang Liu,Shan Lin,Kong Lu,Chen Xiao-hong 생화학분자생물학회 2023 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.55 No.-
MYB-NFIB fusion and NOTCH1 mutation are common hallmark genetic events in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). However, abnormal expression of MYB and NOTCH1 is also observed in patients without MYB-NFIB fusion and NOTCH1 mutation. Here, we explore in-depth the molecular mechanisms of lung metastasis through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and exome target capture sequencing in two SACC patients without MYB-NFIB fusion and NOTCH1 mutation. Twenty-five types of cells in primary and metastatic tissues were identified via Seurat clustering and categorized into four main stages ranging from near-normal to cancer-based on the abundance of each cell cluster in normal tissue. In this context, we identified the Notch signaling pathway enrichment in almost all cancer cells; RNA velocity, trajectory, and sub-clustering analyses were performed to deeply investigate cancer progenitor-like cell clusters in primary tumor-associated lung metastases, and signature genes of progenitor-like cells were enriched in the “MYC_TARGETS_V2” gene set. In vitro, we detected the NICD1-MYB-MYC complex by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and incidentally identified retinoic acid (RA) as an endogenous antagonist of genes in the “MYC_TARGETS_V2” gene set. Following this, we confirmed that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) suppresses the lung metastasis of SACC by correcting erroneous cell differentiation mainly caused by aberrant NOTCH1 or MYB expression. Bioinformatic, RNA-seq, and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses of primary tissues and metastatic lung tissues from patients with SACC suggested that RA system insufficiency partially promotes lung metastasis. These findings imply the value of the RA system in diagnosis and treatment.
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Hongli Yu,Hao Wu,Yaozong Pan,Xiuyun Ge,Qian Zhang,Fagen Zhu,Baochang Cai 대한약학회 2015 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.38 No.10
The present study aimed at investigating thealum-processing mechanism attenuating toxicity of AraceaePinellia ternata and Pinellia pedatisecta. Animalretroperitoneal inflammatory model in vivo andmacrophagocyte release inflammatory factor model in vitrowere used to detect the effect of alum processing onraphides and lectin. Scanning electron microscopy wasused to observe the change in raphides during processing;HPLC method was used to determine the correlation betweenthe dissolution and corrosion of raphides and ion inthe alum solution; 27Al-NMR technology was used to detectthe relationship between aluminum oxalate complexformation and the dissolved and corrosion of raphides. Thechange in protein peptide sequence of lectin during theprocessing of alum solution was determined by ShotgunLC–MS assay. Raphides induced severe rabbit conjunctivaledema and an intraperitoneal injection of lectin increasedPGE2 and protein in mice peritoneal exudate, whiledecreased after treatment with alum solution processing. During the processing raphides was dissolved and corroded,then its structure was damaged. Raphides was soaked inthe alum solution and significantly decreased the oxalatecontent, and the effect was related with Al3? in the alum. Al3? in the alum combined with C2O42- of raphides into astable complex compound promoted the dissolution ofcalcium oxalate. Raphides soaked in the alum made lectinproteins dissolve, whereas protein peptide sequence oflectin was changed and the protein structure was damaged. Conclusion: Alum solution could decrease the toxicity ofP. ternata (Thunb.) Breit. and P. pedatisecta Schott. Sinceit made a special crystal structure of raphides damage andthe protein of lectin dissolve. The structure of toxic substancessignificantly changed, which decreased the inflammatoryeffect.
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A pulsating protrusion on temporal area after punch biopsy
( Ge O Han ),( Jae Woo Ahn ),( Jiehyun Jeon ),( Hae Jun Song ),( Chil Hwan Oh ),( Soo Hong Seo ) 대한피부과학회 2015 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.67 No.1
A 62 year old man visited us for pulsating protrusion with 1x1.1cm size on R. temporal area. He had taken 4mmpunch biopsy on same area under the suspicion of verruca vulgaris 2 weeks ago. In past medical history, he was being treated with Rt. cerebral infarction with warfarin and aspirin. Hematoma was suspected and we decided to wait until it subsides. However, the lesion persisted after 4months, and we performed ultrasonography. It showed mixed-echoic subcutaneous lumen with fistula. Pseudoaneurysm on superficial temporal artery branch was clinically suspected and we planned to incise and ligate the artery. However, the patient wanted close observation and it became pulseless and began to flatten after 5months. The lesion spontaneously subsided and nofurther recurrence is seen to this day. Although uncommon, vascular complications may occur after punch biopsy. These include post-biopsy bleeding, hematoma and rarely pseudoaneurysm. Pseudoaneurysm is well-known sequela of iatrogenic injury and consists of an organized hematoma that communicates with the injured artery via a sinus tract. Suture ligation of the implicated artery is considered the treatment of choice. Here, we report a case of pseudoaneurysm occurred after punch biopsy on forehead with spontaneous remission for educational meaning, and dermatologists should keep in mind that this rare complication can be encountered even by small punch biopsy.
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Ge Tian,Li Xiong,Wenhua Lin,Jinghao Han,Xiang-Yan Chen,Thomas Wai Hong Leung,Yannie Oi Yan Soo,Lawrence Ka Sing Wong 대한신경과학회 2016 Journal of Clinical Neurology Vol.12 No.3
Background and PurposezzExternal counterpulsation (ECP) is a noninvasive method used to enhance cerebral perfusion by elevating the blood pressure in ischemic stroke. However, the response of the beat-to-beat blood pressure variability (BPV) in ischemic stroke patients during ECP remains unknown. MethodszzWe enrolled recent ischemic stroke patients and healthy controls. Changes in the blood fow velocities in bilateral middle cerebral arteries and the continuous beat-to-beat blood pressure before, during, and afer ECP were monitored. Power spectral analysis revealed that the BPV included oscillations at very low frequency (VLF; <0.04 Hz), low frequency (LF; 0.04– 0.15 Hz), and high frequency (HF; 0.15–0.40 Hz), and the total power spectral density (TP; <0.40 Hz) and LF/HF ratio were calculated. ResultszzWe found that ECP signifcantly increased the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in both stroke patients and controls. ECP decreased markedly the systolic and diastolic BPVs at VLF and LF and the TP, and the diastolic BPV at HF when compared with baseline. Te decreases in diastolic and systolic BPV reached 37.56% and 23.20%, respectively, at VLF, 21.15% and 12.19% at LF, 8.76% and 16.59% at HF, and 31.92% and 23.62% for the total TP in stroke patients, which did not difer from those in healthy controls. Te change in fow velocity on the contralateral side was positively correlated with the total TP systolic BPV change induced by ECP (r=0.312, p=0.035). ConclusionszzECP reduces the beat-to-beat BPV when increasing the blood pressure and cerebral blood fow velocity in ischemic stroke patients. ECP might be able to improve the clinical outcome by decreasing the beat-to-beat BPV in stroke patients, and this should be explored further in future studies.
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