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Crystal Structure of Telluric Acid Ammonium Phosphate (TAAP) in the Paraelectric Phase
Toshio Kikuta,Daisuke Hamatake,Noriyuki Nakatani,Toshinari Yamazaki 한국물리학회 2005 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.46 No.1
Crystal structure of monoclinic telluric acid ammonium phosphate (TAAP) has been studied by an X-ray diffraction method in the paraelectric phase at 333 K and in the ferroelectric phase at room temperature. It is conrmed that the space group in the paraelectric phase is P2/n. Comparison of the results between the two temperatures suggests that the plane which is made by the PO4 tetrahedron linked by hydrogen bonds has an important role for the ferroelectric phase transition. This plane is almost parallel to the direction of spontaneous polarization.
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Turbulent Combustion Properties of Outwardly Propagating Flames
Kimitoshi TANOUE,Fumio SHIMADA,Takashi NASU,Takayuki KAWASHIMA,Toshiro HAMATAKE 한국자동차공학회 2001 한국자동차공학회 Symposium Vol.- No.-
In engine combustion. turbulence generated by flow field motion such as swirl and flimbic, in the cylinder affects the propagating flame initiated by spark plug. resulting in the enhancement or the mass consumption rate or reactants as compared with the corresponding laminar flames. This in turn increases the heat release rate and thus power available from an engine of a given size. In this context the modeling and prediction or turbulent flame properties are or importance from the application point or view. In the present work, turbulent burning velocities or outwardly propagating premixed flames for methane and propane, which are representative of lighter or heavier hydrocarbon respectively, are investigated under the framework or flamelet concept which is based on the assumption that a chemical reaction occurs in thin layers that arc convected and distorted by the turbulent now field. In flamelet concept, the flame-flow interaction can be described in terms of total flame front surface and local flame structure. The local flame properties defined by the displacement speed and reaction rate depend on local hydrodynamic strain rate and curvature effects. Furthermore, the name response to flow divergence and curvature depends strongly on the Lewis number, characterized by the ratio of molecular diffusivity to thermal diffusivity. For non-unity Lewis numbers, differential diffusion of heat and species results in a certain sensitivity of the local flame structure to strain rate and curvature. Although this thermo-diffusive mechanism is well known for laminar names or for low stretched flames, recent studies have showed that it influences the local and global name structure of turbulent premixed combustion with high stretch. The primary objective of the present paper is to study experimentally the turbulent burning velocity and derive the fundamental equations in consideration of interaction between averaged name stretch and Lewis numbers<br/> <br/>
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