Types and density of calbindin D28k-immunoreactive ganglion cells in mouse retina

Gu, Y.N.,Lee, E.S.,Jeon, C.J. Academic Press 2016 Experimental eye research Vol.145 No.-

Single-cell injection after immunocytochemistry is a reliable technique for classifying neurons by their morphological structure and their expression of a particular protein. The aim of the present study was to classify the morphological types of calbindin D28k-immunoreactive retinal ganglion cells in the mouse using single-cell injection after immunocytochemistry, to estimate the density of calbindin D28k-immunoreactive retinal ganglion cells in the mouse retina. Calbindin D28k is an important calcium-binding protein that is widely expressed in the central nervous system. Calbindin D28k-immunoreactive retinal ganglion cells were identified by immunocytochemistry and then iontophoretically injected with the lipophilic dye, DiI. Subsequently, the injected cells were imaged by confocal microscopy to classify calbindin D28k-immunoreactive retinal ganglion cells based on their dendritic ramification depth within the inner plexiform layer, field size, and morphology. The cells were heterogeneous in morphology: monostratified or bistratified, with small to large dendritic field size and sparse to dense dendritic arbors. At least 10 different morphological types (CB1-CB10) of calbindin D28k-immunoreactive retinal ganglion cells were found in the mouse retina. The density of each cell type was quite variable (1.98-23.76%). The density of calbindin D28k-immunoreactive cells in the ganglion cell layer of the mouse retina was 562 cells/mm<SUP>2</SUP>, 8.18% of calbindin D28k-immunoreactive cells were axon-less displaced amacrine cells, 91.82% were retinal ganglion cells, and approximately 18.17% of mouse retinal ganglion cells expressed calbindin D28k. The selective expression of calbindin D28k in cells with different morphologies may provide important data for further physiological studies of the mouse retina.

The Presence of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Rice Straw During the Earlier Spring of Korea

Ha Guyn Sung,Sung Guk Kim,Joung Kyong Lee 한국초지조사료학회 2009 한국초지조사료학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.08

Mycotoxin producing moulds are commonly in contact with forage in the field before harvest, during harvesting, drying and transport and during storage. Therefore, this study was to isolate and identify fungi contaminated rice straw in the earlier spring of Korea. The pure fungi colony was isolated from normal rice straws in the tree dairy farms. The fungi were cultured on MEA and PDA agar plate and confirmed by sequencing the ITS region. Fungal contamination was found in all samples of rice straws and mold counts averaged 4.6×10⁴ per gram. The mycotoxigenic fungi found were Penicillium roqueforti and Fusarium culmorum. Other several fungi were determined Gibberella moniliformis, Ascomycota sp., Myrothecium sp. When the rice straw samples were analyzed mycotoxins by HPLC, it was not found aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin, ochratoxins A and T-2 toxin. The results suggest t㏊t the mold contaminated rice straw is not activated in the spring of cool season but is able to develop in the coming warm and humidly summer, specially mycotoxigenic fungi such ase Penicillium roqueforti and Fusarium culmorum.

Treatment of the Femoral Shaft Nonunion Occurred after Intramedullary Nailing

Heun Guyn Jung(정현균),Dae Joong Kim(김대중),Byung Hak Kim(김병학),Young Yool Chung(정영율) 대한정형외과학회 2007 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.42 No.5

목적: 골수강 금속정 고정후 발생한 대퇴골 불유합에 대해 여러 가지 방법으로 치료를 실시하고 각 방법들의 치료 효과에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1996년 1월부터 2000년 12월까지 교합정 골수정 고정 후 발생한 대퇴골 불유합 31예를 연구대상으로 하였다. 26예는 위축성 불유합이었으며 5예는 비후성 불유합이었다. 31예의 불유합에 대해 총 45회의 수술적 치료를 하였다. 골이식술 14회, 골수강 금속정 교환술 13회, 금속판 보강술 및 골이식술 14회, 역동화 수술 4회이었다. 결과: 31예의 불유합에 대한 1회 수술 성공률은 58%이었다. 4예의 역동화 수술은 전 예에서 실패하였으며, 금속정 교환술은 13예 중 7예(54%)에서 골유합을 얻었다. 14예의 금속판 보강술과 골이식술은 전 예에서 골유합을 얻었다. 골유합은 골절후 평균 20개월에 얻었다. 결론: 본 연구를 통해 확공후 금속정 교환술은 모든 불유합에서 골유합을 얻는 것은 아니었으며, 금속판 보강술과 골이식술은 합병증없이 불유합을 치료할 수 있는 좋은 방법이었다. Purpose: To evaluate of efficacy of the treatment options for a femoral shaft nonunion occurring after intramedullary nailing. Material and Methods: Thirty-one patients with nonunion of a femoral shaft fracture, who had been treated with interlocking intramedullary nailing from January 1996 to December 2000, were examined. Twenty-six had oligotrophic nonunion and five were hypervascular. Forty-five procedures were performed for 31 nonunions; bone grafting for 14, exchange nailing for 13, plate augmentation and bone grafting for 14 and dynamization for 4 cases. Results: The success rate after a single procedure was only 58%. The four dynamization cases failed to unite. Seven of the 13 (54%) nonunion cases treated with nail exchange healed satisfactorily. All cases treated with plate augmentation and bone grafting achieved successful union. The mean period from fracture to union was 20 months. Conclusion: Exchange nailing is not always a reliable procedure for treating nonunion of a femoral shaft fracture. Plate augmentation and bone grafting were found to be a successful mode of therapy for the femoral shaft nonunion without complications.

Low Ruminal pH Reduces Dietary Fiber Digestion via Reduced Microbial Attachment

Sung, Ha Guyn,Kobayashi, Yasuo,Chang, Jongsoo,Ha, Ahnul,Hwang, Il Hwan,Ha, J.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.2

In vitro rumen incubation studies were conducted to determine effects of initial pH on bacterial attachment and fiber digestion. Ruminal fluid pH was adjusted to 5.7, 6.2 and 6.7, and three major fibrolytic bacteria attached to rice straw in the mixed culture were quantified with real-time PCR. The numbers of attached and unattached Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminocococcus albus were lower (p<0.05) at initial pH of 5.7 without significant difference between those at higher initial pH. Lowering incubation media pH to 5.7 also increased bacterial numbers detached from substrate regardless of bacterial species. Dry matter digestibility, gas accumulation and total VFA production were pH-dependent. Unlike bacterial attachment, maintaining an initial pH of 6.7 increased digestion over initial pH of 6.2. After 48 h in vitro rumen fermentation, average increases in DM digestion, gas accumulation, and total VFA production at initial pH of 6.2 and 6.7 were 2.8 and 4.4, 2.0 and 3.0, and 1.2 and 1.6 times those at initial pH of 5.7, respectively. The lag time to reach above 2% DM digestibility at low initial pH was taken more times (8 h) than at high and middle initial pH (4 h). Current data clearly indicate that ruminal pH is one of the important determinants of fiber digestion, which is modulated via the effect on bacterial attachment to fiber substrates.

Effects of Methylcellulose on Cellulolytic Bacteria Attachment and Rice Straw Degradation in the In vitro Rumen Fermentation

Sung, Ha Guyn,Kim, Min Ji,Upadhaya, Santi Devi,Ha, Jong K.,Lee, Sung Sill Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.9

An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of methylcellulose on the attachment of major cellulolytic bacteria on rice straw and its digestibility. Rice straw was incubated with ruminal mixture with or without 0.1% methylcellulose (MC). The attachment of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus populations on rice straw was measured using real-time PCR with specific primer sets. Methylcellulose at the level of 0.1% decreased the attachment of all three major cellulolytic bacteria. In particular, MC treatment reduced (p<0.05) attachment of F. succinogenes on rice straw after 10 min of incubation while a significant reduction (p<0.05) in attachment was not observed until 4 h incubation in the case of R. flavefaciens and R. albus. This result indicated F. succinogenes responded to MC more sensitively and earlier than R. flavefaciens and R. albus. Dry matter digestibility of rice straw was subsequently inhibited by 0.1% MC, and there was a significant difference between control and MC treatment (p<0.05). Incubated cultures containing MC had higher pH and lower gas production than controls. Current data clearly indicated that the attachment of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus on rice straw was inhibited by MC, which apparently reduced rice straw digestion.

영업비밀 침해에 대한 형사규정 적용 실태 및 개선방안

신승균(Seung Guyn Shin) 중앙법학회 2011 中央法學 Vol.13 No.4

In spite of the strengthening of criminal punishment and security measures against the illegal industrial technology outflow, the number of technology leak crime has been increased consistently. This study tried to extract the practical problems and suggest the amendment alternatives for the Trade Secret Protection Law by analysing 220 criminal cases of technology outflow crime during 2007-2010. The result of analysis showed that the average period of sentences was relatively short and about 80% of imprisonment sentences was suspended the execution. That means the courts were relatively generous to the technology leak crime and there were not much common understanding on the criteria of determination of punishment. There are not many fine sentence cases and it could be derived from the difficulty of assessment of the amount of monetary damage or criminal gain. The majority of non-guilty cases were related to the concept of trade secret provided by the provisions of the Trade Secret Protection Law. To promote the efficiency of the Law and punishment, the concept of trade secret needed to be clarified and simplified through amending the Law. And the fine clause of the Law also suggested to be amended so that it was possible to sentence fine punishment without difficulty of calculating the criminal gain. In much portion of trade secret infringement cases, occupational breach of trust and infringement of a computer program copy right were concurred at the same time. This result suggests that the trend of the development of IT technology which has been influenced the means and a mode of technology outflow crime should be taken into consideration and reflected current legislation to promote efficiency of technology leak preventing legal system.

효소, 생균제 및 암모니아 처리가 섬유소 박테리아 부착 및 분해 증진에 대한 한우 반추위 In vitro 발효 연구

성하균 ( Ha Guyn Sung ) 한국축산학회 2021 동물자원연구 Vol.32 No.4

본 연구는 한우의 볏짚 이용성을 높이기 위하여 반추위 섬유소 분해 박테리아의 기질부착 증진을 위한 방법을 탐구하고자 실시하였다. 볏짚 기질은 효소, 생균제 및 암모니아로 미리 처리하였으며 in vitro 반추위 발효를 통한 섬유소 박테리아의 기질 부착 증진 및 섬유소 분해 향상에 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석하였다. 효소는 cellulase와 xylanase를 볏짚 g당 각각 40 및 120U가 되도록 혼합 분무 처리하였고, 생균제는 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 배양물을 볏짚 g당 1.0×10⁷CFU가 되도록 분무 처리하였으며, 암모니아는 기질의 0.3 % 수준으로 분무 처리 하였다. 효소를 처리하였을 때 in vitro 배양 6 및 12시간에 F. succinogenes은 대조구(7.26±0.03 및 8.43±0.20)에 비하여 더 높은 기질부착 군락을 형성하였고(p<0.05), R. flavefaciens도 대조구(5.18±0.06 및 6.60±0.15)에 비하여 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 그리고 R. albus도 배양 6시간에 대조구(5.94±0.15)에 비하여 유의적 증가를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 생균제를 처리하였을 때 F. succinogenes는 배양 6 및 12시간 모두 대조구에 비하여 기질부착 군락이 증가하였고(p<0.05), R. flavefaciens는 배양 6시간에서 유의적 증가를 나타내었으나(p<0.05). R. albus는 생균제 처리에 의한 영향을 받지 않았다. 그리고 암모니아를 처리하였을 때 F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens 및 R. albus는 배양 6 및 12시간 모두 암모니아 처리에 의하여 기질 부착 군락이 증가하였다(p<0.05). 반추위 in vitro DM 소화율은 효소를 처리하였을 때 배양 6 및 12시간 모두 대조구(1.85±0.08 및 3.94±0.04)에 비하여 높았으며(p<0.05), 생균제 및 암모니아 처리에서도 무처리 볏짚에 비하여 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 따라서 이상의 연구 결과는 처리제 특성 및 섬유소 분해 박테리아 종류에 따라 섬유소 기질 부착 증진 수준에 차이를 나타내었지만, 효소, 생균제 및 암모니아 처리가 섬유소 박테리아의 부착 증진에 좋은 영향을 주었고 소화율 향상에도 크게 기여한 것으로 사료된다. 또한 이러한 기능은 효소와 암모니아 처리가 생균제 처리에 비하여 더 효율적인 것으로 사료된다. This in vitro study investigated the enhancement of rumen bacterial adhesion on a substrate to increase the digestibility of rice straw in Hanwoo cattle. The rice straw was pretreated with enzymes, probiotics, or ammonia, and the effects on the enhancement of bacterial adhesion and fiber degradation were analyzed using in vitro rumen fermentation. Enzyme treatment included spraying of cellulase and xylanase at 40 and 120 U per g of rice straw, respectively; Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture of 1.0×10⁷ CFU was sprayed as a probiotic treatment per gram of rice straw; ammonia was sprayed at 0.3% per gram of rice straw. Following enzyme treatment, Fibrobacter succinogenes formed a higher adhesion colony than the control group (7.26±0.03 and 8.43±0.20) after 6h and 12h of in vitro culture (p<0.05), respectively. Attachment of Ruminococcus flavefaciens also increased following enzyme treatment (p<0.05) after 6 and 12 h compared to that of the control (5.18±0.06 and 6.60±0.15); and R. albus attachment showed a significant increase compared to that of the control (5.94±0.15) after 6 h of incubation (p<0.05). Probiotic treatment increased attachment of F. succinogenes in comparison with untreated rice straw after 6 h and 12 h of fermentation (p<0.05); R. flavefaciens attachment showed an increase only after 6 h of culture (p<0.05); R. albus was not affected. Attachment of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens, and R. albus increased with ammonia treatment after 6 h and 12 h (p<0.05). Dry matter digestibility was higher after the enzyme treatment (3.45±0.21 and 7.04±0.09) than in the control group(1.85±0.08 and 3.94±0.04) after 6 and 12 h of in vitro culture (p<0.05), respectively. It was also higher than that of untreated rice straw after probiotic and ammonia treatments (p<0.05). There was an increase in the enhancement levels of bacterial adhesion depending on the type of fibrolytic bacteria following enzyme, probiotic, and ammonia treatment. These treatments improved digestibility. This enhancement is considered to be greater following enzyme and ammonia treatments than with probiotics.

층간소음크기 알림 모바일 앱 프로그램

이정균(Jeong-Guyn Lee),최준호(Jun-Ho Choi),장정빈(Jeong-Bin Jang),전현구(Hyeon-Ku Jeon),임재권(Jae-Kwon Eem) 한국정보기술학회 2019 Proceedings of KIIT Conference Vol.2019 No.6

녹중탕이 흰쥐의 성장, 식이효율 및 혈액형상에 미치는 효과

성하균(Ha Guyn Sung) 한국식품영양과학회 2005 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.34 No.8

전통적으로 사용되어온 녹중탕에 대한 기초적 연구로서 본 실험은 녹중탕의 영양학적 성분을 분석하고 이를 투여했을 때 흰쥐의 발육에 미치는 영향에 대하여 고찰하였다. Sprague-Dawley종 5주령의 어린 쥐와 10주령의 성숙 쥐를 각각 처리군별 12마리씩 배치하였고, 녹중탕을 급여하지 않는 대조군, 권장량을 급여하는 녹중탕 Ⅰ군 그리고 권장량의 3배를 급여하는 녹중탕 Ⅱ군로 구분하여 10주간 사육하였으며, 실험쥐의 체중, 식이섭취량, 식이효율, 장기발육 및 혈액형상에 대하여 조사하였다. 녹중탕은 일반 영양 성분을 비롯한 다양한 광물질과 필수 및 비필수아미노산을 함유하였고, 수분이 97%이상이었고, 건물 기준으로 조단백질이 22.78%로 가장 많았으며 광물질 중 Mg가 0.48% 그리고 아미노산 중 methionine와 proline이 각각 1.31% 그리고 1.67%로 비교적 높았다. 어린 쥐와 성숙 쥐 모두에서 녹중탕 Ⅰ과 Ⅱ 그리고 대조군 간에 실험쥐의 시험 종료시 평균체중과 식이섭취량의 통계적 유의차는 발견되지 않았다. 그리고 간, 심장, 신장 및 위장 등의 장기 무게와 백혈구, 적혈구, 혈색소, 헤마토크릿 및 혈소판 등의 혈액학적 지수에 있어서도 통계적 유의차가 발견되지 않았다. 즉, 녹중탕 식이로 이상적으로 장기가 비대해지거나 억제됨 없이 정상적 발육이 이루어졌으며, 녹중탕 권장량의 3배로 과량 식이하였을 때도 이상 현상 없이 정상적 혈액학적 지수를 나타냈다. 그리고 대조구, 녹중탕 Ⅰ 그리고 녹중탕 Ⅱ의 식이 이용효율에 있어서 어린 쥐는 각각 6.00, 5.81, 5.99 그리고 성숙 쥐는 9.03, 8.98, 9.10을 나타냈다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 녹중탕이 생리대사에 무해하고 안전하며, 우리나라 고서에서 언급하는 한방학적 효능에 대한 세부적 및 과학적 규명과 함께 전통적 건강 증진 식품으로 개발 필요성 및 가능성을 시사한다. Korean traditional deer decoction (Nogjungtang), composed of oriental herbs and almost deer parts, has been used as an important resource for human health. For basic studying on Nogjungtang, this experiment was conducted to evaluate nutritional effects of Nogjungtang, and estimate its effect on growth, food efficiency, organ development and hematological indices in growing and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into three groups as follows; control: non-supplementation, Nogjungtang Ⅰ: recommended dose, and Nogjungtang Ⅱ: thrice recommended dose. Nogjungtang was composed of various general nutrients with up 93% moisture. Crude protein is the highest value as 22.78%, Mg is a major mineral as 0.48% compared to other minerals, and methionine and proline are higher by 1.31 and 1.67% than other amino acids based on dry matter, re-spectively. In both growing and adult rats, there were no significant difference in body weight gain and feed intake between the control and Nogjungtang groups. Also, organs weights (liver, heart, kidney and stomach) and hematological indices (WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct and Platelet) did not show statistically significant differences among the experimental groups. However, all of experimental rats were normal growth without hypertrophy or negative development of organs by Nogjungtang. Hematological indices maintained in normal value by thrice recommended dose of Nogjungtang. The average body weight of each treatment groups showed similar levels at end of experiment. In case of the feed efficiency ratio (feed intake/body gain), the growing rats showed 6.00, 5.81 and 5.99 and adult rats showed 9.03, 8.98 and 9.10 in control, Nogjungtang Ⅰ and Nogjungtang Ⅱ, respectively. In conclusion, although further investigation of Nogjungtang should be performed in the functions registered in many ancient literatures, Nogjungtang is physiologically safe and may have potential as candidate food for human health.

Screening and Characterization of Lactate Dehydrogenase-producing Microorganism

Sung, Ha Guyn,Lee, Jae Heung,Shin, Hyung Tai Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.10

The objective of this work was to isolate a microorganism, able to produce high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, for use as a microbial feed additive. The LDH is an important enzyme for lactate conversion in the rumen, thereby possibly overcoming lactic acidosis owing to sudden increases of cereal in the diets of ruminants. In the present study, various bacterial strains were screened from a variety of environments. Among the isolated microorganisms, strain FFy 111-1 isolated from a Korean traditional fermented vegetable food called Kimchi showed the highest enzyme activity, along with retaining strong enzyme activity even in rumen fluid in vitro. Based on morphological and biochemical characteristics as well as compositions of cellular fatty acids plus API analyses, this strain was identified as Lactobacillus sp. The optimum temperature and pH for growth were found to be 30$^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.5, respectively. A maximum cell growth of 2.2 at $A_{650}$ together with LDH activity of 2.08 U per mL was achieved after 24 h of incubation. Initial characterization of FFy 111-1 suggested that it could be a potential candidate for use as a direct-fed microbial in the ruminant animals.