Knowledge and Experiences of Risks among Pupils in Vocational Education

Andersson, Ing-Marie,Gunnarsson, Kristina,Rosen, Gunnar,Aberg, Marie Mostrom Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2014 Safety and health at work Vol.5 No.3

Background: Young male and female workers are over-represented in statistics concerning negative outcomes of poor work environment and risky work. Young workers often have low awareness of risk, a lack of safety training, and inadequate introduction to the work. The aim of this study was to identify the knowledge and experiences of pupils of vocational schools concerning potential work environment risks in their future work. Methods: The study design was a dual one, and included a questionnaire and focus group interviews. The study group consisted of 239 pupils from 10 upper secondary schools, who were graduating pupils in four vocational programs: the Industrial Technology Programme, the Restaurant Management and Food Programme, the Transport Programme, and the Handicraft Programme (in which students specialize in wood products). The upper secondary schools were located in the central region of Sweden. Results: The pupils had limited knowledge that employers must, by law, conduct risk analyses and prevent risks. Many felt that they themselves are mainly responsible for performing their tasks safely. Pupils in all programs mentioned acute risk as the greatest risk at work. The theoretical education about safety at work was provided in the $1^{st}$ year of the 3-year vocational programs. Conclusion: A systematic approach to pupils' training in work environment, which is a basis for a safe and healthy workplace, is lacking. The study findings indicate that pupils are offered knowledge far from that intended by laws and by state-of-the-art occupational health risk research.

Knowledge and Experiences of Risks among Pupils in Vocational Education

Ing-Marie Andersson,Kristina Gunnarsson,Gunnar Rosèn,Marie Moström Åberg 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 2014 Safety and health at work Vol.5 No.3

Background: Young male and female workers are over-represented in statistics concerning negativeoutcomes of poor work environment and risky work. Young workers often have low awareness of risk, alack of safety training, and inadequate introduction to the work. The aim of this study was to identify theknowledge and experiences of pupils of vocational schools concerning potential work environment risksin their future work. Methods: The study design was a dual one, and included a questionnaire and focus group interviews. Thestudy group consisted of 239 pupils from 10 upper secondary schools, who were graduating pupils infour vocational programs: the Industrial Technology Programme, the Restaurant Management and FoodProgramme, the Transport Programme, and the Handicraft Programme (in which students specialize inwood products). The upper secondary schools were located in the central region of Sweden. Results: The pupils had limited knowledge that employers must, by law, conduct risk analyses andprevent risks. Many felt that they themselves are mainly responsible for performing their tasks safely. Pupils in all programs mentioned acute risk as the greatest risk at work. The theoretical education aboutsafety at work was provided in the 1st year of the 3-year vocational programs. Conclusion: A systematic approach to pupils’ training in work environment, which is a basis for a safe andhealthy workplace, is lacking. The study findings indicate that pupils are offered knowledge far from thatintended by laws and by state-of-the-art occupational health risk research.

Role of Headmasters, Teachers, and Supervisors in Knowledge Transfer about Occupational Health and Safety to Pupils in Vocational Education

Ing-Marie Andersson,Kristina Gunnarsson,Gunnar Rosèn 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 2015 Safety and health at work Vol.6 No.4

Background: Young people are at an increased risk for illness in working life. The authorities stipulate certain goals for training in occupational health and safety (OHS) in vocational schools. A previous study concluded that pupils in vocational education had limited knowledge in the prevention of health risks at work. The aim of the current study, therefore, was to study how OHS training is organized in school and in workplace-based learning (WPL). Methods: The study design featured a qualitative approach, which included interviews with 12 headmasters, 20 teachers, and 20 supervisors at companies in which the pupils had their WPL. The study was conducted at 10 upper secondary schools, located in Central Sweden, that were graduating pupils in four vocational programs. Results: The interviews with headmasters, teachers, and supervisors indicate a staggered picture of how pupils are prepared for safe work. The headmasters generally give teachers the responsibility for how goals should be reached. Teaching is very much based on risk factors that are present in the workshops and on teachers’ own experiences and knowledge. The teaching during WPL also lacks the systematic training in OHS as well as in the traditional classroom environment. Conclusion: Teachers and supervisors did not plan the training in OHS in accordance with the provisions of systematic work environment management. Instead, the teachers based the training on their own experiences. Most of the supervisors did not receive information from the schools as to what should be included when introducing OHS issues in WPL.

Role of Headmasters, Teachers, and Supervisors in Knowledge Transfer about Occupational Health and Safety to Pupils in Vocational Education

Andersson, Ing-Marie,Gunnarsson, Kristina,Rosen, Gunnar Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2015 Safety and health at work Vol.6 No.4

Background: Young people are at an increased risk for illness in working life. The authorities stipulate certain goals for training in occupational health and safety (OHS) in vocational schools. A previous study concluded that pupils in vocational education had limited knowledge in the prevention of health risks at work. The aim of the current study, therefore, was to study how OHS training is organized in school and in workplace-based learning (WPL). Methods: The study design featured a qualitative approach, which included interviews with 12 headmasters, 20 teachers, and 20 supervisors at companies in which the pupils had their WPL. The study was conducted at 10 upper secondary schools, located in Central Sweden, that were graduating pupils in four vocational programs. Results: The interviews with headmasters, teachers, and supervisors indicate a staggered picture of how pupils are prepared for safe work. The headmasters generally give teachers the responsibility for how goals should be reached. Teaching is very much based on risk factors that are present in the workshops and on teachers' own experiences and knowledge. The teaching during WPL also lacks the systematic training in OHS as well as in the traditional classroom environment. Conclusion: Teachers and supervisors did not plan the training in OHS in accordance with the provisions of systematic work environment management. Instead, the teachers based the training on their own experiences. Most of the supervisors did not receive information from the schools as to what should be included when introducing OHS issues in WPL.

A simple clinical assessment of breast animation deformity following direct-to-implant breast reconstruction

Dyrberg, Diana Lydia,Gunnarsson, Gudjon Leifur,Bille, Camilla,Sorensen, Jens Ahm,Thomsen, Jorn Bo Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2019 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.46 No.6

Background A high incidence of breast animation deformity (BAD) has been reported following immediate breast reconstruction with subpectorally placed implants. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the incidence of BAD in women who underwent either subpectoral or prepectoral immediate breast reconstruction. Therefore, we developed a grading tool and tested its reproducibility in a clinical setting. Methods Video recordings of 37 women who had undergone unilateral or bilateral immediate breast reconstruction were evaluated by two consultant plastic surgeons. The degree of BAD was assessed by our grading tool, named the Nipple, Surrounding Skin, Entire Breast (NSE) grading scale, which evaluates the degree of tissue distortion in three areas of the breast. Blinded assessments were performed twice by each observer. Results Eighteen patients were reconstructed with subpectoral implant placement and 19 with prepectoral implant placement. Using the NSE grading scale, we found a significant difference in the degree of BAD between the groups, in favor of patients who underwent prepectoral immediate breast reconstruction (0.2 vs. 4, P=0.000). Inter- and intraobserver agreement was moderate (74%) to strong (88%). Conclusions The incidence and severity of BAD was significantly lower in women reconstructed with a prepectorally placed implant than in those who underwent subpectoral immediate breast reconstruction. All patients reconstructed using the subpectoral technique had some degree of BAD. The inter- and intraobserver agreements were high when using the NSE grading scale, suggesting it is an easy-to-use, reproducible scale for assessing BAD in women who undergo immediate breast reconstruction.

A simple clinical assessment of breast animation deformity following direct-to-implant breast reconstruction

Diana Lydia Dyrberg,Gudjon Leifur Gunnarsson,Camilla Bille,Jens Ahm Sørensen,Jørn Bo Thomsen 대한성형외과학회 2019 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.46 No.6

Background A high incidence of breast animation deformity (BAD) has been reported followingimmediate breast reconstruction with subpectorally placed implants. The aim of thisstudy was to assess and compare the incidence of BAD in women who underwent either subpectoralor prepectoral immediate breast reconstruction. Therefore, we developed a gradingtool and tested its reproducibility in a clinical setting. Methods Video recordings of 37 women who had undergone unilateral or bilateral immediatebreast reconstruction were evaluated by two consultant plastic surgeons. The degree ofBAD was assessed by our grading tool, named the Nipple, Surrounding Skin, Entire Breast(NSE) grading scale, which evaluates the degree of tissue distortion in three areas of thebreast. Blinded assessments were performed twice by each observer. Results Eighteen patients were reconstructed with subpectoral implant placement and 19with prepectoral implant placement. Using the NSE grading scale, we found a significant differencein the degree of BAD between the groups, in favor of patients who underwent prepectoralimmediate breast reconstruction (0.2 vs. 4, P=0.000). Inter- and intraobserver agreementwas moderate (74%) to strong (88%). Conclusions The incidence and severity of BAD was significantly lower in women reconstructedwith a prepectorally placed implant than in those who underwent subpectoral immediatebreast reconstruction. All patients reconstructed using the subpectoral techniquehad some degree of BAD. The inter- and intraobserver agreements were high when using theNSE grading scale, suggesting it is an easy-to-use, reproducible scale for assessing BAD inwomen who undergo immediate breast reconstruction.

Breast animation deformity

Dyrberg, Diana Lydia,Bille, Camilla,Gunnarsson, Gudjon Leifur,Frandsen, Tove Faber,Salzberg, C. Andrew,Sorensen, Jens Ahm,Thomsen, Jorn Bo Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2019 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.46 No.1

Breast animation deformity (BAD) has been reported to occur after submuscular implant placement following breast augmentation and immediate breast reconstruction. Despite its apparent impact on patients' quality of life, BAD has only recently become a topic of general concern. Its incidence and etiology have yet to be established. The aim of this systematic review was to identify papers that clearly defined and classified BAD and described how the degree of animation was assessed. We performed a search in PubMed and Embase. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria that described BAD after implant-based breast augmentation or immediate breast reconstruction were included. After screening 866 publications, four studies were included: three describing BAD after breast augmentation and one describing BAD after immediate breast reconstruction. The median percentage of patients with some degree of BAD was 58%. The highest percentages were found in patients operated on using the Regnault technique or the dual-plane technique (73%-78%). The lowest percentages were found following the dual-plane muscle-splitting technique (30%) and the triple-plane technique (33%). We found no studies meeting the inclusion criteria that analyzed BAD after prepectoral implant placement. This review of the current literature suggests that the degree of BAD is proportional to the degree of muscle involvement. Evidence is scarce, and the phenomenon seems to be underreported. Future comparative studies are warranted.

Breast animation deformity

Diana Lydia Dyrberg,Camilla Bille,Gudjon Leifur Gunnarsson,Tove Faber Frandsen,C. Andrew Salzberg,Jens Ahm Sørensen,Jørn Bo Thomsen 대한성형외과학회 2019 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.46 No.1

Breast animation deformity (BAD) has been reported to occur after submuscular implant placement following breast augmentation and immediate breast reconstruction. Despite its apparent impact on patients’ quality of life, BAD has only recently become a topic of general concern. Its incidence and etiology have yet to be established. The aim of this systematic review was to identify papers that clearly defined and classified BAD and described how the degree of animation was assessed. We performed a search in PubMed and Embase. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria that described BAD after implant-based breast augmentation or immediate breast reconstruction were included. After screening 866 publications, four studies were included: three describing BAD after breast augmentation and one describing BAD after immediate breast reconstruction. The median percentage of patients with some degree of BAD was 58%. The highest percentages were found in patients operated on using the Regnault technique or the dual-plane technique (73%–78%). The lowest percentages were found following the dual-plane muscle-splitting technique (30%) and the triple-plane technique (33%). We found no studies meeting the inclusion criteria that analyzed BAD after prepectoral implant placement. This review of the current literature suggests that the degree of BAD is proportional to the degree of muscle involvement. Evidence is scarce, and the phenomenon seems to be underreported. Future comparative studies are warranted.