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Current situation and future prospects for the Australian beef industry - A review
Greenwood, Paul L,Gardner, Graham E,Ferguson, Drewe M Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2018 Animal Bioscience Vol.31 No.7
Beef production extends over almost half of Australia, with about 47,000 cattle producers that contribute about 20% ($A12.7 billion gross value of production) of the total value of farm production in Australia. Australia is one of the world's most efficient producers of cattle and was the world's third largest beef exporter in 2016. The Australian beef industry had 25 million head of cattle in 2016-17, with a national beef breeding herd of 11.5 million head. Australian beef production includes pasture-based cow-calf systems, a backgrounding or grow-out period on pasture, and feedlot or pasture finishing. Feedlot finishing has assumed more importance in recent years to assure the eating quality of beef entering the relatively small Australian domestic market, and to enhance the supply of higher value beef for export markets. Maintenance of Australia's preferred status as a quality assured supplier of high value beef produced under environmentally sustainable systems from 'disease-free' cattle is of highest importance. Stringent livestock and meat quality regulations and quality assurance systems, and productivity growth and efficiency across the supply chain to ensure price competiveness, are crucial for continued export market growth in the face of increasing competition. Major industry issues, that also represent research, development and adoption priorities and opportunities for the Australian beef industry have been captured within exhaustive strategic planning processes by the red meat and beef industries. At the broadest level, these issues include consumer and industry support, market growth and diversification, supply chain efficiency, productivity and profitability, environmental sustainability, and animal health and welfare. This review provides an overview of the Australian beef industry including current market trends and future prospects, and major issues and opportunities for the continued growth, development and profitability of the industry.
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Greenwood, D A,Shupe, J L,Stoddard, G E,Harris, L E,Nielsen, H M,Olson, L E 한국영양사료학회 1980 韓國營養飼料學會誌 Vol.4 No.1
Clinical fluorosis in livestock was unequivocally diagnosed in Utah for the first time in 1951. In and effort to define and evaluate the fluorosis situation in Utah, personnel of the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station began a series of investigations. Initial projects were designed to determine the extent and distribution of fluorosis in plants and animals in several areas of Utah, and to investigate the fluorine content of water and animal feeds. A number of different studies on the biological effects of fluorine compounds on animals and plants were subsequently made by Utah State University scientists. Some of the work was done in collaboration with representatives of the Columbia Geneca Division of the United States Steel Corporation; the Stanford Research Institute; and with Agricultural Experiment Station personnel from California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Tennessee, Washington, and Wisconsin. Several sources of fluorides were recognized as possible contributors to livestock ingestion. The most probable sources of the excessive intake in Utah were considered to be: (1) forages subjected to airborne contamination in areas near certain industrial operations that heat fluorine-containing materials to high temperatures and expel fluorides, (2) drinking water high in fluoride content, (3) feed supplements and mineral mixtures high in fluoride content, and (4) vegetation growing on soils high in fluoride content. Particular emphasis in the Utah studied was given to investigating the biological effects of feeding flurine, in the combined or fluoride form, to dairy cattle. A review of reported fluorosis research, as summarized and evaluated by the National Research Council (1960), revealed that Hoffman and Reed (1930) and Reed and Hoffman (1934), Suttie et al, (1957a and b. 1959,m and 1961). Hobbs et al. (1954 and 1962) Schmidt et al. (1954), and Newell et al. (1958) had started animals on experiment when they were one, two, or more years old. Animals in endemic fluorosis areas, however, would logically be exposed to fluoride intakes throughout most of their life-span. The major Utah controlled experiment, therefore, was designed to study the effects of such lifetime exposure. Under field conditions, fluoride intakes will vary from time to time even among aminals in the same herd; however, in the Utah experiments, fluoride intakes were maintained at relatively constant levels throughout the trials. This fact must be borne in mind when extrapolating the experiments involved beef cattle (Bell et al., 1961), sheep (Harris et al., 1958 and 1963), turkeys (Anderson et al., 1955), fish (Angelovic et al., 1961 ; Neuhold and Sigler, 1960 and 1962; and unpublished data), and big game (J. B. Low unpublished data). In addition, thousands of field cases of fluorosis in livestock were observed over a 12-year period, and more than 200 beef and dairy animals of different ages with varying degrees of fluorosis were neeropsied. Data from the controlled experiments have been recorded in appropriate technical journals Harris et al., J. Animal Sci. in press 1964; Mangelson , 1963; Miller and Shupe, 1962; Olson et al., 1958; Shupe et al., 1955, 1962, 1963a, 1963b; Stoddard et al., 1963a, 1963b). It seemed advisable, however, to unite the information derived from the Utah projects on fluorosis in cattle into one comprehensive report. This publication is such a presentation.
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Deviant Sexuality and Positive Outcomes in Ulysses and The Waste Land
( Amanda Greenwood ) 한국제임스조이스학회 2013 제임스조이스저널 Vol.19 No.2
This essay aims to highlight the forms of deviant sexuality in the “Nausicaa” episode of Ulysses and the sections “A Game of Chess” and “The Fire Sermon” in The Waste Land. At the same time, uncovering biographical details from the authors` personal lives can help us to understand why they were so fixated on this type of sexuality and may aid us in understanding why these deviant behaviors can be a form of positive outcomes and liberation for the characters and/or societies in the works.
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Kelsi Greenwood,Reinette van Zyl,Natalie Keough,Erik Hohmann 대한해부학회 2021 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.54 No.1
Surgical access to the posterior knee poses a high-risk for neurovascular damage. The study aimed to define the popliteal fossa by reliable bony landmarks and comprehensively mapping the neurovascular structures for application in posterior knee surgery. Forty-five (20 male, 25 female) embalmed adult cadaveric knees were included. The position of the small saphenous vein (SSV), medial cutaneous sural nerve (MCSN) and lateral cutaneous sural nerv (LCSN), tibial nerve (TN) and common fibular nerve (CFN) nerves, and popliteal vein (PV) and popliteal artery (PA) were determined in relation to either medial (MFE) or lateral (LFE) femoral epicondyles, medial (MTC) and lateral (LTC) tibial condyles and the midpoint between the MFE and MTC and LFEF and LTC. The distance between the MFE and the PA, PV, TN, MCSN, and SSV was 38.4±12.1 mm, 38.4±12.9 mm, 39.4±10.2 mm, 39.2±14.0 mm and 37.6±12.5 mm respectively for males and 34.6±4.9 mm, 32.8±5.6 mm and 38.0±8.1 mm 38.8±10.1 mm and 37.9±8.2 mm respectively for females. The distance between LFE and the CFN and LCSN was 13.4±8.2 mm and 24.9±7.3 mm respectively for males and 8.4±9.1 mm and 18.4±10.4 mm respectively in females. This study defined the popliteal fossa by reliable bony landmarks and provided a comprehensive map of the neurovascular structures and will help to avoid injuries to the important neurovascular structures.
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Mechanisms of Stress-induced Visceral Pain
( Beverley Greenwood-van Meerveld ),( Anthony C Johnson ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2018 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.24 No.1
Evidence suggests that long-term stress facilitates visceral pain through sensitization of pain pathways and promotes chronic visceral pain disorders such as the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This review will describe the importance of stress in exacerbating IBS-induced abdominal pain. Additionally, we will briefly review our understanding of the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by both chronic adult stress and following early life stress in the pathogenesis of IBS. The review will focus on the glucocorticoid receptor and corticotropin-releasing hormone-mediated mechanisms in the amygdala involved in stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity. One potential mechanism underlying persistent effects of stress on visceral sensitivity could be epigenetic modulation of gene expression. While there are relatively few studies examining epigenetically mediated mechanisms involved in stress-induced visceral nociception, alterations in DNA methylation and histone acetylation patterns within the brain, have been linked to alterations in nociceptive signaling via increased expression of pro-nociceptive neurotransmitters. This review will discuss the latest studies investigating the long-term effects of stress on visceral sensitivity. Additionally, we will critically review the importance of experimental models of adult stress and early life stress in enhancing our understanding of the basic molecular mechanisms of nociceptive processing. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018;24:7-18)
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The Adulthood Crisis of Societal Role Conformity in “A Little Cloud”
( Amanda Greenwood ) 한국제임스조이스학회 2016 제임스조이스저널 Vol.22 No.2
This critical essay focuses on how British colonial institutions adversely affected the adult male character of Little Chandler in “A Little Cloud.” Having passed through two distinct masculine crises in his childhood and adolescence, Chandler is now experiencing the adult crisis of conformity to the roles society has designated for him, such as father, husband, employee, and Irish man. Throughout the story, Chandler is forced with confronting and questioning the inadequacies of these social roles, and awakens to the fact that he is trapped in these roles for life. Joyce employs this masculine crisis to awaken the Irish people to the reasons for their own subjugation, but also to prevent the male characters from passing this on to their sons, reconfirming the cyclic destruction of colonialism.
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( Amanda Lynn Greenwood ) 한국제임스조이스학회 2013 제임스조이스저널 Vol.19 No.1
This paper focuses on how British colonial institutions adversely affected the adolescent characters in James Joyce’s Dubliners and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The adolescent crisis of identity found in Joyce’s works starts to take shape when the characters reach a pivotal point in their lives. The characters are forced to make a choice: conform to societal expectations or follow their individual instincts and risk social alienation. In addition, the characters that are undergoing the crisis of identity in Joyce’s writing are being influenced by society to make decisions that are diametrically opposed to what they truly want. In the first two examples from Dubliners, the protagonists give in to societal pressures and do what is expected of them. The third example, Stephen Dedalus in Portrait, despite enormous pressure from society to conform, chooses his own path of non-conformity. In all cases, the crisis of identity proves to be an extremely psychologically intense experience for the character regardless of whether he/she chooses to conform or not to conform. In exploring this important transition into adulthood, Joyce shows the adolescent characters as they face the most critical decisions of their young lives and tempers them for adulthood.
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