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      • Tortured mimesis: Representing punishment in early modern London (England)

        Greenberg, Marissa University of Pennsylvania 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

        RANK : 247343

        This dissertation investigates the surprising strategy by which early modern English drama explored its own status as mimesis: the simulation of the very punitive spectacles taking place right outside the playhouse walls. Whereas previous scholarship has considered stage and scaffold together primarily to bring both under the auspices of official ideology and practice, I attend to the mimetic strategies by which drama subordinates disciplinary spectacles to specifically theatrical interests. Simply put, I argue that scenes of torture and execution license the theater to talk about itself and assert its independence from the real-life events it represents. Even as the stage refers explicitly and insistently to punitive sites and procedures, it limits and resists any easy conflation with the scaffold. By simulating recognizable punitive spaces and forms, plays worked to satisfy fantasies, expectations, and tastes with mimetic spectacles charged with none of the consequences of their juridical foil. By looking at a range of plays by Shakespeare and his contemporaries written and performed between 1580 and 1620 that feature recognizable disciplinary venues, structures, and practices, I demonstrate the particular liberties that drama, in the interest of self-examination and promotion, took in staging punishment. In the first half of the dissertation, I use the category of space, particularly urban space, to reexamine the popular analogy of stage and scaffold. Represented juridical action frequently presupposes the audience's familiarity with London topography, including its sites of crime and punishment. By depicting the city itself as a punitive space, the stage offered not a mirror-image of London but a fantasy of urban security unavailable at the scaffold. More formalist concerns, specifically the intersection of convention and procedure, shape the dissertation's second half. I investigate plays that use the scaffold as a figure for the stage, such that simulations of punishment function self-referentially. Some of these plays insist upon genre's powers specifically by manipulating and overriding juridical procedure; others contain its energies by demonstrating the dire consequences of conflating mimesis and actuality.

      • A content oriented architecture for consumer-to-business eCommerce

        Greenberg, Joshua Harry University of Florida 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

        RANK : 247343

        Consumer-to-Business (C2B) systems represent the future of eCommerce. Using natural language as a basis, and remaining keenly aware of its potential pitfalls, we describe a new communication model based on a content-biased language (CBL). It is shown that the requirements of a C2B system cannot be satisfied with anything less than the stretchability of a CBL. Based on that realization, the remainder of the work strives to present a usable representation for a CBL, as well as an architecture for using that representation. The result of this work is the description of a new software quality measure called stretchability, as well as the introduction of perspective domain graphs (PDGs), external open ontological type systems (EOOTS), and global and constituent systems. The dissertation closes with the definition of a new distributed system design called the Content-Oriented Architecture (COA).

      • Worldliness and wit: Satire and the grotesque in the late modernist novel (Evelyn Waugh, Nathanael West, Djuna Barnes, Samuel Beckett, Ireland)

        Greenberg, Jonathan Daniel Princeton University 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

        RANK : 247343

        <italic>Worldliness and Wit: Satire and the Grotesque in the Late Modernist Novel</italic> argues for the importance of the interrelated aesthetic modes of satire and the grotesque to an understanding of modernist literature, particularly the fiction of the 1930s. Modernism, it maintains, can be understood not only through the traditional frameworks of philosophy, technique, or historical context, but also through its dominant <italic>sensibility </italic>—a sensibility that is, broadly speaking, satiric in its reduction of the human to the level of the animal or mechanical. In-depth readings of Evelyn Waugh's <italic>Vile Bodies</italic> and <italic>A Handful of Dust </italic>, Nathanael West's <italic>The Day of the Locust</italic>, and Djuna Barnes's <italic>Nightwood</italic>, as well as a brief afterword on Samuel Beckett's “Dante and the Lobster,” illustrate how some of the most powerful fiction of the decade displays a central concern with questions of suffering and with the aesthetic problems that representations of suffering necessarily present. In these works, the rejection of sentimentality, and the consequent repudiation of emotion as a guarantee of moral and aesthetic value, lead to the rise of an aestheticizing, ironic, and often apparently cruel attitude toward suffering. Indeed, in one sense, a modern sensibility rests precisely on such a satiric capacity to laugh at pain. But if the writers under discussion vehemently reject the sentimental, they also demonstrate a more subtle discomfort with the triumph of irony. In these novels, cruel wit and indifferent worldliness produce grotesque representations of bodies as machine-like or animal-like that elicit revulsion as well as laughter, and thus betray an underlying ambivalence toward the ethical consequences of the modern sensibility. Late modernist satire, in other words, recoils in the face of its own dehumanizing representations. The emergence of uncanny anxiety in the responses of both characters and readers toward such grotesques paradoxically affirms the value emotion, although only in negative or aversive forms. Ultimately, then, the fiction of the thirties stubbornly insists on a residual notion of the ethical, based in a human capacity for feeling, yet it can only do so through the cruelly satiric work of negation.

      • Early childhood education and care policies and children's care arrangements from 1991--2005: Evidence from the National Household Education Survey

        Greenberg, Joy Pastan Columbia University 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

        RANK : 247343

        In anticipation of increased demand for early childhood education and care programs created by welfare reform policies, policy makers substantially increased funding for early childhood education and care assistance during the 1990s. Policies such as means-tested child care subsidies, prekindergarten initiatives, and compensatory preschool education, can affect the range of options parents face in arranging early childhood education and care programs for their children. Under the best of scenarios, such policies would increase the enrollment of low-income children into more formal care settings such as center-based care. This study analyzes data on early childhood education and care enrollment from the National Household Education Surveys of 1991, 1995, 1999, 2001 and 2005. The results indicate that increased public funding of early childhood education and care programs did increase the likelihood that low-income children attend more formal care arrangements and for more hours. Given the high cost of early childhood education and care programs which contributes to continued significant disparities in access and quality in the type of care received, this study suggests that increased public funding may help lessen these disparities. If so, such funding would help close the gap in enrollment between these children and their more affluent counterparts and might also help more low-income children prepare for school.

      • Hidden folds of freedom: Freedom and the will in Leibniz and Malebranche (Nicolas de Malebranche, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz)

        Greenberg, Sean Harvard University 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

        RANK : 247343

        The dissertation consists of four parts. Part One, “Freedom and the Will in Early Modern Philosophy,” sketches an approach to the problem of freedom in early modern philosophy from the perspective of the faculties of the mind. It shows that attention to the faculties of the mind in general, and the will in particular, clarifies the changes in early modern conceptions of freedom from Descartes to Reid. Part Two, “Could Freedom Be a Miracle? Mind, Nature, and Human Freedom in Leibniz,” takes its starting point from a passage that recently has been the subject of considerable discussion by interpreters of Leibniz, the ‘private miracle’ passage from Leibniz's paper “Necessary and Contingent Truths,” in which Leibniz seems to claim that freedom is a miracle. I argue that this interpretation is based on a misunderstanding of Leibniz's conception of nature. Freedom is no miracle; it is attributable to the Leibnizian mind in virtue of its nature. This raises the question of how the nature of the Leibnizian mind accounts for freedom, to which I return in Part Four. Part Three, “The Occasion of Freedom in Malebranche,” considers a question first raised by Malebranche's contemporary Antoine Arnauld and thereafter posed by many of Malebranche's readers: “Is it not to say two things that undermine each other, to say that on the one hand, God does all things, and on the other, that man has free will?” I argue that Malebranche's conceptions of attention and the will provide the resources to answer Arnauld's question. According to Malebranche, agents determine themselves, and consequently are responsible for their free choices, but do not thereby cause any real change in the physical world that would require God's causal intervention. Part Four, “Freedom, Indifference, and the Will in Suarez, Leibniz, and Malebranche,” returns to the interpretive theme sketched in Part One, examining the interrelations between Leibniz's and Malebranche's conceptions of freedom and the faculties of the mind. Against the background of the will-based account of freedom developed by the late Aristotelian philosopher Francisco Suarez, it assesses the place of the will in Leibniz's and Malebranche's conceptions of freedom.

      • The green and the right: Rival views of consumption and the environment in American conservative thought

        Greenberg, Nadivah University of Pennsylvania 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

        RANK : 247343

        Prevailing American conservative views regarding consumption and the environment have evolved in ways incongruous to a past intellectual legacy. As the world's most voracious consumer and greatest power, the Unites States possesses a vast global footprint; this historically unprecedented combination of appetite and might translates into both potential and peril. Given that the repercussions of dominant American perspectives are not just domestic, but global, it is timely and critical to reflect on the conservative ideology today. This manuscript begins with a chapter on consumption and its relevance as a lens for studying conservative views of environmentalism. It then describes a past conservative intellectual heritage, arguing that this tradition often extolled virtues such as conservation, frugality, prudence and stewardship of the land. It then examines an array of contemporary conservatisms by laying out a typology of views: Classical, Theological, Free Market, National Security and Conservationist. With the exception of the first and last type, the spectrum shows that the prevailing disposition today is eco-skeptic in both ideology and practice. Yet there also exists considerable ideological elasticity in motive. Of much interest are green outliers described within the typology. Finally, the future direction of conservative thought with respect to consumption and the environment is assessed. Recent events, both natural and political, suggest that conservative thought is in transition with respect to the green.

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