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How to improve lower face contour including marionette lines and perioral wrinkels
( Giwoong Hong ) 대한피부과학회 2016 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.68 No.2
As we get older, we can see many signs of ageing like forehead wrinkles, glabellar lines, infraorbital hollowness, periorbital lines, cheek volume loss, deepening of nasolabial folds, perioral lines, lip volume loss, melolabial fold, labiomandibular fold, jowl and chin crease and so forth. Especially let``s see the perioral dynamic and static wrinkles, there are marionette lines which is aggravated from melolabial fold, upper and lower lip vertical wrinkles, oblique lip-chin crease, labiomental crease, central chin crease, labiomandibualr fold, and perioral cheek wrinkles and so on. In order to treat the marionette lines and perioral tight static and dynamic crease and wrinkles, we should know the exact anatomical knowledge about the function of facial muscles, retaining ligaments and fat compartments. Especially we should notice the layers of perioral muscles and modiolus. Perioral muscles are composed of 4 layers, 1st layer contains depressor anguli oris, superficial portion of orbicularis oris, superficial portion of zygomaticus major, and risorius, 2nd layer contains platysma, zygomaticus minor and levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, 3rd layer contains levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferioris and deep portion of orbicularis oris, 4th deepest layer contains deep portion of zygomaticus major, levator anguli oris, mentalis and buccinator. Muscles which are inserted to modiolus are zygomaticus major, levator anguli oris, depressor anguli oris, risorius, orbicularis oris and buccinators. Considering the treatment of marionette line, first we should know the cause of deepening melolabial fold that induce marionette line in the long run such as resorption of maxillary and mandibular bone, downward displacement by gravitational pull, depressed labiomandibular fat with sagging of jowl and buccal fat, tethering effect of mandibular ligament, compression of depressor anguli oris muscle and tight lower lip compartment with redundant skin and connective tissue above marionette line. In the practical treatment, we usually need combination procedure such as botulinum toxin injection to improve mouth corner depression by depressor anguli oris muscle action, removal of jowl fat, thread lifting and mandible border line and mouth corner filler.We can treat the improper lower face contour with small chin, marionette lines, prejowl sulcus, groove and furrow induced by retaining ligaments and static tight and dynamic wrinkles and lines by using the filler injection with toxin more effectively at the same time. But, considering the technique to be used for filler treatment, accurate filler injection into appropriate skin and soft tissue layers based on anatomical skin layer and subcutaneous fat partition is important to make proper results. The result of improper filler injection into incorrect layer will be unsatisfactoty and moreover it can make various side effects. Network of subcutaneous soft tissue with fat and fibrous septae is arranged in two (superficial and deep fat compartment) layers divided by SMAS on midface and facial muscles on lower face. An elevation and proper augmentation of the chin, depressed perioral area anterior to marionette line and prejowl sulcus on mandibular border can be achieved by augmentation of the deep fat layers under the perioral muscles and superficial injection into subdermal and subcutaneous area for smooth surface. I recommend the dual plane remodeling for successful filler treatment on lower face contour basically. The basic concept of dual plane remodeling is that relatively hard and large particle sized filler is injected into the deep layer for volumizing and small particle sized filler is injected into the superficial layer (usually subdermal layer) for an even surface without irregularities. To make a long story short, different filler is recommended for different plane. Looking at how to use dual plane effectively and the advantage of dual plane remodeling technique for filler injection, first, we had better use hard filler for volumizing, soft filler for thin skin and to smooth the irregular surface with gap layer and we should try to choose ideal filler for each target area, second, dual plane is easy to achieve natural-looking results and even surface with less amount of filler compared to one layer overfilling, third, repeat filling with gap layer is helpful for long term rejuvenation thanks to cellular turnover and newer tissue formation by collagen synthesis. Overfilling in subcutaneous tissue, one same layer can cause fat atrophy, bulging with unnatural appearance, migration or descent of injected filler and decreased circulation of treated area by pressure can induce infection and tissue reaction, lastly, we can limit the filler leftover because we need not use only one type filler. There are many filler injection techniques such as cross hatching, fanning, linear/serial threading, serial puncture, micropuncture/droplet (Kisses) and tower techniques. Especially we need to use and practice various techniques like bleaching, bolus, sandwich, tenting, fern leaf and duck walk technique for perioral static and scar-like wrinkle and crease as well an groove and furrow induced by fibrotic band of retaining ligament.
Using Topic Modeling to Analyze Transition of Movie Themes in South Korea
Giwoong Bae(배기웅),Hye-jin Kim(김혜진) 한국마케팅학회 2021 마케팅연구 Vol.36 No.3
본 연구는 한국 영화에서의 소재(테마)가 어떻게 변화했는지, 그리고 소재가 박스오피스 수입에 어떻게 영향을 미쳤는지 실증적으로 분석한다. 본 연구는 2004년에서 2018년 사이 한국에서 개봉한 영화를 토픽 모델링과 회귀모형으로 분석하였으며, 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 영화의 소재는 wide release movie와 limited release movie 모두에서 20개의 토픽이 순환해온 것으로 밝혀졌다. 둘째, 트렌드 분석 결과 wide release movie와 limited release movie 양쪽에서 다양한 토픽들이 꾸준한 증가 혹은 감소의 패턴을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 연도에 따라 각 토픽의 수익성은 다르게 나타났고, 이 효과는 limited release movie에서 더욱 분명하게 나타났다. 본 연구의 의의로, 영화 제작사와 배급사, 상영사는 이를 이용해 특정 시기에 흥행에 상대적으로 더 도움이 될 것으로 예측되는 소재를 차용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. In this study, we investigate how the themes of films released in South Korea (hereafter, Korea) have changed over time and how these different themes affect box office revenue. We used topic modeling and linear regression analysis to analyze films released in Korea between 2004 and 2018, and obtained the following results. First, we found 20 themes (i.e., topics) each in circulation for wide and limited release movies. Second, trend analysis showed that many themes followed increasing or decreasing patterns for both types of movies. However, depending on the year, different themes were seen to be more profitable, and this effect was more prevalent among limited release movies. At a managerial level, these findings can help film studios, distributors, and exhibitors identify and adopt specific themes that will contribute more to movie revenue at any point in time.
Nam, Giwoong,Park, Youngbin,Ji, Iksoo,Kim, Byunggu,Lee, Sang-heon,Kim, Do Yeob,Kim, Soaram,Kim, Sung-O,Leem, Jae-Young American Chemical Society 2015 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.7 No.1
<P>In this study, we report a novel regrowth method of sol–gel-prepared ZnO films using a vapor-confined face-to-face annealing (VC-FTFA) technique in which mica was inserted between two films, followed by annealing with the FTFA method. The ZnO nanorods are regrown when zinc acetate dihydrate and zinc chloride (ZnCl<SUB>2</SUB>) are used as the solvent, because these generate ZnCl<SUB>2</SUB> vapor. The near-band-edge emission intensity of the ZnO nanorods was enhanced through the VC-FTFA method, increasing significantly by a factor of 56 compared to that of ZnO films annealed in open air at 700 °C. Our method may provide a route toward the facile fabrication of ZnO nanorods.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2015/aamick.2015.7.issue-1/am507439e/production/images/medium/am-2014-07439e_0010.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/am507439e'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Optical Properties of ZnO Soccer-Ball Structures Grown by Vapor Phase Transport
Nam, Giwoong,Lee, Sang-heon,Kim, Soaram,Kim, Min Su,Kim, Do Yeob,Yim, Kwang Gug,Lee, Dong-Yul,Kim, Jin Soo,Kim, Jong Su,Son, Jeong-Sik,Kim, Sung-O,Jung, Jae Hak,Leem, Jae-Young IOP Publishing 2012 Japanese journal of applied physics Vol.51 No.r2