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Kwon, Sooncheol,Park, Jin Kuen,Kim, Jehan,Kim, Geunjin,Yu, Kilho,Lee, Jinho,Jo, Yong-Ryun,Kim, Bong-Joong,Kang, Hongkyu,Kim, Junghwan,Kim, Heejoo,Lee, Kwanghee The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Journal of Materials Chemistry A Vol.3 No.15
<P>Processing additives have been widely utilized for high-performance organic bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) photovoltaic devices. However, the role of processing additives remained unclear due to the limited information relying on the final BHJ film state rather than the intermediate film state during solvent evaporation. Here, by using<I>in situ</I>GIWAXS measurements on the intermediate BHJ film, we propose a possible phase separation mechanism in efficient BHJ solar cells consisting of a narrow band gap polymer (P1) and PC71BM<I>via</I>the use of 1-chloronaphthalene (1-CN) as a processing additive. We found that adding small amounts of an additive, 1-CN, with a high boiling point and a high PC71BM solubility can prolong the solvent evaporation time and dissolve many PC71BM molecules, promoting the strong P1 polymer:solvent and PC71BM:solvent interaction to produce pure domains of each component. Thus, the bi-continuous networks for both P1 and PC71BM and their enlarged interfacial area are well fabricated in the BHJ films, inducing balanced photo-charge carrier densities for the electrons and holes and improving the overall photovoltaic performance. Therefore, our findings elucidate the kinetic motions of two organic phases affected by the physical properties of the solvents in the process of film formation and establish criteria for BHJ systems.</P>
Kim, Junghwan,Kim, Heejoo,Kim, Geunjin,Back, Hyungcheol,Lee, Kwanghee American Chemical Society 2014 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.6 No.2
<P>We report a new method for developing a low-temperature solution processed vanadium oxide (s-VO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>) and poly(4-styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS) composite to act as an efficient hole-transport layer (HTL) in polymer solar cells (PSCs). By compositing the s-VO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB> and PSS (s-VO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>:PSS), the work function values of the s-VO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>:PSS changed from 5.0 to 5.3 eV. Therefore, the energy level barrier between the HTL and organic active layer decreased, facilitating charge injection/extraction at the interfaces. In addition, the s-VO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>:PSS films were denser and had more pin-hole-free surfaces than pristine s-VO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB> films, resulting in enhanced PSC performance due to significantly decreased leakage currents and excellent device stability in ambient condition. Because our approach of combining soluble transition metal oxide (TMO) and polymeric acid shows dramatically better performance than pristine TMO, we expect that it can provide useful guidelines for the synthesis and application of TMOs for organic electronics in the future.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2014/aamick.2014.6.issue-2/am404353y/production/images/medium/am-2013-04353y_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/am404353y'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
보디빌딩 참여자의 완벽주의성향이 운동가치인식, 사회적응에 미치는 영향
김근진 ( Geunjin Kim ),김근국 ( Geunkook Kim ) 사단법인 아시아문화학술원 2021 인문사회 21 Vol.12 No.2
이 연구의 목적은 보디빌딩 참여자의 완벽주의성향이 운동가치인식, 사회적응에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 설문조사는 서울·경기지역의 피트니스센터에서 운동하고 있는 보디빌딩 참여자 549명을 표본 분석하였고. 수집된 표본은 SPSS 22.0을 사용하여 빈도분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도 분석, 상관분석, 다중회귀분석을 통해서 분석했으며, 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 완벽주의성향은 운동가치인식의 사회적효과에 부분적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 심리적효과와 운동기술향상은 모든 요인에서 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타난 반면, 건강증진은 모든 요인이 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 완벽주의성향은 사회적응의 충동성을 제외한 모든 요인에서 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 운동가치인식은 사회적응의 충동성과 적응성에 부분적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타난 반면, 책임성과 대인관계는 모든 요인에서 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 보디빌딩 종목을 참여하는 대상자들의 심리적 이해와 그로 인해 발생하는 사회화를 이해하는 데 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대한다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the perfectionism of bodybuilding participants on exercise value recognition and social adaptation. The survey was conducted on 549 bodybuilding participants exercising in fitness centers in Seoul and Gyeonggi area. The collected data were analyzed through frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 22.0. First, it was found that the propensity of perfectionism has a partial influence on the social effect of the recognition of exercise value. Psychological effects and motor skill improvement were found to have an effect on all factors. It was found that not all factors had an effect on health promotion. Second, it was found that the propensity of perfectionism had an effect on all factors except the impulse of social adaptation. Third, it was found that exercise value recognition partially affected the impulse and adaptability of social adaptation, and accountability and interpersonal relations were found to have an effect on all factors. The results of this study are expected to be useful as basic data for athletes, hobbyists, and leaders who participate in bodybuilding for professional and daily sports purposes.
Choi, Youna,Kim, Geunjin,Kim, Heejoo,Kim, Sun Hee,Lee, Kwanghee Elsevier 2015 THIN SOLID FILMS - Vol.583 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We have reported a highly n-type doped solution-processed titanium metal oxide (TiO<SUB>x</SUB>) for use as an efficient electron-transport layer (ETL) in polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. When the metal ions (Ti) in TiO<SUB>x</SUB> are partially substituted by niobium (Nb), the charge carrier density increased, by an order of magnitude, because of the large electronegativity of Nb compared to that of Ti. Therefore, the work function (WF) of Nb-doped metal oxide (Nb-TiO<SUB>x</SUB>) decreases from 4.75eV (TiO<SUB>x</SUB>) to 4.66eV (Nb-TiO<SUB>x</SUB>), leading to an enhancement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of BHJ solar cells with a Nb-TiO<SUB>x</SUB> ETL (from 7.99% to 8.40%).</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Solution processable Nb-doped TiO<SUB>x</SUB> was developed by simple sol–gel synthesis. </LI> <LI> Charge carrier density in TiO<SUB>x</SUB> is significantly increased by introducing Nb element. </LI> <LI> The work function value of Nb-doped TiO<SUB>x</SUB> is reduced by introducing Nb element. </LI> <LI> A charge recombination inside of PSC with Nb-TiO<SUB>x</SUB> was effectively suppressed. </LI> </UL> </P>
Achieving long-term stable perovskite solar cells <i>via</i> ion neutralization
Back, Hyungcheol,Kim, Geunjin,Kim, Junghwan,Kong, Jaemin,Kim, Tae Kyun,Kang, Hongkyu,Kim, Heejoo,Lee, Jinho,Lee, Seongyu,Lee, Kwanghee Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Vol.9 No.4
<P>Despite recent reports of high power conversion efficiency (PCE) values of over 20%, the instability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been considered the most serious obstacle toward their commercialization. By rigorously exploring the self-degradation process of planar-type PSCs using typical metal electrodes (Ag or Al), we found that the corrosion of the metal electrodes by inherent ionic defects in the perovskite layers is a major origin of intrinsic device degradation even under inert conditions. In this work, we have developed a new concept of a chemical inhibition in PSCs using amine-mediated metal oxide systems and succeeded in chemically neutralizing mobile ionic defects through mutual ionic interaction. As a consequence, we realized planar-type PSCs with long-term stability that maintain nearly 80% of their initial PCEs even after 1 year (9000 h) of storage under nitrogen and 80% of their initial PCEs after 200 h in ambient conditions without any encapsulation.</P>