An NADPH-Oxidase/Polyamine Oxidase Feedback Loop Controls Oxidative Burst Under Salinity

Gé,mes, Katalin,Kim, Yu Jung,Park, Ky Young,Moschou, Panagiotis N.,Andronis, Efthimios,Valassaki, Chryssanthi,Roussis, Andreas,Roubelakis-Angelakis, Kalliopi A. American Society of Plant Biologists 2016 Plant Physiology Vol.172 No.3

<P>The apoplastic polyamine oxidase (PAO) catalyzes the oxidation of the higher polyamines spermidine and spermine, contributing to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation. However, it is yet unclear whether apoplastic PAO is part of a network that coordinates the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under salinity or if it acts independently. Here, we unravel that NADPH oxidase and apoplastic PAO cooperate to control the accumulation of H2O2 and superoxides (O-2(center dot-)) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). To examine to what extent apoplastic PAO constitutes part of a ROS-generating network, we examined ROS accumulation in guard cells of plants overexpressing or down-regulating apoplastic PAO (lines S2.2 and A2, respectively) or down-regulating NADPH oxidase (line AS-NtRbohD/F). The H2O2-specific probe benzene sulfonyl-H2O2 showed that, under salinity, H2O2 increased in S2.2 and decreased in A2 compared with the wild type. Surprisingly, the O-2(center dot-)-specific probe benzene sulfonyl-So showed that O-2(center dot-) levels correlated positively with that of apoplastic PAO (i.e. showed high and low levels in S2.2 and A2, respectively). By using AS-NtRbohD/F lines and a pharmacological approach, we could show that H2O2 and O-2(center dot-) accumulation at the onset of salinity stress was dependent on NADPH oxidase, indicating that NADPH oxidase is upstream of apoplastic PAO. Our results suggest that NADPH oxidase and the apoplastic PAO form a feed-forward ROS amplification loop, which impinges on oxidative state and culminates in the execution of programmed cell death. We propose that the PAO/NADPH oxidase loop is a central hub in the plethora of responses controlling salt stress tolerance, with potential functions extending beyond stress tolerance.</P>

Toward a Ditransitive Prototype:The Gradience of English Ditransitives

Grace Ge-Soon Moon 한국영어학학회 2014 영어학연구 Vol.20 No.3

Moon, Grace Ge-Soon. 2014. Toward a Ditransitive Prototype: The Gradienceof English Ditransitives. English Language and Linguistics 20.3, 115-134. Ditransitive constructions in English display a wide variation in acceptability judgments. Thepresent paper attempts to account for this variation within the framework of prototype theory. Specifically, it proposes a ditransitive prototype based on both the semantic features identified in previous research as relevant to prototypicaltransitivity and the properties that characterize the canonical ditransitive verb give.Arguing that the acceptability of ditransitive constructions is a reflex of theirpoximity to the proposed ditransitive prototype, the paper demonstrates that the"ditransitivity" of a given clause is determined by an interplay between the objectiveproperties of the clause itself and the speaker's subjective construal of the event described in the clause.

Observations and Remarks on Relative Pronoun Variation in English

( Grace Ge ),( Soon Moon ) 경희대학교 언어연구소 2012 언어연구 Vol.29 No.2

Moon, Gace Ge-Soon, 2012, Observations and Remarks on Relative Pronoun Variation in English, Linguistic Research 29(2), 281-297. This Paper examines the pronominal variation exhibited in restrictive relative clauses with non-human referents in modem American English. On the basis of a small-scale quantitative analysis of the Corpus of Contemporary American English, the paper shows that the choice between the pronouns which and that is primarily conditioned by the medium and genre of communication, as well the level of stylistic formality, It is also suggested that an interplay of grammatical roles and discourse functions further affects the variation in question.

Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles Enhances Dissolution of the Poorly Water Soluble Drug Candesartan-Cilexetil

Aylin Geçer,Nuray Ylldlz,Ayla Çallmll,Belma Turan 한국고분자학회 2010 Macromolecular Research Vol.18 No.10

Candesartan-cilexetil, an angiotensin receptor blocker, exhibits low bioavailability after oral administration due to its low water solubility. Chitosan is considered one of the most promising biopolymers for drug delivery as a vehicle and trimethyl chitosan is a water soluble chitosan derivative. Trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by the ionic crosslinking of a trimethyl chitosan solution with tripolyphosphate, at ambient temperatures during stirring. SEM and TEM (scanning and transmission electron microscopy) revealed trimethyl chitosan and trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles between 1,000-3,000 nm and 13-350 nm in size, respectively. Candesartan-cilexetil was loaded on trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles, trimethyl chitosan, gum arabic and commercial water soluble chitosan using an ultrasonic effect, and the potential of the polymers to increase the solubility of candesartan-cilexetil was investigated. Trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles are a superior vehicle for increasing the solubility of candesartan-cilexetil compared to trimethyl chitosan, gum arabic or commercial water soluble chitosan.

老舍與但丁的文學聯系

葛濤 韓國外國語大學校 外國學綜合硏究센터 中國硏究所 2004 中國硏究 Vol.33 No.-

The paper exemplified Laoshe's vast argument on Dante from historical point of view, and then research the important and long influence of Dante and La Divina Commedia. on Laoshe's writing. It proposed that Laoshe was profoundly influenced by La Divina Commedia. However, Laoshe transformed creatively the influence of La Divina Commedia interwith Chinese society.

高麗 武臣執權期의 對金關係 考

趙啓纘 東亞大學校 大學院 1984 大學院論文集 Vol.8 No.1

Since the establishment of Koryo's toadyism in its relation with Kum Dynasty, the ruling power was shifted to the military in Koryo Dynasty. The subsequent relations between the two nations can be summarized as follows. First, in Koryo Dynasty kings Yejong, Myungjong, and Heejong were deposed but Kum Dynasty, instead of pressing hard the former for the political change, accepted the former's account of the dethronement. This means that as far as Koryo maintained subservient policy toward Kum, the former was tree from the latter's interferce of its internal affairs. Second, in exchange of delegations Kum's delegations usually consisted of fourth-rank government officials while Koryo's counterparts were generally fifth-rank military officials since the military seize the power in contrast to civilian officials of the same rank when the civilian were in power. It follows that Koryo was apparently subservient to Kum but in actuality the former despised the latter as barbariams. Third, some scholars insist that Haengsunsa refered to Kum's special envoy dispatched to Korea; the present writer, however, regard him as an envoy on good-will mission, for he was generally sent to Koryo in June which was Kum's national festival month.

保安處分에 關한 硏究

陳癸鎬 全州大學校 1981 論文集 Vol.10 No.-

There are many discussions on measure of safety in the circle of criminal law students. It is usual that criminal law comprises not only the penalty in sanction about past crime but also the measure of safety aiming at prevention of future crime when we consider penalty into the measure of social prevention or rehabilitation in its nature. Our criminal law alone does not comprise measure of safety into the contents of criminal law, but each country comprises measure of safety into the contents of criminal law as remarked following discussions. Although the theory of this study is divided into dualism and monism on the connection of penalty and measure of Safety, when we, in fact, consider the nature of penalty into social prevention or the measure of social rehabilitation, the final end of criminal law is based on monism in penalty and measure of safety, I think. Then, it is well known that measure of safety was frequently used for the maintenance-function of political systems apart from the aim as to protective measure in welfare for protection of the social weak in the light of humanism. Thus, thought which principle of legality is the most important Bill of Rights arose again since the second World War. In here, we must keep in mind that there must be moral permissions upon the indixidual as well as requirements for the public safeties in the exercise of all measure of safety.

韓國 各 地方의 突風率分布에 關한 硏究 (2)

金桂仲,金仁湖,金健鎬 진주여자전문대학 1981 論文集 Vol.3 No.-

This study attempted to estimate the distribution of the gust factor for eight sites in Korea. Using the fundamental data of the fastest wind speed and the greatest gust were quoted from the meteorological annual and monthly reports (1968~1978) which had been observed in eight meteorological stations such as Table-1. The arrangements for wind in each site were shown in Table-2. The calculated gust factor (G_(z)) was presented in Table-3. Monthly distribution of the gust factor (G-(z)) was plotted on Fig.(l), (2-1) and (2-2).

矯正形論에 關한 硏究

陳癸鎬 전주대학교 1980 論文集 Vol.9 No.-

In the attempt to make a research of the nature of punishment, I have viewed a great many different theories on the subject and now have found it appropriate to criticized and sum hem up all. The classical theory of punishment, under which the nature of punishment should be retribution and punishment itself is mere evil carried upon convicted person, is bound to be criticized both for being lack of reasonableness and humanitarian argument. As a result of such a reasonable criticism, punishment must be a sort of educational methods for convicted persons, rehabilitative urgement for him to be sound personally and socially. It promptly set up purposefull theory of punishment in trying to take execution for correctional institution, not executing a penalty. But the problem is about whether or not there will be a man of un-rehabilitative possibility whom purposeful theoretician has presupposed. We know the existence of such a criminal unrehabilitatived experimentally by our efforts but we come to find that medical doctor dose not neglect researching about cure of cancer even though it is hard to heal a cancer. Same for a criminal. Who dare to persist on strong theoretical basis that a man of unrehabilitative possibility should be separate from society? The answered must be in settlement by an educational theory of punishment. And I have not any opposition in taking an educational theory of punishment as an essential theory of modern-day punishment. But I dare to urge the rehabilitative punishment replacing an educational theory of punishment. Of course, the intent of an educational theory of punishment isn't different from that of the rehabilitative punishment. But when taking dynamic, temporal process of punishment into consideration and when considering punishment of material meaning into executive stage, I find it proper to take an expression of rehabilitative punishment to emphasize a characteristic of correctional institution rather than that of an educational theory of punishment.

백카리아의 古典刑事學에 관한 硏究

陳癸鎬 전주대학교 정책과학연구소 1986 정책과학논총 Vol.2 No.-

In the broad scope of history, there are two basic types of theories of crime. One relies on spiritual, or other-world, explanations while the other relies on natural, or this-world, explanation. Spiritual explanations of crime are part of a general view of life in which many events are believed to be the result of the influence of otherworldly powers. In the Middle Ages in Europe a spiritual view of the world was joined to the political and social organization of feualism to produce the beginnings of the criminal justice system. In opposition to this spiritual explanations of crime, natural explanations make use of objects and events in the material world to explain the same things. The early Phoenicians and Greeks developed naturalistic, this-world explanations far back in their history. By the first century B.C. Roman thought had become thoroughly infused with the naturalism of the Greek scholars. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries writers such as Hobbes, Spinoza, Descartes, and Leibniz studied human affairs as physicists study matter, impersonally and quantitatively. Modern social science continues this natural emphasis. Then, the classical and neoclassical schools represent an abandoning of the supernatural as an explanation of criminal behavior. The early classical criminologists argued that humans act on the basis of reason and intelligence and therefore are responsible for their own actions. In this view humans are said to be capable of understanding themselves and of acting to promote their own best interests. And the key to social progress is said to be intelligent behavior brought about by careful training and education. Thus, the classical school marks the beginnings of the rationalistic, bureaucratic approach to criminal procedure.