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Cervical Vagal Nerve Stimulation Activates the Stellate Ganglion in Ambulatory Dogs
이경석,Chia-Hsiang Hsueh,Jessica A. Hellyer,박형욱,이영수,Jason Garlie,Patrick Onkka,Anisiia T. Doytchinova,John B. Garner,Jheel Patel,Lan S. Chen,Michael C. Fishbein,Thomas Everett 4th,Shien-Fong Lin,Peng-She 대한심장학회 2015 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.45 No.2
Background and Objectives: Recent studies showed that, in addition to parasympathetic nerves, cervical vagal nerves contained significantsympathetic nerves. We hypothesized that cervical vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) may capture the sympathetic nerves within the vagalnerve and activate the stellate ganglion. Materials and Methods: We recorded left stellate ganglion nerve activity (SGNA), left thoracic vagal nerve activity (VNA), and subcutaneouselectrocardiogram in seven dogs during left cervical VNS with 30 seconds on-time and 30 seconds off time. We then compared theSGNA between VNS on and off times. Results: Cervical VNS at moderate (0.75 mA) output induced large SGNA, elevated heart rate (HR), and reduced HR variability, suggestingsympathetic activation. Further increase of the VNS output to >1.5 mA increased SGNA but did not significantly increase the HR, suggestingsimultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic activation. The differences of integrated SGNA and integrated VNA between VNSon and off times (ΔSGNA) increased progressively from 5.2 mV-s {95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25–9.06, p=0.018, n=7} at 1.0 mA to13.7 mV-s (CI: 5.97–21.43, p=0.005, n=7) at 1.5 mA. The difference in HR (ΔHR, bpm) between on and off times was 5.8 bpm (CI: 0.28–11.29, p=0.042, n=7) at 1.0 mA and 5.3 bpm (CI 1.92 to 12.61, p=0.122, n=7) at 1.5 mA. Conclusion: Intermittent cervical VNS may selectively capture the sympathetic components of the vagal nerve and excite the stellateganglion at moderate output. Increasing the output may result in simultaneously sympathetic and parasympathetic capture.
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FINITE SPEED OF PROPAGATION IN DEGENERATE EINSTEIN BROWNIAN MOTION MODEL
HEVAGE, ISANKA GARLI,IBRAGIMOV, AKIF Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathemat 2022 Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and A Vol.26 No.2
We considered qualitative behaviour of the generalization of Einstein's model of Brownian motion when the key parameter of the time interval of free jump degenerates. Fluids will be characterised by number of particles per unit volume (density of fluid) at point of observation. Degeneration of the phenomenon manifests in two scenarios: a) flow of the fluid, which is highly dispersing like a non-dense gas and b) flow of fluid far away from the source of flow, when the velocity of the flow is incomparably smaller than the gradient of the density. First, we will show that both types of flows can be modeled using the Einstein paradigm. We will investigate the question: What features will particle flow exhibit if the time interval of the free jump is inverse proportional to the density and its gradient ? We will show that in this scenario, the flow exhibits localization property, namely: if at some moment of time t<sub>0</sub> in the region, the gradient of the density or density itself is equal to zero, then for some T during time interval [t<sub>0</sub>, t<sub>0</sub> + T] there is no flow in the region. This directly links to Barenblatt's finite speed of propagation property for the degenerate equation. The method of the proof is very different from Barenblatt's method and based on the application of Ladyzhenskaya - De Giorgi iterative scheme and Vespri - Tedeev technique. From PDE point of view it assumed that solution exists in appropriate Sobolev type of space.
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