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The Gut Microbiome and the Brain
Leo Galland 한국식품영양과학회 2014 Journal of medicinal food Vol.17 No.12
The human gut microbiome impacts human brain health in numerous ways: (1) Structural bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharides provide low-grade tonic stimulation of the innate immune system. Excessive stimulation due to bacterial dysbiosis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, or increased intestinal permeability may produce systemic and/or central nervous system inflammation. (2) Bacterial proteins may cross-react with human antigens to stimulate dysfunctional responses of the adaptive immune system. (3) Bacterial enzymes may produce neurotoxic metabolites such as Dlactic acid and ammonia. Even beneficial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids may exert neurotoxicity. (4) Gut microbes can produce hormones and neurotransmitters that are identical to those produced by humans. Bacterial receptors for these hormones influence microbial growth and virulence. (5) Gut bacteria directly stimulate afferent neurons of the enteric nervous system to send signals to the brain via the vagus nerve. Through these varied mechanisms, gut microbes shape the architecture of sleep and stress reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. They influence memory, mood, and cognition and are clinically and therapeutically relevant to a range of disorders, including alcoholism, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and restless legs syndrome. Their role in multiple sclerosis and the neurologic manifestations of celiac disease is being studied. Nutritional tools for altering the gut microbiome therapeutically include changes in diet, probiotics, and prebiotics.
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Dual-Color Electroluminescence from Dot-in-Bulk Nanocrystals
Brovelli, Sergio,Bae, Wan Ki,Galland, Christophe,Giovanella, Umberto,Meinardi, Francesco,Klimov, Victor I. American Chemical Society 2014 NANO LETTERS Vol.14 No.2
<P>The emission color from colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) is usually tuned through control of particle size, while multicolor emission is obtained by mixing NCs of different sizes within an emissive layer. Here, we demonstrate that recently introduced “dot-in-bulk” (DiB) nanocrystals can emit two-color light under both optical excitation and electrical injection. We show that the effective emission color can be controlled by adjusting the relative amplitudes of the core and shell emission bands via the intensity of optical excitation or applied bias in the cases of photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL), respectively. To investigate the role of nonradiative carrier losses due to trapping at intragap states, we incorporate DiB NCs into functional light-emitting diodes and study their PL as a function of applied bias below the EL excitation threshold. We show that voltage-dependent changes in core and shell emissions are not due to the applied electric field but rather arise from the transfer of charges between the anode and the NC intragap trap sites. The changes in the occupancy of trap states can be described in terms of the raising (lowering) of the Fermi level for reverse (direct) bias. We find that the applied voltage affects the overall PL intensity primarily via the electron-trapping channel while bias-induced changes in hole-trapping play a less significant role, limited to a weak effect on core emission.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2014/nalefd.2014.14.issue-2/nl403478s/production/images/medium/nl-2013-03478s_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl403478s'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
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