Validity and Reliability of Cognitive Attentional Syndrome-1 Questionnaire

Anıl Gü,nd&#252,z,İ,brahim Gü,ndoğ,muş,Sencan Sertç,elik,Bet&#252,l Hacer Engin,Aysel İ,ş,ler,Arif Ç,ipil,Hatice Gö,n&#252,l,Aliş,an Burak Yaş,ar,Mehmet 대한신경정신의학회 2019 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.16 No.5

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Cognitive Attentional Syndrome-1 (CAS-1) questionnaire. Methods: 221 participants were included in the study who do not meet any psychiatric diagnosis. Participants were applied SCID I and II and filled CAS-1 scale, Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale, and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). Testing the reliability Cronbach’s alpha, item analysis and Item and total score correlation coefficients were applied. For testing structural validity, Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used, and for testing the content validity, the relationship between each item of CAS-1 and MCQ-30, BDI, BAI, GAD-7, PSWQ was examined. Results: The correlation reliability coefficients were statistically significant except for using alcohol/drugs as a coping mechanism. Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of 16 items was 0.771 whereas, this ratio was 0.772 for the first eight items (CAS) and 0.685 for the last eight items (Metacognitive Beliefs) which showed that the internal consistency of CAS-1 was high. Structural and Content Validity of the scale was significant. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the CAS-1 was a reliable and valid measure to evaluate CAS in a Turkish population.

The Relationship between the Number of Manic Episodes and Oxidative Stress Indicators in Bipolar Disorder

S&#252,leyman Akarsu,Abdullah Bolu,Emre Aydemir,Selma Bozkurt Zincir,Yasemin Gü,lcan Kurt,Serkan Zincir,Murat Erdem,Ö,zcan Uzun 대한신경정신의학회 2018 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.15 No.5

Objective Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mood disorder characterized by recurrent episodes that has a lifetime prevalence of 0.4– 5.5%. The neurochemical mechanism of BD is not fully understood. Oxidative stress in neurons causes lipid peroxidation in proteins associated with neuronal membranes and intracellular enzymes and it may lead to dysfunction in neurotransmitter reuptake and enzyme activities. These pathological processes are thought to occur in brain regions associated with affective functions and emotions in BD. The relationship between the number of manic episodes and total oxidant-antioxidant capacity was investigated in this study. Methods Eighty-two BD patients hospitalized due to manic symptoms and with no episodes of depression were enrolled in the study. Thirty of the 82 patients had had their first episode of mania, and the other 52 patients had had two or more manic episodes. The control group included 45 socio-demographically matched healthy individuals. Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant capacity (TOC) measurements of the participants were performed. The oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated by TOC/TAC. Results There were no significant differences in OSI scores between BD patients with first-episode mania and BD patients with more than one manic episode. However, OSI scores in both groups were significantly higher than in the control group. TOC levels of BD patients with first-episode mania were found to be significantly higher than TOC levels of BD patients with more than one manic episode and healthy controls. There were no significant differences in TAC levels between BD patients with first-episode mania and BD patients with more than one manic episode. TAC levels in both groups were significantly higher than in the control group. Conclusion Significant changes in oxidative stress indicators were observed in this study, confirming previous studies. Increased levels of oxidants were shown with increased disease severity rather than with the number of manic episodes. Systematic studies, including of each period of the disorder, are needed for using the findings indicating deterioration of oxidative parameters.

Beneficium in iniuriam vertitur? The Impact of New Citizens on Roman Family Law in the Second Half of the First Century AD: A Case-Study of the Spanish Municipal Statutes

Sven Gü,nther 중앙대학교 중앙사학연구소 2020 중앙사론 Vol.0 No.51

로마제국은 보조군 auxilia의 퇴역군인이나 자치도시 municipia의 유명인사들 honoratiores에게 시민권을 부여하는 등의 통합 정책으로 유명해졌다. 그러나 이러한 통합정책이 로마법에 미친 영향은 거의 다뤄진 적이 없다. 본 고에서는 엘리트층의 통합을 중심으로, 로마법이 유입되는 “외래”의 요소들 (사람, 법적 전통 등)을 어느 정도로 다루었는지 그 유연성의 정도를 분석한다. 특히 이러한 문제들을 규제하는 효과와 필요성들은 스페인 자치도시의 지위에서 나타난다. 입법자들과 법학자들은 그러한 사례들을 기존의 틀에 통합시키기 위해 모든 것을 시도했으나 일부 특정한 지점들에서는 사소한 문제들이 큰 문제가 되었고 특히 가족법과 상속법에 관한 오랜 법적 틀을 수정하거나 변경하도록 강요당했다. 제국이 개인의 유산에 부여한 세금은 소위 5% 상속세 vicesima hereditatium로 불리며, 그러한 변화를 촉진시킨 요인으로 간주될 수 있다. 따라서, 정기적으로 새로운 시민의 “생산”이 이루어지는 자치도시라는 접경지대는 로마법과 로마사회의 시스템 전체에 큰 영향을 미쳤으며, 로마인의 “통합성”을 실질적으로 검증한 장소였다. The Roman Empire has been celebrated for its integration policies, e.g. through granting citizenship to retired soldiers of the auxilia or to honoratiores of municipia. So far, however, it has been rarely looked at the effects these integration-policies had on Roman law. In this paper, the extent of the flexibility of Roman law dealing with incoming “foreign” elements (persons, legal traditions, etc.) is analyzed, with focus on elite integration. Particularly, some effects and necessities of regulating those issues can be observed in the Spanish municipal statutes. While on the one hand, legislators and jurisprudents tried everything to integrate such cases into the existing framework, at certain points minor issues became major problems and forced to modify or even change long-lived legal frames, especially with regard to family law and law of succession. Imperial taxation of inheritances, the so-called vicesimal hereditatium, can be regarded as a specific promoter of such change. Thus, the contact zones of municipia with regular “production” of new citizens had a great impact on the whole system of Roman law and society, and substantially tested Roman “integrativeness”.

Does Psychodrama Affect Perceived Stress, Anxiety-Depression Scores and Saliva Cortisol in Patients with Depression?

Lale Gö,nenir Erbay,İ,smail Reyhani,S&#252,heyla Ü,nal,Cemal Ö,zcan,Tuba Ö,zgö,ç,er,Cihat Uç,ar,Sedat Yıldız 대한신경정신의학회 2018 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.15 No.10

Objective: Little is known about the effects of psychodrama group therapy on the level of stress, anxiety and depression of the group members, and the biological markers of stress. The aim of this study test cortisol level as a biological reflection of some mental characteristics gained by the psychodrama method in coping with stress. Methods: Depressive patients aged between 18 and 65 years, who diagnosed with depression according to DSM-5, without psychiatric comorbidity, who do not use drugs and were available for psychodrama were enrolled into the study. These patients were evaluated using the Perceived Stress Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory. In order to observe the circadian rhythm of cortisol, samples were collected from the participants before lunch, before dinner and before going to sleep on the day before psychodrama and on the 0, 15th, and 30th minutes after awakening in the morning of the psychodrama day; as well as just before and after the psychodrama session. Saliva cortisol level just before the initial session of psychodrama group therapy was compared with the saliva cortisol level just after the last psychodrama session at the end of 16 weeks. Results: Statistically significant difference was determined between the scores of perceived stress scale, STAI-1, STAI-2, beck depression inventory and salivary cortisol level before and after psychodrama session. There was significant decrease in both the scale scores and salivary cortisol after vs. before psychodrama. Conclusion: This results is important as it shows the biological aspect of clinical improvement. Further studies would provide us with better understanding of the effects of psychodrama group psychotherapy on depressive mood and biological projections by means of short-term and long-term follow-up studies.

Is There Any Association Between Childhood Traumatic Experiences, Dissociation and Psychotic Symptoms in Schziophrenic Patients?

Zeynep Yildiz Akbey,Mustafa Yildiz,Nermin Gü,nd&#252,z 대한신경정신의학회 2019 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.16 No.5

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the rates childhood traumatic experiences (CTEs) of schizophrenia patients and to examine relationship between childhood traumatic experiences, dissociation and psychotic symptoms. Methods: One hundred schizophrenia patients who had 5 or 5 points below in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) and who were not in active psychotic episode and 50 healthy siblings who grew up in the same environment with the patients were included to the study. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), CGI-S, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) applied to the patients. Results: Childhood abuse subscales and DES scores were statistically higher in the patient group (p<0.001). We determined moderately significant positive correlation between CTQ-28 and DES. We determined moderately significant positive correlation between CTQ total scores and persecutory delusions, delusions of reference, ability to feel intimacy and closeness; relationship with friends and peers. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between persecutory delusions and CTQ-total, DES-total and all subscales of CTQ-28. Conclusion: Clinicians should inquire about CTEs to develop comprehensive formulations and treatment plans among schizophrenia.

Evaluation of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Efficiency in Major Depressive Disorder Patients: A Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study

Mehmet Fatih Erbay,Esra Porgalı Zayman,Lale Gö,nenir Erbay,S&#252,heyla Ü,nal 대한신경정신의학회 2019 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.16 No.10

Objective Previous studies have shown that there is a correlation between lipid levels and depressive mood, and that lipids could be useful biomarkers for depression. We conducted this study to clarify the association between lipid levels and depressive mood in adolescents, especially in community samples. Methods We analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) that was conducted from 2013 to 2016. A total of 2,454 adolescents aged 12–18 years (1,273 boys, 1,181 girls) participated in the Survey. We conducted a cross-sectional study using multiple logistic regression, adjusting for age, household income, daily energy intake, daily fat intake, and daily cholesterol intake, to assess the association between depressive mood and serum lipid levels. Results Depressive mood was found in 8.7% of those included in the study. Borderline (110–129 mg/dL) and high (≥130 mg/dL) levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly associated with depressive mood [Borderline level: odds ratio (OR)=5.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.56–19.81, p=0.01; High level: OR=5.73, 95% CI 1.06–31.08, p=0.04]. However, this association was not found in girls. Conclusion Our findings indicate that depressive mood in boys is associated with higher LDL-C levels. Further investigation regarding this relationship and the underlying biological mechanisms is needed.