East Asian Business Immigration to British Columbia (BC): The Asianization of Immigration, 1997 East Asian Trade Initiatives, and Post-1997 Business Immigration Decline

Karl Froschauer(Karl Froschauer ),Simon Lee(Simon Lee) 한국캐나다학회 2006 Asia-Pacific Journal of Canadian Studies (APJCS) Vol.12 No.1

For more than a century, Canadian economic development strategy has solicited immigrant entrepreneurs to promote both overseas trade and domestic output and employment. This paper shows how initially Canada solicited business immigrants from, and oriented its trade towards, France, the United Kingdom and the United States but latterly, since the 1980s, has increasingly sought East Asian immigrant entrepreneurs and stronger trade relations with Pacific Rim countries.1) However, at the very point that this strategy appeared to be succeeding, the financial and industrial crises in East Asia contributed to slower economic growth in Canada, to a severe reduction in the number of business immigrants from Hong Kong and East Asian Business Immigration to British Columbia (BC) : The Asianization of Immigration, 1997 East Asian Trade Initiatives, and Post-1997 Business Immigration Decline 135 Taiwan, and to a noticeable increase of such immigration from Korea and China. However, Canada’s transpacific focus may shift, once again, with the emergence of discussions about Tafta (Transatlantic free-trade area).

Microsurgery Training for the Twenty-First Century

Simon Richard Myers,Stefan Froschauer,Yelena Akelina,Pierluigi Tos,Jeong-Tae Kim,Ali M Ghanem 대한성형외과학회 2013 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.40 No.4

Current educational interventions and training courses in microsurgery are often predicated on theories of skill acquisition and development that follow a ‘practice makes perfect’model. Given the changing landscape of surgical training and advances in educational theories related to skill development, research is needed to assess current training tools in microsurgery education and devise alternative methods that would enhance training . Simulation is an increasingly important tool for educators because, whilst facilitating improved technical proficiency, it provides a way to reduce risks to both trainees and patients. The International Microsurgery Simulation Society has been founded in 2012 in order to consolidate the global effort in promoting excellence in microsurgical training. The society’s aim to achieve standarisation of microsurgical training worldwide could be realised through the development of evidence based educational interventions and sharing best practices.

Microsurgery Training for the Twenty-First Century

Myers, Simon Richard,Froschauer, Stefan,Akelina, Yelena,Tos, Pierluigi,Kim, Jeong Tae,Ghanem, Ali M. Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2013 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.40 No.4

Current educational interventions and training courses in microsurgery are often predicated on theories of skill acquisition and development that follow a 'practice makes perfect' model. Given the changing landscape of surgical training and advances in educational theories related to skill development, research is needed to assess current training tools in microsurgery education and devise alternative methods that would enhance training. Simulation is an increasingly important tool for educators because, whilst facilitating improved technical proficiency, it provides a way to reduce risks to both trainees and patients. The International Microsurgery Simulation Society has been founded in 2012 in order to consolidate the global effort in promoting excellence in microsurgical training. The society's aim to achieve standarisation of microsurgical training worldwide could be realised through the development of evidence based educational interventions and sharing best practices.

Optical Magnification Should Be Mandatory for Microsurgery: Scientific Basis and Clinical Data Contributing to Quality Assurance

Schoeffl, Harald,Lazzeri, Davide,Schnelzer, Richard,Froschauer, Stefan M.,Huemer, Georg M. Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2013 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.40 No.2

Background Microsurgical techniques are considered standard procedures in reconstructive surgery. Although microsurgery by itself is defined as surgery aided by optical magnification, there are no guidelines for determining in which clinical situations a microscope or loupe should be used. Therefore, we conducted standardized experiments to objectively assess the impact of optical magnification in microsurgery. Methods Sixteen participants of microsurgical training courses had to complete 2 sets of experiments. Each set had to be performed with an unaided eye, surgical loupes, and a regular operating microscope. The first set of experiments included coaptation of a chicken femoral nerve, and the second set consisted of anastomosing porcine coronary arteries. Evaluation of the sutured nerves and vessels were performed by 2 experienced microsurgeons using an operating microscope. Results The 16 participants of the study completed all of the experiments. The nerve coaptation and vascular anastomoses exercises showed a direct relationship of error frequency and lower optical magnification, meaning that the highest number of microsurgical errors occurred with the unaided eye. For nerve coaptation, there was a strong relationship (P<0.05) between the number of mistakes and magnification, and this relationship was very strong (P<0.01) for vascular anastomoses. Conclusions We were able to prove that microsurgical success is directly related to optical magnification. The human eye's ability to discriminate potentially important anatomical structures is limited, which might be detrimental for clinical results. Although not legally mandatory, surgeries such as reparative surgery after hand trauma should be conducted with magnifying devices for achieving optimal patient outcomes.

Towards a Global Understanding and Standardisation of Education and Training in Microsurgery

Clement Chi Ming Leung,Ali M Ghanem,Pierluigi Tos,Mihai Ionac,Stefan Froschauer,Simon Richard Myers 대한성형외과학회 2013 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.40 No.4

With an increasing emphasis on microsurgery skill acquisition through simulated training,the need has been identified for standardised training programmes in microsurgery. We have reviewed microsurgery training courses available across the six continents of the World. Data was collected of relevant published output from PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), and EMBASE (Ovid)searches, and from information available on the Internet of up to six established microsurgery course from each of the six continents of the World. Fellowships and courses that concentrate on flap harvesting rather than microsurgical techniques were excluded. We identified 27 centres offering 39 courses. Total course length ranged from 20 hours to 1,950 hours. Studentto-teacher ratios ranged from 2:1 to 8:1. Only two-thirds of courses offered in-vivo animal models. Instructions in microvascular end-to-end and end-to-side anastomoses were common,but peripheral nerve repair or free groin flap transfer were not consistently offered. Methods of assessment ranged from no formal assessment, where an instructor monitored and gave instant feedback, through immediate assessment of patency and critique on quality of repair,to delayed re-assessment of patency after a 12 to 24 hours period. Globally, training in microsurgery is heterogeneous, with variations primarily due to resource and regulation of animal experimentation. Despite some merit to diversity in curricula, there should be a global minimum standard for microsurgery training.

Optical Magnification Should Be Mandatory for Microsurgery: Scientific Basis and Clinical Data Contributing to Quality Assurance

Harald Schoeff l,Davide Lazzeri,Richard Schnelzer,Stefan M. Froschauer,Georg M. Huemer 대한성형외과학회 2013 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.40 No.2

Background  Microsurgical techniques are considered standard procedures in reconstructive surgery. Although microsurgery by itself is defined as surgery aided by optical magnification, there are no guidelines for determining  in which clinical situations a microscope or  loupe should be used. Therefore, we conducted standardized experiments to objectively assess the impact of optical magnification in microsurgery. Methods  Sixteen participants of microsurgical training courses had to complete 2 sets of experiments. Each set had to be performed with an unaided eye, surgical loupes, and a regular operating microscope. The first set of experiments included coaptation of a chicken femoral nerve, and the second set consisted of anastomosing porcine coronary arteries. Evaluation of the sutured nerves and vessels were performed by 2 experienced microsurgeons using an operating microscope. Results  The 16 participants of the study completed all of the experiments. The nerve coaptation and vascular anastomoses exercises showed a direct relationship of error frequency and lower optical magnification, meaning that the highest number of microsurgical errors occurred with the unaided eye. For nerve coaptation, there was a strong relationship (P<0.05) between the number of mistakes and magnification, and this relationship was very strong  (P<0.01) for vascular anastomoses. Conclusions  We were able to prove that microsurgical success  is directly related to optical magnification. The human eye’s ability to discriminate potentially  important anatomical structures  is  limited, which might be detrimental for clinical results. Although not  legally mandatory, surgeries such as reparative surgery after hand trauma should be conducted with magnifying devices for achieving optimal patient outcomes.

Towards a Global Understanding and Standardisation of Education and Training in Microsurgery

Leung, Clement Chi Ming,Ghanem, Ali M.,Tos, Pierluigi,Ionac, Mihai,Froschauer, Stefan,Myers, Simon R. Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2013 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.40 No.4

With an increasing emphasis on microsurgery skill acquisition through simulated training, the need has been identified for standardised training programmes in microsurgery. We have reviewed microsurgery training courses available across the six continents of the World. Data was collected of relevant published output from PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), and EMBASE (Ovid) searches, and from information available on the Internet of up to six established microsurgery course from each of the six continents of the World. Fellowships and courses that concentrate on flap harvesting rather than microsurgical techniques were excluded. We identified 27 centres offering 39 courses. Total course length ranged from 20 hours to 1,950 hours. Student-to-teacher ratios ranged from 2:1 to 8:1. Only two-thirds of courses offered in-vivo animal models. Instructions in microvascular end-to-end and end-to-side anastomoses were common, but peripheral nerve repair or free groin flap transfer were not consistently offered. Methods of assessment ranged from no formal assessment, where an instructor monitored and gave instant feedback, through immediate assessment of patency and critique on quality of repair, to delayed re-assessment of patency after a 12 to 24 hours period. Globally, training in microsurgery is heterogeneous, with variations primarily due to resource and regulation of animal experimentation. Despite some merit to diversity in curricula, there should be a global minimum standard for microsurgery training.

서울과 베를린의 ‘대규모 주거단지’에 대한 역사적 소고

심한별(Shim, Hanbyul),에파 마리아 프로샤우어(Eva Maria Froschauer) 대한건축학회 2022 建築 Vol.67 No.1