Using Volunteer Programs to Encourage the Adoption of Clean Technologies in the United States

Freeman, Harry M. The Korean Society of Clean Technology 1997 청정기술 Vol.3 No.2

The paper reviews the movement in the United States to supplement environmental regulations with volunteer programs that encourage institutions and industry to go beyond compliance to achieve greater reductions in their waste and emissions than might otherwise be accomplished through the exclusive reliance on increasingly rigorous "end of the pipe" regulations. These volunteer programs have as a common element the encouragement of "pollution prevention" as a preferable strategy. Pollution prevention is a term used in the US to describe strategies, technologies, policies, etc. that focus on eliminating waste and emissions at the source rather than just treating and controlling them. In some countries the term "Clean Technologies" is used rather than pollution prevention. In the paper the author reviews selected voluntary programs and reports on accomplishments to date for those programs.

Effects of Elevated Atmospheric $CO_2$ Concentrations on Soil Microorganisms

Freeman Chris,Kim Seon-Young,Lee Seung-Hoon,Kang Hojeong The Microbiological Society of Korea 2004 The journal of microbiology Vol.42 No.4

Effects of elevated $CO_2$ on soil microorganisms are known to be mediated by various interactions with plants, for which such effects are relatively poorly documented. In this review, we summarize and syn­thesize results from studies assessing impacts of elevated $CO_2$ on soil ecosystems, focusing primarily on plants and a variety the of microbial processes. The processes considered include changes in microbial biomass of C and N, microbial number, respiration rates, organic matter decomposition, soil enzyme activities, microbial community composition, and functional groups of bacteria mediating trace gas emission such as methane and nitrous oxide. Elevated $CO_2$ in atmosphere may enhance certain micro­bial processes such as $CH_4$ emission from wetlands due to enhanced carbon supply from plants. How­ever, responses of extracellular enzyme activities and microbial community structure are still controversy, because interferences with other factors such as the types of plants, nutrient availabilitial in soil, soil types, analysis methods, and types of $CO_2$ fumigation systems are not fully understood.

CAN THE MASSES OF ISOLATED PLANETARY-MASS GRAVITATIONAL LENSES BE MEASURED BY TERRESTRIAL PARALLAX?

Freeman, M.,Philpott, L. C.,Abe, F.,Albrow, M. D.,Bennett, D. P.,Bond, I. A.,Botzler, C. S.,Bray, J. C.,Cherrie, J. M.,Christie, G. W.,Dionnet, Z.,Gould, A.,Han, C.,Heyrovský,, D.,McCormick, J. IOP Publishing 2015 The Astrophysical journal Vol.799 No.2

<P>Recently Sumi et al. reported evidence for a large population of planetary-mass objects ( PMOs) that are either unbound or orbit host stars in orbits >= 10 AU. Their result was deduced from the statistical distribution of durations of gravitational microlensing events observed by the MOA collaboration during 2006 and 2007. Here we study the feasibility of measuring the mass of an individual PMO through microlensing by examining a particular event, MOA-2011-BLG-274. This event was unusual as the duration was short, the magnification high, the source-size effect large, and the angular Einstein radius small. Also, it was intensively monitored from widely separated locations under clear skies at low air masses. Choi et al. concluded that the lens of the event may have been a PMO but they did not attempt a measurement of its mass. We report here a re-analysis of the event using re-reduced data. We confirm the results of Choi et al. and attempt a measurement of the mass and distance of the lens using the terrestrial parallax effect. Evidence for terrestrial parallax is found at a 3 sigma level of confidence. The best fit to the data yields the mass and distance of the lens as 0.80 +/- 0.30 M-J and 0.80 +/- 0.25 kpc respectively. We exclude a host star to the lens out to a separation similar to 40 AU. Drawing on our analysis of MOA-2011-BLG-274 we propose observational strategies for future microlensing surveys to yield sharper results on PMOs including those down to super-Earth mass.</P>

Ethical Problem at Issue

Freeman,David H. 高神大學校 1979 論文集 Vol.7 No.-

Out-of-School Educatin for the Gifted and Talented around the World

Freeman, Joan The Korean Society for the Gifted 2004 영재교육연구 Vol.14 No.3

No educational provision for the gifted and talented works in a cultural vacuum, and this is as true for out-of-school activities as for what happens in school itself. There is evidence that excellence in children's achievements can come from widely differing special provision or from no special provision at all. Cultural influences affect attitudes as to who might be gifted and talented and what might be done for them. Whatever the size and influence of special centres anywhere, there is always overlap between in-school and out-of-school activities. For all styles of provision, cooperation between the two is a vital aspect of success. The major cultural dichotomy in this field is between the perception, usually found in the Far East that 'most children have gifted potential' and the largely Western view that 'few children have gifted potential'. It is safe to say that children who are selected for aptitude and ability, and who are keen to learn, will get more from special enrichment than those who of equal potential who have not had that experience. But this does not necessarily show the provision as the best possible method for enhancing gifts and talents. In fact, I do not know of a single scientific investigation, either cross-culturally or within one country, which compares any aspect of an out-of-school programme with another. As a result it is hard to say what type of provision would be most appropriate and effective in any given situation. Outcomes are also dependent on the enthusiasm, organisation and money put into any scheme - as well as the way youngsters are chosen for it. Some of the largest and most influential out-of-school American institutions were founded on the psychological understanding of human abilities that was current in the 1920s. These early influences of seeking an IQ cut-off point (or equivalent) to identify the gifted still affect their practice. in addition, the big American Talent Searches so often select youngsters for summer-schools not only by their high-level achievements, but also by their parent's ability to pay the sometimes high fees. Opinions about the identification of the brightest children and consequential educational practice underlie all provision for their education, whether in or outside school hours. Because of cross-cultural differences, it would not seem wise to copy any action directly from one culture to another without recognising these influences and possibly modifying the model. The growing trend around the world is to offer high-level opportunities to as many youngsters as possible, so that no keen learner is turned away without even a change of sampling them.

'우수성-간호전문직의 필수조건'

Freeman Ruth B. 대한간호협회 1975 대한간호 Vol.14 No.5

Gender and the South China miracle

Freeman, Caren Ewha Womans University Press 1999 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.5 No.2

Knowledge, Knowledge… Knowledge for My Economy

FREEMAN, RICHARD B. Korea Development Institute 2015 KDI Journal of Economic Policy (KDI JEP) Vol.37 No.2

The creation of S&T knowledge and development of S&T- based innovation has spread worldwide from traditionally advanced countries to traditionally developing countries, often under the direction of governments. Korea is an exemplar in this new locus. Korea's burst in Science and Technology during the last three decades has made Korea a substantive player in the global production of S&T knowledge and its application to business. Although Korea still trails the US and other top countries in the quality of research, it has leaped from its 1980s standing as bit player in the knowledge economy to being among the leaders in the early 21st Century. This paper shows that Korea's advance benefited from its active participation in the global market in higher education, in international research collaborations, and its close ties to the U.S. Korea's experience offers lessons for other countries who seek to advance by becoming knowledge economies. Korea proves that a developing country can gain comparative advantage in knowledge production and use; that government policy can stimulate such a development; and that openness to the world of higher education and research is the best way to move forward and overcome the middle income trap.

Children"s Understandings of Cigarette Advertisements - Fostering Brand-Specific Demand vs. Promoting Smoking In General

Dan Freeman,Merrie Brucks,Melanie Wallendorf,Wendy Boland 한국마케팅과학회 2006 한국마케팅과학회 학술대회 발표 논문집 Vol.- No.-

Objective - To determine the nature of cigarette advertising’s influence on children’s smoking related perceptions. Specifically, does cigarette advertising affect children’s brand specific perceptions or their perceptions of smoking in general? Design & Setting - Active consent procedures were used to recruit a convenience sample of 241 participants (100 - 7 to 8 year olds and 141 - 10 to 11 year olds) from three elementary schools in the southwestern United States. Each participant viewed a series of cigarette and non tobacco related advertisements and indicated what they thought each advertisement was trying to sell. Each response was coded into one of three categories reflecting important differences in children’s understandings of the advertisement - no understanding, product category understanding, and brand understanding. Results - Results show that children typically understand the type of product an advertisement is attempting to promote. Importantly, the levels of brand understanding observed for the cigarette advertisements were low in an absolute sense (3% for 7 to 8 year olds; 15.2% for 10 to 11 year-olds), and significantly lower than brand understanding for non tobacco advertisements. Conclusion - Children under age 12 appear likely to understand cigarette advertisements as promoting smoking in general, as opposed to promoting specific brands of cigarettes. Consequently, each exposure to an advertisement is likely to have a cumulative influence on children’s perceptions of the attractiveness of smoking and may render them open to future experimentation. The question of whether tobacco advertising attracts new cigarette smokers or merely encourages existing users to switch brands is central to controversies about governmental regulation of tobacco promotion. Tobacco companies have long argued that cigarette advertisements are intended to “to get smokers of competitive products to switch” [19] rather than increasing the number of individuals who smoke[17-18]. However, numerous prospective and cross sectional studies show that exposure to tobacco advertising is positively associated with tobacco use initiation by youth (CITE Di Franza et al. 2006). Thus, while tobacco advertising may be intended to induce brand switching, * it also encourages children and adolescents to start smoking. It is therefore disturbing to note that despite legal settlements and strict government regulations, children in many countries continue to be exposed to cigarette advertising in magazines [7-8] and at point of sale [9-11]. In developing countries Outside of North America and Europe, children may be are often exposed to tobacco advertising and promotion with little protection at all (CITE). To maximize the effectiveness of tobacco use prevention programs and the persuasiveness of calls for advertising regulation, it is necessary to uncover the psychological processes through which know how exposure to tobacco advertising causes contributes to tobacco use initiation by youth. Extant research suggests that exposure to cigarette advertising heightens children"s curiosity about smoking (CITES), fosters positive user imagery (CITES), and creates expectations about the instrumental value of smoking in meeting social and psychological needs (CITES). Most studies appear to suggest that these effects are brand specific in nature. For example, young children show considerable ability to recognize cigarette brand logos (CITES) and exposure to cigarette advertisements fosters positive imagery about users of the brand (e.g., exposure to a Benson & Hedges advertisement leads to the perceptions that the brand"s users are relaxed, interesting, cool, and rich). However, it is important to note that prior research has tended to utilize brand specific methods that cannot do not allow for the ddetect etection of advertising"s eff

Divorce in South Korea: Doing Gender and the Dynamics of Relationship Breakup

( Caren Freeman ) 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2021 Seoul journal of Korean studies Vol.34 No.2