International incidence of childhood cancer, 2001–10: a population-based registry study

Steliarova-Foucher, Eva,Colombet, Murielle,Ries, Lynn A G,Moreno, Florencia,Dolya, Anastasia,Bray, Freddie,Hesseling, Peter,Shin, Hee Young,Stiller, Charles A Lancet Pub. Group 2017 LANCET ONCOLOGY Vol.18 No.6

<P><B>Summary</B></P><P><B>Background</B></P><P>Cancer is a major cause of death in children worldwide, and the recorded incidence tends to increase with time. Internationally comparable data on childhood cancer incidence in the past two decades are scarce. This study aimed to provide internationally comparable local data on the incidence of childhood cancer to promote research of causes and implementation of childhood cancer control.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>This population-based registry study, devised by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in collaboration with the International Association of Cancer Registries, collected data on all malignancies and non-malignant neoplasms of the CNS diagnosed before age 20 years in populations covered by high-quality cancer registries with complete data for 2001–10. Incidence rates per million person-years for the 0–14 years and 0–19 years age groups were age-adjusted using the world standard population to provide age-standardised incidence rates (WSRs), using the age-specific incidence rates (ASR) for individual age groups (0–4 years, 5–9 years, 10–14 years, and 15–19 years). All rates were reported for 19 geographical areas or ethnicities by sex, age group, and cancer type. The regional WSRs for children aged 0–14 years were compared with comparable data obtained in the 1980s.</P><P><B>Findings</B></P><P>Of 532 invited cancer registries, 153 registries from 62 countries, departments, and territories met quality standards, and contributed data for the entire decade of 2001–10. 385 509 incident cases in children aged 0–19 years occurring in 2·64 billion person-years were included. The overall WSR was 140·6 per million person-years in children aged 0–14 years (based on 284 649 cases), and the most common cancers were leukaemia (WSR 46·4), followed by CNS tumours (WSR 28·2), and lymphomas (WSR 15·2). In children aged 15–19 years (based on 100 860 cases), the ASR was 185·3 per million person-years, the most common being lymphomas (ASR 41·8) and the group of epithelial tumours and melanoma (ASR 39·5). Incidence varied considerably between and within the described regions, and by cancer type, sex, age, and racial and ethnic group. Since the 1980s, the global WSR of registered cancers in children aged 0–14 years has increased from 124·0 (95% CI 123·3–124·7) to 140·6 (140·1–141·1) per million person-years.</P><P><B>Interpretation</B></P><P>This unique global source of childhood cancer incidence will be used for aetiological research and to inform public health policy, potentially contributing towards attaining several targets of the Sustainable Development Goals. The observed geographical, racial and ethnic, age, sex, and temporal variations require constant monitoring and research.</P><P><B>Funding</B></P><P>International Agency for Research on Cancer and the Union for International Cancer Control.</P>

Numerical Simulations of 2D Steady Laminar Natural Convection Flows around One or Several Enclosed Thin Plates

L. Foucher,J. P. Petit 대한기계학회 1998 Heat transter conference Vol.3 No.1

초분광 원격탐사 기반 항공관측 및 현장자료를 활용한 선박탐지

박재진,오상우,Pierre-Yves Foucher,장재철,이문진,박경애,김태성,강원수 한국지구과학회 2017 한국지구과학회지 Vol.38 No.7

Maritime accidents around the Korean Peninsula are increasing, and the ship detection research using remote sensing data is consequently becoming increasingly important. This study presented a new ship detection algorithm using hyperspectral images that provide the spectral information of several hundred channels in the ship detection field, which depends on high resolution optical imagery. We applied a spectral matching algorithm between the reflection spectrum of the ship deck obtained from two field observations and the ship and seawater spectrum of the hyperspectral sensor of an airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer. A total of five detection algorithms were used, namely spectral distance similarity (SDS), spectral correlation similarity (SCS), spectral similarity value (SSV), spectral angle mapper (SAM), and spectral information divergence (SID). SDS showed an error in the detection of seawater inside the ship, and SAM showed a clear classification result with a difference between ship and seawater of approximately 1.8 times. Additionally, the present study classified the vessels included in hyperspectral images by presenting the adaptive thresholds of each technique. As a result, SAM and SID showed superior ship detection abilities compared to those of other detection algorithms. 한반도 주변 해상사고가 증가함에 따라 원격탐사 자료를 활용한 선박탐지 연구의 중요성이 점점 더 강조되고있다. 이 연구는 고해상도 광학영상에 의존하는 기존 선박탐지 분야에 수백 개 채널의 분광정보를 포함하는 초분광영상을 활용하여 새로운 선박탐지 알고리즘 제시하였다. 두 차례의 현장관측을 통해 측정한 선박 선체의 반사 스펙트럼과 AVIRIS (Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer) 초분광센서 영상의 선박 및 해수 반사 스펙트럼 간의 분광정합 기법을 적용하였다. 총 다섯 개의 탐지 알고리즘 spectral distance similarity (SDS), spectral correlation similarity (SCS), spectral similarity value (SSV), spectral angle mapper (SAM), spectral information divergence (SID)를 사용하였다. SDS는 선박 일부가 해수로 탐지되는 오차를 나타내었고, SAM은 선박과 해수 사이에 약 1.8배의 차이를 나타내어 명확한 분류 결과를 보여주었다. 이와 더불어 본 연구에서는 각 기법의 최적 임계값을 제시하여 초분광 영상에 포함되어 있는 선박을 분류하였으며 그 결과 SAM, SID가 다른 탐지 알고리즘에 비해 우수한 선박탐지 능력을 보여주었다.

초분광 원격탐사 기반 위험·유해물질 톨루엔 탐지

박재진,박경애,Pierre-Yves Foucher,김태성,이문진 한국지구과학회 2021 한국지구과학회지 Vol.42 No.6

The increased transport of marine hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) has resulted in frequent HNS spill accidents domestically and internationally. There are about 6,000 species of HNS internationally, and most of them have toxic properties. When an accidental HNS spill occurs, it can destroys the marine ecosystem and can damage life and property due to explosion and fire. Constructing a spectral library of HNS according to wavelength and developing a detection algorithm would help prepare for accidents. In this study, a ground HNS spill experiment was conducted in France. The toluene spectrum was determined through hyperspectral sensor measurements. HNS present in the hyperspectral images were detected by applying the spectral mixture algorithm. Preprocessing principal component analysis (PCA) removed noise and performed dimensional compression. The endmember spectra of toluene and seawater were extracted through the N-FINDR technique. By calculating the abundance fraction of toluene and seawater based on the spectrum, the detection accuracy of HNS in all pixels was presented as a probability. The probability was compared with radiance images at a wavelength of 418.15 nm to select abundance fractions with maximum detection accuracy. The accuracy exceeded 99% at a ratio of approximately 42%. Response to marine spills of HNS are presently impeded by the restricted access to the site because of high risk of exposure to toxic compounds. The present experimental and detection results could help estimate the area of contamination with HNS based on hyperspectral remote sensing. 국내외 해상 위험·유해물질(HNS, Hazardous and Noxious Substances) 물동량 증가와 함께 HNS 유출 사고가 빈번히 발생하고 있다. HNS는 전 세계적으로 약 6,000여 종으로 대부분 유독한 성질을 가지므로 이러한 유출 사고 발생은 해양 생태계 파괴를 비롯하여 폭발 및 화재 등으로 인한 인명 및 재산피해를 유발한다. 따라서 해상 HNS 유출 사고를 대비하여 파장에 따른 HNS 분광 라이브러리 구축 및 탐지 알고리즘을 개발해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 프랑스 현지에서 지상 HNS 유출 실험을 진행하였다. 초분광센서 관측을 통해 파장에 따른 톨루엔 라이브러리 스펙트럼을 구축하였으며, 분광혼합 알고리즘을 활용하여 초분광 HNS를 탐지하였다. 전처리 과정으로 주성분 분석을 적용하여 노이즈 제거 및차원 압축을 수행하였으며, N-FINDR 기법을 통해 영상을 대표하는 톨루엔과 해수의 엔드멤버 스펙트럼을 추출하였다. 스펙트럼 기반의 톨루엔 및 해수의 점유비율을 계산함으로써 모든 픽셀의 HNS 탐지 정확도를 확률로 제시하였다. 최대탐지 정확도를 가지는 점유비율 선정을 위해 418.15 nm 파장의 복사도 영상과 비교하였으며, 그 결과 약 42%의 비율에서 99% 이상의 정확도를 나타내었다. 해상 HNS 유출은 높은 위험성으로 인해 사람이 쉽게 접근할 수 없는 한계를 지닌다. 본 HNS 실험과정 및 탐지 결과는 초분광 원격탐사에 기반한 HNS 오염 해역 추정에 도움이 될 것이다.

Dynamics of inductive plasmas in Cl₂, O₂ and Cl₂/O₂ mixtures

Daniil MARINOV,Mickael FOUCHER,Andrew GIBSON,Pascal CHABERT,Jean-Paul BOOTH 한국진공학회 2016 한국진공학회 학술발표회초록집 Vol.2016 No.8

Continental Present-Day Erosion Rates in a European Context

Olivier Cerdan,Aurore Gay,Valentin Landemaine,Anthony Foucher 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6

Influence of injector spray angle and gasoline-diesel blending ratio on the low load operation in a gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine

Pinazzi, Pietro Matteo,Hwang, Joonsik,Kim, Donghoon,Foucher, Fabrice,Bae, Choongsik Elsevier 2018 Fuel Vol.222 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Advanced compression ignition (CI) engines relying on advanced combustion mode as partially premixed combustion (PPC) own potential for achieving efficient and clean operations. High octane fuels were identified as the most suitable propellant for such advanced CI engines. However, the high Octane Number (ON) of commercial gasoline limits the lowest achievable load under CI conditions. Increasing gasoline fuel reactivity at low load condition is a solution to overcome gasoline partially premixed combustion (PPC) issues at low load. This work reports the results of running a CI engine with such of three fuel blends: neat gasoline (G100) and two gasoline-diesel blends with a diesel content of 10% (G90) and 20% (G80). To investigate typical low load conditions, a fixed mass of 20 mg/cycle was delivered for all the fuels tested. For all the fuels, test were performed by using the custom 146° (UA146) umbrella angle diesel injector and a second injector with a 70° umbrella angle (UA70) . Ignition delay calculation were performed to support analysis of the results from the experiments. Results showed that improving the local mixture strength by using the narrower UA70 injector allowed to achieve gasoline auto-ignition without boosting or intake air heaters. Despite the low soot and nitrogen oxides (NO<SUB>x</SUB>) emission, gasoline combustion led to high CO and HC emissions. In the UA70 case, improving fuel reactivity by increasing the diesel content of the blend led to an increase of soot emissions without a substantial benefit in terms of CO and HC emissions. With the custom UA146 injector, reducing the ON by using the G90 and G80 fuel blends was necessary to achieve stable combustion. As a conclusion, results from experiments showed that the best fuel-injector combination for efficient low load operation with low emissions of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and Soot was provided by the UA146 injector and G90 blend.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> With custom UA146 injector, GPPC is not possible because of high ON and overleaning. </LI> <LI> UA70 avoided overleaning, enhanced reactivity, and allowed for low load GPPC. </LI> <LI> Narrow UA70 affected evaporation and mixing of less volatile diesel-gasoline blend. </LI> <LI> With UA146 injector, adding 10% of diesel reduced ON allowing PPC. </LI> <LI> Best efficiency-NO<SUB>x</SUB>-Soot performances were achieved with UA146 injector and G90 fuel. </LI> </UL> </P>

Engine Combustion Network (ECN): Characterization and comparison of Diesel spray combustion in new high-pressure and high-temperature chamber

( Hugo Ajrouche ),( Ob Nilaphai ),( Bruno Moreau ),( Camille Hespel ),( Fabrice Foucher ),( Christine Mounaim-rousselle ) 한국액체미립화학회 2017 한국액체미립화학회 학술강연회 논문집 Vol.2017 No.-

New One Shot Engine (NOSE) has been designed to simulate the thermodynamic conditions at High Pressure-High Temperature like an actual common-rail diesel engine to study the diesel spray and combustion. The advantage of this kind of set-up in comparison to pre-bum chamber or flue chamber is that the initial gas mixture can be well controlled in terms of species and mole fraction. Indeed, as example, the combustion of spray in more realistic environment can be done by adding species which represent burnt gas recirculation (EGR) or in an environment without H₂O and CO₂. Therefore, our first objective was to share the experimental results required by Engine Combustion Network (https://ecn.sandia.gov) which represents the international reference in the establishment of high-quality and quantitative data sets for engine spray combustion to develop and improve models. The purpose of this work is to present experimental results from different classical data already available by ECN and to discuss about the limitations of NOSE. For that, first the non-reactive standard Spray-A condition (900 K, 60 bar, and 22.8 kg/m3 with pure Nitrogen) was reached to evaluate the accuracy of the set-up in terms of liquid and vapor penetration lengths, respectively characterized by Schlieren and Diffused-Back Illumination. Then the NOSE set-up was improved to provide conditions for different ambient temperatures as 800 K and 850 K. Second, in reactive conditions, the Lift-Off Length (LOL) was measured by OH^* chemiluminescence images. Different techniques as the Schlieren, OH^* chemiluminescence and cylinder pressure rise were used to measure Ignition Delay (ID) and compared. The consistency of the data obtained from liquid length and spray penetration indicates a good level of repeatability between the test rigs employed. The results outline a global agreement with the ECN dataset. Mainly the differences are observed for ID and LOL, due to variations and inhomogeneities of the temperature field, especially in the case of 800 K. To provide a temperature field more homogeneous, different compression ratios have been tested and the chamber temperature characterized by using 4 fine wire thermocouples of 25 ㎛ diameter. Results show that homogeneous temperature inside chamber lead to higher ignition delay than inhomogeneous conditions. The future work will be focused on the presence of different species to evaluate their impact on the combustion development and soot production/oxidation.

Application of jet propellant-8 to premixed charge ignition combustion in a single-cylinder diesel engine

Park, Youngsoo,Bae, Choongsik,Mounaï,m-Rousselle, Christine,Foucher, Fabrice SAGE Publications 2015 International journal of engine research Vol.16 No.1

<P>The aviation fuel, jet propellant-8, was applied to premixed charge ignition combustion as well as conventional combustion in a single-cylinder diesel engine and was compared with diesel fuel. The engine performance and emissions were tested with and without exhaust gas recirculation under two operating conditions. The liquid- and vapor-phase penetration of diesel fuel and jet propellant-8 were also compared by Mie-scattering and Schlieren method under evaporating conditions using a constant-volume chamber. It was observed that jet propellant-8 exhibited slightly longer vapor-phase penetration and evidently shorter liquid-phase penetration compared with diesel fuel due to the lower distillation temperature and density of jet propellant-8. However, despite the faster evaporation rate of jet propellant-8, it was found that the ignition delay with jet propellant-8 was 2–3 crank angle degrees longer than that with diesel fuel due to its lower cetane number. This result was consistent for all operating conditions and combustion regimes. Jet propellant-8 also showed lower nitrogen oxides (NO<SUB>x</SUB>) and smoke emissions for both combustion regimes under the low-load condition because of locally leaner air–fuel mixture caused by longer ignition delay, higher volatility, and lower aromatic contents. As the engine load increased, jet propellant-8 emitted more NO<SUB>x</SUB> under conventional combustion regime due to the more vigorous premixed burn phase compared with diesel fuel. With exhaust gas recirculation, jet propellant-8 showed an improved trade-off relationship between NO<SUB>x</SUB> and smoke emissions for both combustion regimes due to its better evaporation characteristics and lower aromatic contents. Premixed charge ignition combustion with jet propellant-8 emitted lower smoke than conventional combustion with jet propellant-8 under near-zero NO<SUB>x</SUB> level.</P>

Organometallic macromolecules with piano stool coordination repeating units: chain configuration and stimulated solution behaviour

Cao, Kai,Ward, Jonathan,Amos, Ryan C.,Jeong, Moon Gon,Kim, Kyoung Taek,Gauthier, Mario,Foucher, Daniel,Wang, Xiaosong The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Chemical communications Vol.50 No.70

<P>Theoretical calculations illustrate that organometallic macromolecules with piano stool coordination repeating units (Fe-acyl complex) adopt linear chain configuration with a P–Fe–C backbone surrounded by aromatic groups. The macromolecules show molecular weight-dependent and temperature stimulated solution behaviour in DMSO.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>PFpP with piano stool coordination repeating units (Fe-acyl complex) adopts linear chain configuration with a P–Fe–C backbone surrounded by aromatic groups, exhibiting stimulated solution behaviour in DMSO. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c4cc03064h'> </P>