Optical-chemical-microphysical relationships and closure studies for mixed carbonaceous aerosols observed at Jeju Island; 3-laser photoacoustic spectrometer, particle sizing, and filter analysis

Flowers, B. A.,Dubey, M. K.,Mazzoleni, C.,Stone, E. A.,Schauer, J. J.,Kim, S.-W.,Yoon, S. C. Copernicus GmbH 2010 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.10 No.21

<P>Abstract. Transport of aerosols in pollution plumes from the mainland Asian continent was observed in situ at Jeju, South Korea during the Cheju Asian Brown Cloud Plume-Asian Monsoon Experiment (CAPMEX) field campaign throughout August and September 2008 using a 3-laser photoacoustic spectrometer (PASS-3), chemical filter analysis, and size distributions. The PASS-3 directly measures the effects of morphology (e.g. coatings) on light absorption that traditional filter-based instruments are unable to address. Transport of mixed sulfate, carbonaceous, and nitrate aerosols from various Asian pollution plumes to Jeju accounted for 74% of the deployment days, showing large variations in their measured chemical and optical properties. Analysis of eight distinct episodes, spanning wide ranges of chemical composition, optical properties, and source regions, reveals that episodes with higher organic carbon (OC)/sulfate (SO42−) and nitrate (NO3−)/SO42− composition ratios exhibit lower single scatter albedo at shorter wavelengths (ω405). We infer complex refractive indices (n-ik) as a function of wavelength for the high, intermediate, and low OC/SO42− pollution episodes by using the observed particle size distributions and the measured optical properties. The smallest mean particle diameter corresponds to the high OC/SO42− aerosol episode. The imaginary part of the refractive index (k) is greater for the high OC/SO42− episode at all wavelengths. A distinct, sharp increase in k at short wavelength implies enhanced light absorption by OC, which accounts for 50% of the light absorption at 405 nm, in the high OC/SO42− episode. Idealized analysis indicates increased absorption at 781 nm by factors greater than 3 relative to denuded black carbon in the laboratory. We hypothesize that coatings of black carbon cores are the mechanism of this enhancement. This implies that climate warming and atmospheric heating rates from black carbon particles can be significantly larger than have been estimated previously. The results of this study demonstrate ways in which atmospheric processing and mixing can amplify particle light absorption for carbonaceous aerosol, significantly at short wavelength, underscoring the need to understand and predict chemical composition effects on optical properties to accurately estimate the climate radiative forcing by mixed carbonaceous aerosols. </P>

Eastern-medicine doctors in 1910s Korea integrating Western medicine on their own terms

James Flowers 한국한의학연구원 2021 Integrative Medicine Research Vol.10 No.4

East asian medicine in australia : Legal and regulatory structures

James Flowers 원광대학교 법학연구소 2012 의생명과학과 법 Vol.7 No.-

호주에서 전통의학의 법적 규제 구조를 연구하기 위해서는 역사적과 사회적인 문제도 논의할 필요가 있다. 먼저 규제 체제의 운영방법에 대해 설명하고 그 다음에 시스템을 실제로 어떻게 운영하는지에 대하여 논의하고자 한다. 호주의 동아시아의학에 대한 국가규제는 2012년 7월부터 발효되었다. 동아 의학은 중의학으로 알려져 있지만 한국, 일본과 베트남의 의약품도 포함되고 있다. 이것은 동아시아 본토 이외, 동아시아의학이 처음으로 산업으로 국가계획에 포함되어 있다. 호주 정부가 국민에게 약품 복리계획도 만들어주고 있기 때문에 국민의 의약진료지출이 많이 감소하고 있다. 일반적으로 대부분 호주사람들이 개인의료보험에 가입해서 많은 의료서비스를 얻을 수 있다. 지금 호주에서 근무하는 동아시아 의사들이 대부분 중국 출신이고 그 인원수는 19세기의 생물의사보다 많다. 이러한 상황은 두 가지 주요 요인의 영향을 받아서 반전하였다. 하나는 백호주의 통합정책이다. 이 정책에서 호주에서 살고 있는 황색인종들을 배척하고 의료행위도 강하게 규제하기 때문에 동아의학의 발전공간이 없다. 또 하나는 1970년부터 호주에서 동아시아 의학의 발전이 시작되었다. 한편으로, 그대 동아시아의학의 인기는 북미, 서유럽, 뉴질랜드에서 상승하고 있다. 여러 가지 요인이 있지만 그 중에 하나는 이민 정책이 자유화되고 동아시아이민수가 증가되는 것이다. 또 다른 요인은 실제 반문화도 나타나는 것이다. 사람들이 동아의학에 대한 관심이 점점 많아졌다.

Cixi and the Menghe Medicine of Ma Peizhi

James Flowers, 강연석(Yeon-Seok Kang) 한국의사학회 2011 한국의사학회지 Vol.24 No.1

本文調硏了淸代皇傢醫療的情況。特別是我們查閱了慈喜太後的病歷反映出馬培之醫生(1820-1903)獨特的醫療觀念。這一章主要講馬 醫生的醫療理論,充滿了陰陽相互作用的槪念。用他的二陽病的疾病理論來治療女性病人被看作是陰。在他的治療策略中他認爲心臟和脾臟是成功治療的關鍵。這个方發源于他相信身體疾病是因爲精神上的不安造成的。這种情况也表明即使看起來一直向前發展的醫學病歷政治總是以某种形式存在。然而,在編輯那些被後代傳誦或想象的人們的情况是常常受記載方式的影響,怎樣寫他們以及是否記錄在任何時間被簒改。這个問題因抗着歷史學傢們。最明顯的例子就是非常复雜的慈喜案歷,證据總是部分的,扭曲的,含糊不淸的。這个案歷表明盡管有這些局限,檔案是歷史學傢最重要的來源。

East asian medicine in australia : Legal and regulatory structures

James Flowers 원광대학교 법학연구소 2012 의생명과학과 법 Vol.7 No.-

호주에서 전통의학의 법적 규제 구조를 연구하기 위해서는 역사적과 사회 적인 문제도 논의할 필요가 있다. 먼저 규제 체제의 운영방법에 대해 설명하 고 그 다음에 시스템을 실제로 어떻게 운영하는지에 대하여 논의하고자 한다. 호주의 동아시아의학에 대한 국가규제는 2012년 7월부터 발효되었다. 동 아 의학은 중의학으로 알려져 있지만 한국, 일본과 베트남의 의약품도 포함 되고 있다. 이것은 동아시아 본토 이외, 동아시아의학이 처음으로 산업으로 국가계획에 포함되어 있다. 호주 정부가 국민에게 약품 복리계획도 만들어주고 있기 때문에 국민의 의약진료지출이 많이 감소하고 있다. 일반적으로 대부분 호주사람들이 개인 의료보험에 가입해서 많은 의료서비스를 얻을 수 있다. 지금 호주에서 근무하는 동아시아 의사들이 대부분 중국 출신이고 그 인 원수는 19세기의 생물의사보다 많다. 이러한 상황은 두 가지 주요 요인의 영향을 받아서 반전하였다. 하나는 백호주의 통합정책이다. 이 정책에서 호 주에서 살고 있는 황색인종들을 배척하고 의료행위도 강하게 규제하기 때문 에 동아의학의 발전공간이 없다. 또 하나는 1970년부터 호주에서 동아시아 의학의 발전이 시작되었다. 한편으로, 그대 동아시아의학의 인기는 북미, 서유럽, 뉴질랜드에서 상승 하고 있다. 여러 가지 요인이 있지만 그 중에 하나는 이민 정책이 자유화되 고 동아시아이민수가 증가되는 것이다. 또 다른 요인은 실제 반문화도 나타나는 것이다. 사람들이 동아의학에 대한 관심이 점점 많아졌다.

Cixi and the Menghe Medicine of Ma Peizhi

James Flowers,강연석 한국의사학회 2011 한국의사학회지 Vol.24 No.1

本文調研了清代皇傢醫療的情况。特别是我们查閱了慈喜太後的病歷,反映出馬培之醫生(1820—1903)獨特的醫療觀念。這一章主要講馬 醫生的醫療理論,充满了陰陽相互作用的概念。用他的二陽病的疾病理論來治療女性病人被看作是陰。在他的治療策略中他認為心臟和脾臟是成功治療的關键。這个方發源于他相信身體疾病是因為精神上的不安造成的。這种情况也表明即使看起来一直向前發展的醫學病歷,政治總是以某种形式存在。然而,在編輯那些被後代傳诵或想象的人们的情况是常常受記载方式的影响,怎样寫他们以及是否記錄在任何時間被篡改。這个問题困扰着歷史學傢们。最明显的例子就是非常复杂的慈喜案歷,證据總是部分的,扭曲的,含糊不清的。這个案歷表明,盡管有這些局限,檔案是歷史學傢最重要的來源。

Soyoung SUH, Naming the Local: Medicine, Language, and Identity in Korea since the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2017. 244 pages. ISBN: 9780674976962 (Hardcover). 39.95 USD.

( James Flowers ) 성균관대학교 동아시아학술원 2018 Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.18 No.1

"Toboggan Graft"를 이용한 코끝성형술

박동만,Flowers, Robert S. 大韓成形外科學會 1996 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.23 No.4

Good tip projection and definition are commonly the defining criteria for the superbly done rhinoplasty. It is also the most difficult characteristic to achieve with consistency. A myriad of method are in vogue around the world in the quest to obtain good tip projection and a pleasingly sculpted tip, but all leave much to be desired. In this paper, we offer a simple technique of tip cartilage grafting that overcomes the problems of the past and provides consistently delightful results. Current emphasis in the West favors open rhinoplasty. In East Asia, however, nasal augmentation with alloplastic material is the most common modality to accomplish this end. The technique described leaves only autogenous tissue in the tip obviating problems associated with implants in the nasal tip. For most patients, we find it maximally effective to perform "toboggan grafts" for optimal tips and good projection. The required cartilage for the "toboggan graft" comes from the nasalseptum. It is prepared by a bevelling the margin to facilitate a "curling" at both ends. This makes the "in-place" graft resemble a toboggan. But scant and freguently flimsy septal cartilage in East Asian patients often requires buttressing with one or more cartilaginous struts to make the framework sufficiently strong to "hold" the increased projection. This technique devised by the senior author, and used over the last 20 years with more than 1,000 patients, provides hoped for projection while eliminating protrusions and irregularities of cartilage grafts in the past. It is also free of limitations in the amount of tension placed on the columella skin characteristic of open rhinoplasty. The "toboggan graft" gives a natural sculpted appearing tip with aesthetically pleasing projection in East Asian patients, as well as Caucasians and people of African heritage. It is simple, relatively quick and applicable to a large variety of deformities.

Ethylenediamine Promotes Cu Nanowire Growth by Inhibiting Oxidation of Cu(111)

Kim, Myung Jun,Flowers, Patrick F.,Stewart, Ian E.,Ye, Shengrong,Baek, Seungyeon,Kim, Jae Jeong,Wiley, Benjamin J. American Chemical Society 2017 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.139 No.1

<P>The synthesis of metal nanostructures usually requires a capping agent that is generally thought to cause anisotropic growth by blocking the addition of atoms to specific crystal facets. This work uses a series of electrochemical measurements with a quartz crystal microbalance and single-crystal electrodes to elucidate the facet-selective chemistry occurring in the synthesis of Cu nanowires. Contrary to prevailing hypotheses, ethylenediamine, a so-called capping agent in the synthesis of Cu nanowires, causes anisotropic growth by increasing the rate of atomic addition to (111) facets at the end of a growing nanowire relative to (100) facets on the sides of a nanowire. Ethylenediamine increases the reduction rate of Cu(OH)(2)(-) on a Cu(111) surface relative to Cu(100) by selectively inhibiting the formation of Cu oxide on Cu(111). This work demonstrates how studying facet-selective electrochemistry can improve the understanding of the processes by which atoms assemble to form anisotropic metal nanostructures.</P>

Exploring innovation in Shanzhai: the case of mobile phones

Ming Dong,Stephen Flowers 기술경영경제학회 2016 ASIAN JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION Vol.24 No.2

Chinese innovation in low-cost, ‘good enough’ electronic products has been very active. Suchproducts may be copies of current branded goods that are positioned as straightforwardcounterfeits, knock-offs, or Shanzhai. In this paper, we argue that this simplistic analysis isinadequate to describe novel approaches to the production of new goods and that a newsystem of innovation is emerging. This novel innovation system has a distinct set of contextspecific actors and intra- and inter-firm structures that have aided the technology innovationsand the development of new business models. This paper employs a case study method anduses qualitative data to explore how innovations emerge in new mobile technologies and theinnovation system that supports their emergence. It examines the Shanzhai mobile phoneindustry as a case and provides a first attempt to map the innovation system that hasdeveloped. The results suggest that the distinctive characteristics of the Chinese innovationsystem contribute to the innovations around the product and the production processes. It further confirms the suitability of applying the innovation system approach to Shanzhaiphenomenon, and explores new forms of innovation dynamics. The paper concludes with aninitial agenda for further research in this area.