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Joo, J.,Khusnutdinova, A.,Flick, R.,Kim, T.,Bornscheuer, U.,Yakunin, A.,Mahadevan, R. THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY 2017 Chemical Science Vol.8 No.2
<P>Adipic acid, a precursor for Nylon-6,6 polymer, is one of the most important commodity chemicals, which is currently produced from petroleum. The biosynthesis of adipic acid from glucose still remains challenging due to the absence of biocatalysts required for the hydrogenation of unsaturated six-carbon dicarboxylic acids to adipic acid. Here, we demonstrate the first enzymatic hydrogenation of 2-hexenedioic acid and muconic acid to adipic acid using enoate reductases (ERs). ERs can hydrogenate 2-hexenedioic acid and muconic acid producing adipic acid with a high conversion rate and yield in vivo and in vitro. Purified ERs exhibit a broad substrate spectrum including aromatic and aliphatic 2-enoates and a significant oxygen tolerance. The discovery of the hydrogenation activity of ERs contributes to an understanding of the catalytic mechanism of these poorly characterized enzymes and enables the environmentally benign biosynthesis of adipic acid and other chemicals from renewable resources.</P>
Student Teachers and Beginning Teachers' Understandings of Scientific Inquiry
Young-Shin Park,Larry Flick,Patricia D. Morrell,Camille Wainwright 한국지구과학회 2004 韓國地球科學會誌 Vol.25 No.3
This study examined the knowledge and practices of scientific inquiry displayed by three student teachers and two beginning teachers at secondary levels. Observations using the instrument of OTOP designed by the research team of OCEPT (Oregon Collaborative for Excellent in the Preparation of Teachers) generalized similar teaching strategies of scientific inquiry between student and beginning teachers, such as using group work for students’ first hand experience, using concrete materials for experimentation or visual tools for demonstration, using questions for factual knowledge mainly without opportunities to understand how scientific knowledge is constructed. Those scientific inquiry activities were very confirmative ones to follow the steps without opportunities of understanding nature of science or nature of scientific inquiry. However, all participants in this study hold knowledge of scientific inquiry envisioned by the National Science Education Standards [NSES] (NRC, 1996), where students identify their hypothesis, use critical and logical thinking, and consider alternative explanations through argumentation as well as experimentation. An inconsistent relationship between participating teachers knowledge and practices about scientific inquiry resulted from their lack of pedagogy skills of implementing it in the classroom. Providing opportunities for these teachers to reflect on their beliefs and practices about scientific inquiry was recommended for the future study. Furthermore, increasing college faculty interest in new teaching approaches for upgrading the content knowledge of student teachers and beginning teachers was recommended as a solution, since those teachers showed evidence of influence by college faculties at universities in their pedagogy skills.
Exploring Bacterial Carboxylate Reductases for the Reduction of Bifunctional Carboxylic Acids
Khusnutdinova, Anna N.,Flick, Robert,Popovic, Ana,Brown, Greg,Tchigvintsev, Anatoli,Nocek, Boguslaw,Correia, Kevin,Joo, Jeong C.,Mahadevan, Radhakrishnan,Yakunin, Alexander F. Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley Sons) 2017 BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL Vol.12 No.11
Aviles-Vinas, Susana A.,Lecona-Guzman, Carlos A.,Canto-Flick, Adriana,Lopez-Erosa, Stephanie,Santana-Buzzy, Nancy 한국식물생명공학회 2013 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.7 No.3
Somatic embryo-like structures were produced from the hypocotyls of aseptic plants of Capsicum chinense. Different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (0, 4.5, $9.05{\mu}M$), several exposure times of the explant to this auxin (15, 30, 45, 60 days) and the development of somatic embryos cultured in a solid and/or liquid medium were evaluated. As a result, a novel system of regeneration via direct somatic embryogenesis in liquid medium was established, with an efficiency of $1.77{\times}10^4$ somatic embryos per liter of medium. Critical stages of embryogenesis, including cellular acquisition of morphogenetic competence, suspensor formation, and development and maturation of somatic embryos, were identified by histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Our results show a promising new outlook on the in vitro regeneration of this species. Contrary to what has been reported to date for the Capsicum genus, it is a species of plants with higher embryogenic potential in vitro.
Susana A. Avile´s-Vin˜as,Carlos A. Lecona-Guzma´n,Adriana Canto-Flick,Stephanie Lo´pez-Erosa,Nancy Santana-Buzzy 한국식물생명공학회 2013 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.7 No.3
Somatic embryo-like structures were producedfrom the hypocotyls of aseptic plants of Capsicum chinense. Different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyaceticacid (0, 4.5, 9.05 lM), several exposure times of theexplant to this auxin (15, 30, 45, 60 days) and the developmentof somatic embryos cultured in a solid and/orliquid medium were evaluated. As a result, a novel systemof regeneration via direct somatic embryogenesis in liquidmedium was established, with an efficiency of 1.77 9 104somatic embryos per liter of medium. Critical stages ofembryogenesis, including cellular acquisition of morphogeneticcompetence, suspensor formation, and developmentand maturation of somatic embryos, were identifiedby histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Our results show a promising new outlook on the in vitroregeneration of this species. Contrary to what has beenreported to date for the Capsicum genus, it is a species ofplants with higher embryogenic potential in vitro.