Modern Times and Modern Rites

( Owen Flanagan ) 성균관대학교 유교문화연구소 2019 儒敎文化硏究(中文版) Vol.0 No.32

Classical Confucianism says that ritual propriety (li 禮) is necessary to bind society and produce a harmonious and peaceful social order. Secular liberal moral and political theories are skeptical that shared manners, etiquette, rituals, and rites are necessary to bind society and produce intrastate harmony and peace. Liberalism, especially liberalism adapted to cosmopolitan and multicultural states, proposes that an overlapping consensus about values can be sufficient to bind a people, without shared norms governing li. It might be true that shared values can bind a liberal multi-culture without shared li, while at the same time there are costs associated with doing without li, or abiding a plural li. Some philosophers associate li with conservative social orders and are glad to see the li dissipate with the recession of such orders. Others think that we need to recognize the costs associated with li-lessness, and that liberal, multicultural orders have, and/or are in need of creating or recreating li in order to sustain a harmonious common life. This paper revisits this debate and explores the question of whether and how Chinese Confucian philosophy sheds light on the normative contribution li makes to human life, and whether and to what degree this depends on whether the culture or nation state is liberal or liberal and multicultural. This will enable us to evaluate whether we in the North Atlantic should want more, less, or none of li.

U.S. Military Transformation: Implications for Northeast Asia and Korea

Stephen J. Flanagan 한국전략문제연구소 2008 전략연구 Vol.- No.43

미국의 군사변혁 노력은 1991년 이후 국제안보환경, 군사기술, 조직행태, 동맹능력의 변화에 따라 영향을 받아왔다. 소련의 위협을 저지하기 위해 요구되었던 군사배치, 군사기지, 전력과 명령체계가 냉전의 종식과 더불어 1990년대에 들어와 군사변혁의 첫 단계가 시작된 것이다. 2001년 이후 시작된 군사변혁의 두 번째 단계는 급속한 세계화에 따른 비대칭 위협, 비정규전, 복잡하고 과도기적 도전에 대한 높은 경각심에서 비롯되었다. 미국의 군사적 패권이 지속되는 한 대부분의 국가들은 앞으로 전통적인 수단으로는 미국에 대항할 수 없다고 생각한다. 따라서 미국의 군사기획 담당자들은 향후 10년 이상 비대칭전이 분쟁의 주된 형태가 될 것으로 예측한다. 2001년과 2006년의 ‘4개년 방위검토’(QDR)는 모두 ‘불확실성’이 국제 안보환경의 또 다른 특징이라는데 초점을 맞추고 있다. 더 이상 언제 어디서 미국 또는 미국의 동맹국이 공격을 당할 지 알 수 없게 된 것이다. 안보는 대규모 전쟁, 적성국의 비대칭 공격, 대량살상무기와 탄도미사일의 확산, 혹은 대량살상무기를 수단으로 한 국제 테러리즘 등에 의해 위협받을 수 있게 되었다. 이러한 평가를 기초로 미국의 군사기획 담당자들은 다양하고 비대칭적인 위협에 효과적으로 대응하기 위해서는 ‘보다 유연한 방위태세’(more flexible posture)가 필요하며, 미군의 배치와 작전 또한 지역적인 수준에서 범세계적 수준으로 범위를 넓혀야 한다는 결론을 내렸다. 2004년 완성된 ‘범세계적 방위태세 검토’(GPR: Global Posture Review)는 해외주둔 미군의 지리적 재편의 큰 틀을 잡았다. GPR은 국제적인 군사작전과 이를 위한 미군기지의 요건들을 재평가하고 다음과 같이 결론지었다. 미국은 군사작전지역뿐만 아니라 군사시설이 드문 지역까지를 포함한 광범위한 지역에 신속하고도 확실하게 접근해야 하고, 잠재적인 불안과 갈등을 지닌 지역에 군대를 배치하고 운용해야 한다. 이를 위해 냉전시기의 수많은 기지들의 통합도 고려해야 한다. 동북아에서의 GPR 작업은 한국 및 일본과의 협의와 교섭을 통해 이루어졌다. 2004년 한국정부와 몇 차례 마찰이 있기는 했으나, 미 국방부 당국자들은 곧 이러한 핵심 동맹국들과의 효과적 교섭과 안보 협력의 중요성을 깨달았다. 동맹국들이 새로운 책임을 수행할 능력이 있는지 그리고 국내적 지지를 확보할 수 있는지에 대한 조심스런 평가 또한 미국의 군사변혁 계획을 성공적으로 이행하고 지역안정과 안보를 유지해 나가는데 필수적 요소라는 점도 인식하게 되었다. 종종 어려운 상황을 연출하긴 했지만, 지난 수년간 일본 및 한국 정부와의 협상을 통해 오랜 동맹국들에 대한 미국의 방위 공약을 강화하는 한편 9.11 이후의 새로운 안보위협에 대응하기 위한 지역 내 미군 방위태세의 변혁을 이끌어 냈다고 할 수 있다. 동시에 일본과 한국 모두 국제안보문제에 대한 관여의 정도가 높아졌다. 일본은 인도양, 이라크, 기타 중동지역에 자위대를 파견했고, 한국은 이라크와 아프가니스탄에 파병했다. 세계의 안정과 번영에 동아시아의 중요성이 커짐에 따라 미국이 한국, 일본, 호주, 태국, 그리고 필리핀과 동맹을 유지하는 것은 향후 십년 간 미국외교의 우선순위를 점하게 될 것이다. 2기 부시정권은 미국의 전략 목표를 실현하는데 있어서 동맹과 국제적 동반자를 확보하는 것이 매우 중요하다는 사실을 확인했다. 맥케인과 오바마 모두 집권할 경우 유럽과 동아시아에서 미국의 동맹관계를 활성화하는 데 역점을 두겠다고 공약하였다. 아프가니스탄과 이라크 군사작전 그리고 반테러 활동을 펼치는 가운데 얻게 된 교훈을 바탕으로 미국 군사변혁의 또 다른 단계가 시작되었다. 이는 엄밀히 말해 군사변혁이라기 보다는 정부변혁(governmental transformation)에 가깝다. 즉 군사적 수단만으로는 이러한 분쟁에서 승리를 얻을 수 없다는 뼈아픈 교훈을 얻은 것이다. 미국과 동맹국 간의 정부 및 비정부 차원의 다양한 요소들이 잘 결합되어야만 성공할 수 있다. 따라서 2006년 QDR은 미국정부가 민군 통합작전을 실행하고, 특히 국방부의 경우 국제적 동반자와의 협력을 증대시킴과 동시에 이들의 역량을 강화하는데 역점을 둬야한다고 역설했다. 작년 조셉 나이 전 국방부 차관보과 리처드 아미티지 전 국무부 부장관이 주도한 ‘CSIS Commission on Smart Power’ 보고서와 게이츠 국방장관이 강조한 것은 소프트파워를 활용하는 미국의 역량을 증대시키고, 이와 관련하여 국무부와 여타 부처의 예산을 늘리고, 소프트파워와 하드파워를 좀 더 기술적으로 통합하는 능력을 강화해야 한다는 것이었다. 향후 수년간 지속될 군사변혁의 다음 단계는 소프트파워와 하드파워의 균형을 찾는 노력이 될 것이다.

Evaluation of Hydroxyl Radical-Scavenging Abilities of Silica Hydride, an Antioxidant Compound, by a Fe2+-EDTA-Induced 2-Hydroxyterephthalate Fluorometric Analysis

G. Patrick Flanagan,Cory J. Stephanson,Anne M. Stephanson 한국식품영양과학회 2003 Journal of medicinal food Vol.6 No.3

The hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity and efficacy of a novel organosiliceous anionic hydride compound,silica hydride, were quantified by a recently developed method. The method measures a direct relationship between the hy-droxyl radical scavenging capability of the antioxidant compound and the linear decrease in signal from a fluorescent 2-hy-droxyterephthalate product created by reacting an Fe 21 -EDTA complex in the presence of a potential radical scavenger. Afluorescence signal half-inhibition, IC 50, value of 1.4 6 0.1 mM was obtained for silica hydride compounds. The validity ofthe analysis was verified by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, spectrophotometric analysis of NAD1 /NADH ratios, mi-tochondrial membrane potential measurements, and assays of both cytochrome c(Fe31 ) to cytochrome c(Fe21 ) and epineph-rine to adenochrome reductions.

Antioxidant Capability and Efficacy of Mega-H™ Silica Hydride, an Antioxidant Dietary Supplement, by In Vitro Cellular Analysis Using Photosensitization and Fluorescence Detection

G. Patrick Flanagan,Cory J. Stephanson,Anne M. Stephanson 한국식품영양과학회 2002 Journal of medicinal food Vol.5 No.1

Treatment of Chinese hamster ovary and mouse hybridoma cells with Mega-H™ brand sil-ica hydride, a marketed antioxidant, after photosensitization with singlet oxygen and hy-droxyl/superoxide reactive oxygen species through the use of rose bengal diacetate and mala-chite green resulted in an effective method of reducing free radical activity by more than 96%against singlet oxygen species and more than 86% for hydroxyl and superoxide free radicalswith the dosage recommended by the manufacturer. The analysis used a combinational spec-trafluorometric technique to determine cell viability and cytotoxicity through the mechanismof intracellular esterase activity and plasma membrane integrity. Photosensitized controls nottreated with silica hydride showed less than 1% viability under the same conditions. The re-duction of the introduced fre radicals and singlet oxygen species and the consequent highlevels of cell viability may be the result of effective and efficient antioxidant and radical scav-enging properties of silica hydride.9

Differential Metabolic Effects on Mitochondria by Silica Hydride Using Capillary Electrophoresis

G. Patrick Flanagan,Cory J. Stephanson 한국식품영양과학회 2004 Journal of medicinal food Vol.7 No.1

Working as an extension of a newly developed method for a capillary electrophoretic analysis of purine nu-cleotides, nucleosides, bases, and catabolism, an assay of the differential metabolic properties by a novel organosiliceous an-ionic hydride compound, silica hydride, was evaluated with Chinese hamster ovary mitochondria using a 50-mm poly(acry-loylaminopropanol)-coated, fused-silica capillary. The results of this organellar differential analysis indicate a correlation ofincreased redox pair of NADH to NAD 1 ratios by two times and an increase in ATP levels in the assayed mitochondria bysix times. Glucose levels in the organelles were half of the original values. This study validates the electrophoretic methodutilizing live organelle fractions for differential metabolic analysis and aditionally illustrates some of the emerging novelproperties of silica hydride. As confirmation of the results obtained in this assay, additional methods of standard protocol wereused to monitor the mitochondrial metabolic activity.

Five Country Cooperation on Non-proliferation of WMD

( Stephen J. Flanagan ),( James Przystup ),( John Caves ) 국방대학교 안보문제연구소 2005 The Korean Journal of Security Affairs Vol.10 No.2

The Effects of a Korean Ginseng, GINST15, on Hypo-Pituitary-Adrenal and Oxidative Activity Induced by Intense Work Stress

Shawn D. Flanagan,William H. DuPont,Lydia K. Caldwell,Vincent H. Hardesty,Emily C. Barnhart,Matthew K. Beeler,Emily M. Post,Jeff S. Volek,William J. Kraemer 한국식품영양과학회 2018 Journal of medicinal food Vol.21 No.1

The effect of GINST15, an enzyme fermented ginseng supplement, on hormonal and inflammatory responses to physical stress in humans is unknown. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the constitutive and stress-induced effects of GINST15 supplement on hypo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and antioxidant activity in addition to muscle damage. Ten women (age: 38.7 ± 7.8 years; height: 163.81 ± 4.4 cm; body mass 76.0 ± 11.6 kg) and nine men (age: 41.2. ± 9.7 years; height: 177.4 ± 5.3 cm; body mass: 88.5 ± 5.0 kg) participated in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced within-group study. Participants completed three 14-day treatment cycles with different doses (high: 960 mg; low: 160 mg; placebo: 0 mg) separated by a 1-week washout period. At the end of treatment, physical stress was imposed with intense resistance exercise work stress. Participants provided blood at rest and various time points after exercise (immediately [IP], 30 min [30], 60 min [60], 24 h [+24HR]). Cortisol (CORT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total glutathione, nonspecific antioxidant activity, total antioxidant power (TAP), and creatine kinase were measured. GINST15 supplementation produced stress-inducible dose-dependent reductions in circulating cortisol and increased enzymatic and nonspecific antioxidant activity. Twenty-four hours after intense exercise, a high dose GINST15, a bioactive ginsenoside metabolite, significantly reduces muscle damage and HPA responses to physical stress in humans; these effects may result from increased antioxidant expression.

냉간 가공한 팔라디움의 비정상적인 수소 고용도에 대한 분석

박충년,Flanagan,Ted B.,이호종 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1987 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.25 No.1

The anomalous hydrogen solubilities in the deformed palladiums were analyzed by employing modified Kirchheim's model with considering the partially coherent strain energy which would induced during hydride precipitation around edge dislocations. The dislocation densities, obtained by this model, of the various cold worked and/or α↔β transformed palladium samples were the order of 10^(11)㎝^(-2) The partially coherent strain energies were about 3 kJ/㏖H and nearly same in the various samples. This value could be compared with the incoherent strain energy, 0.4kJ/㏖H, which was obtained from the hysteresis on, P-C isotherm, and the coherent strain energy calculated, 9.6kJ/㏖H.

Route to Improving Photovoltaics Based on CdSe/CdSe_<i>x</i>Te_1–<i>x</i> Type-II Heterojunction Nanorods: The Effect of Morphology and Cosensitization on Carrier Recombination and Transport

Lee, Sangheon,Flanagan, Joseph C.,Lee, Byungho,Hwang, Taehyun,Kim, Jaewook,Gil, Bumjin,Shim, Moonsub,Park, Byungwoo American Chemical Society 2017 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.9 No.37

<P>One-dimensionally elongated nanoparticles with type-II staggered band offset are of potential use as light-harvesting materials for photovoltaics, but only a limited attention has been given to elucidate the factors governing the cell performance obtainable from such materials. Herein, we describe a combined strategy to enhance charge collection from CdSe/CdSexTe1-x type-II heterojunction nanorods (HNRs) utilized as light harvesters for sensitized solar cells. By integrating morphology- and composition-tuned type-II HNRs into solar cells, factors that yield interfaces favorable both for the electron injection into TiO2 and hole transfer to electrolyte are examined. Furthermore, it is shown that a more efficient photovoltaic system results from cosensitization with CdS quantum dots (QDs) predeposited on a TiO2 scaffold, which improves charge collection from HNRs. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis suggests that such a synergistically enhanced system benefits from the decreased recombination within HNRs and facilitated charge transport through the cosensitized TiO2 electrode, even with the activation of a recombination path presumably related to the photogenerated holes in CdS QDs.</P>

Efficient Type-II Heterojunction Nanorod Sensitized Solar Cells Realized by Controlled Synthesis of Core/Patchy-Shell Structure and CdS Cosensitization

Lee, Sangheon,Flanagan, Joseph C.,Kim, Jaewook,Yun, Alan Jiwan,Lee, Byungho,Shim, Moonsub,Park, Byungwoo American Chemical Society 2019 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.11 No.21

<P>Here, we report the successful application of core/patchy-shell CdSe/CdSe<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>Te<SUB>1-<I>x</I></SUB> type-II heterojunction nanorods (HNRs) to realize efficient sensitized solar cells. The core/patchy-shell structure designed to have a large type-II heterointerface without completely shielding the CdSe core significantly improves photovoltaic performance compared to other HNRs with minimal or full-coverage shells. In addition, cosensitization with CdS grown by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction further improves the power conversion efficiency. One-diode model analysis reveals that the HNRs having exposed CdSe cores and suitably grown CdS result in significant reduction of series resistance. Investigation of the intercorrelation between diode quality parameters, diode saturation current density (<I>J</I><SUB>0</SUB>) and recombination order (β = (ideality factor)<SUP>−1</SUP>) reveals that HNRs with open CdSe cores exhibit reduced recombination. These results confirm that the superior performance of core/patchy-shell HNRs results from their fine-tuned structure: photocurrent is increased by the large type-II heterointerface and recombination is effectively suppressed due to the open CdSe core enabling facile electron extraction. An optimized power conversion efficiency of 5.47% (5.89% with modified electrode configuration) is reported, which is unmatched among photovoltaics utilizing anisotropic colloidal heterostructures as light-harvesting materials.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>