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Will GATT Enforcement Control Antidumping?
Finger, J. Michael,Fung, Kwok-Chiu 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1994 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.9 No.2
Why has the GATT dispute settlement process been so ineffective in disciplining the use of antidumping; what are the sources of this ineffectiveness and the likelihood that the process will become effective in the future? The paper concludes that GATT enforcement is not likely to provide effective discipline over national use of antidumping. Both the bureaucratic and the legal momentum of the GATT dispute settlement process are toward innocuous findings of procedural error that can be corrected without lifting the antidumping order under review. A legalistic approach implies a protectionist answer.
Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Activities of Toad Venoms from Southern Amazon, Brazil
Felipe Finger Banfi,Karla de Sena Guedes,Carla Regina Andrighetti,Ana Carolina Aguiar,Bryan Wender Debiasi,Janaina da Costa Noronha,Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues,Gerardo Magela Vieira Junior,Bruno Anton 대한기생충학열대의학회 2016 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.54 No.4
( J. Michael Finger ),( Kwok Chiu Fung ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 1994 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.9 No.2
Why has the GATT dispute settlement process been so ineffective in disciplining the use of antidumping; what are the sources of this ineffectiveness and the likelihood that the process will become effective in the future? The paper concludes that GATT enforcement is not likely to provide effective discipline over national use of antidumping. Both the bureaucratic and the legal momentum of the GATT dispute settlement process are toward innocuous findings of procedural error that can be corrected without lifting the antidumping order under review. A legalistic approach implies a protectionist answer.
법랑질/상아질 접착제로서 낮은 산소억제성을 갖는 단량체
휭거, 워너 제이,김정욱,김철위 서울대학교 치과대학 치과생체재료학교실 1997 치과생체재료학 논문집 Vol.5 No.1
목적 산소에 의한 중합억제의 깊이, 법랑질과 상아질의 전단결합 강도 및 BisGMA/HEMA 또는 HEMA 나 HEMA-carbonate 를 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 50/50 및 40/60의 무게비로 포함하는 저 억제성 BisGMA-dicarbonate의 혼합물을 함유하는 실험적 접착제의 상아질 와동에서의 변연적합성을 연구하기 위하여 시행하였다. 방법 억제층의 두께를 세 개의 각 시편에서 비중합 표면막의 두께로 현미경으로 결정하였다. 결합강도 시험을 위하여 아세톤에 용해한 접착제를 포함하는 인산 처리 후 원주형의 콤포짓트를 법랑질과 상아질에 결합하였고 원주형 상아질 와동에서 변연적합성을 평가하였다. 5개 시편을 시험하기 전 물속에 24시간 동안 보관하였다. 전단결합강도는 ANOVA와 Duncan's test(p<0.05)로 비교하였고 최대 간극의 넓이는 Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA 및 Wilcoxon's two-sample test (p<0.01)로 비교하였다. 결과 억제층의 두께는 재래형 BisGMA/HEMA 단량체에 비하여 변형한 것이 유의하게 작았으며 HEMA 의 함량에 따라 유의하게 증가하였다. BisGMA-dicarbonate/HEMA-carbonate 군에서 억제층은 1㎛이하였다. 40과 50% BisGMA-dicarbonate/HEMA-carbonate 혼합물을 제외하고 법랑질 결합강도의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 상아질에 대한 최대결합강도는 50BisGMA에서 15 MPa 그리고 50BisGMA-dicarbonate에서 12MPa 였다. BisGMA-dicarbonate/HEMA-carbonate 군의 평균결합강도는 5 MPa였다. 재래형에서 40과 60% HEMA 를 갖는 접착제와 dicarbonate/HEMA 군에서 40~60% HEMA를 갖는 군에서 다른 군에 비하여 유의하게 (p<0.05) 우수한 변역적합성을 보여주었다.
''See me, feel me'': Effects of 3D-printed surface patterns on beverage evaluation
van Rompay, T.J.L.,Finger, F.,Saakes, D.,Fenko, A. Longman Scientific Technical ; Elsevier Science Pu 2017 Food quality and preference Vol.62 No.-
<P>Research shows that packaging appearance can have a strong impact on taste experience and product evaluation. However, so far research has mainly focused on how visual appearances may steer sensory impressions including smell and taste. Taking into account new (technological) developments which allow for consideration of a wide range of previously unexplored packaging factors, the research presented here investigates the impact of 3D-printed surface patterns on taste evaluations as a function of product type (a bitter tasting coffee versus a sweet tasting chocolate.drink) and verbal product claims (either stressing taste strength or taste softness). To this end, 3D-printed cups with angular and rounded surface patterns were manufactured and handed to shoppers participating in a taste session for a fictitious coffee or chocolate brand. Results show that an angular surface pattern increased perceived bitterness and taste intensity ratings, whereas a rounded surface pattern induced a sweeter taste evaluation and a less intense taste experience. Congruent pairings of drinks and tactile patterns resulted in more favorable outcomes. Finally, congruence was also found to be important with respect to taste descriptions, with verbal claims in line with surface pattern associations further enhancing product experience. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>
Beatriz Lobo,Mónica Tramullas,Beate-C Finger,Kevin W Lomasney,Caroll Beltran,Gerard Clarke,Javier Santos,Niall P Hyland,Timothy G Dinan,John F Cryan 대한소화기 기능성질환∙운동학회 2023 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.29 No.1
Background/AimsChronic psychological stress affects gastrointestinal physiology which may underpin alterations in the immune response and epithelial transport, both functions are partly regulated by enteric nervous system. However, its effects on enteric neuroplasticity are still unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of chronic unpredictable psychological stress on intestinal motility and prominent markers of enteric function. MethodsAdult male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 19 day of unpredictable stress protocol schedule of social defeat and overcrowding. We investigated the effects on plasma corticosterone, food intake, and body weight. In vivo gastrointestinal motility was assessed by fecal pellet output and by whole-gastrointestinal transit (using the carmine red method). Tissue monoamine level, neural and glial markers, neurotrophic factors, monoamine signaling, and Toll-like receptor expression in the proximal and distal colon, and terminal ileum were also assessed. ResultsFollowing chronic unpredictable psychological stress, stressed mice showed increased food intake and body weight gain (P < 0.001), and reduced corticosterone levels (P < 0.05) compared to control mice. Stressed mice had reduced stool output without differences in water content, and showed a delayed gastrointestinal transit compared to control mice (P < 0.05). Stressed mice exhibited decreased mRNA expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf), as well as Toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2) compared to control (P < 0.05), only proximal colon. These molecular changes in proximal colon were associated with higher levels of monoamines in tissue. ConclusionUnpredictable psychological chronic stress induces region-specific impairment in monoamine levels and neuroplasticity markers that may relate to delayed intestinal transit.