Justice et Traduction au sein de L'Union Europeenne : Le role des Acteurs et L'Impact sur Ie Monde 통번역사의 역할과 외부에 미치는 영향

de Ia Fuente, Elena 한국국제회의통역학회 2003 통역과 번역 Vol.5 No.1

2004년에 회원국이 24개국으로 확대되면 유럽연합은 정치, 경제, 문화, 언어적 인 측면에서 상당한 위치를 차지하게 될 것이다. 새롭게 유럽연합의 시민이 되는 수백만 명의 사람들이 역내에서 자유롭게 이동하고 자신이 원하는 국가에서 체류하거나 일할 수 있도록 초국가적인 법제도가 마련되어야 한다. 입법가들은 유럽통합을 이루고 사법과 관련 당사자(판검사, 경찰, 법정통역사)를 위한 제도적 장치를 구상하기 위해 고심해왔다. 재판언어를 모르는 피고가 공정한 재판을 받고 능력 있는 통번역사의 도움을 받는 것은 인간의 기본권에 해당하는 것이다. 이 기본권은 인권에 관한 유럽협정을 비롯하여 많은 국제조약에서 인정하는 것이다. 사법당국과 피고 사이에서 통번역 업무를 담당하는 통번역사의 자격, 실력 및 직업윤리는 기본권 행사에 막대한 영향을 미친다. 기소사항을 전달하고 절차를 이해시키는 당사자는 바로 통번역을 맡는 중개자들이다. 지난 몇 년 동안 유럽집행위원회는 회원국 전체에 적용시킬 수 있는 규정을 수립하기 위한 연구 및 프로젝트를 수행해왔다. 그 중에서 그로티우스 1과 그로티우스 2는 여러 회원국과 교육기관, FIT(국제번역사연맹) 법정통번역 위원회가 참여했으며 특히 주목받을 만하다. 본 프로그램은 법정통번역사 선발, 양성, 자문기준을 비롯하여 직업윤리와 모범관행 등을 제시했다. 브뤼셀에서 열릴 예정인 공청회 결과를 바탕으로 각 회원국에 적용될 법제도를 결정하게 될 것이다. 유럽연합의 각 기구에서 법정통번역사의 역할에 대해 정확한 평가가 이루어졌다. 앞으로 남은 과제는 회원국이 법정통번역사의 선발, 양성, 자격검증, 직업윤리와 관련하여 유럽연합 차원의 결정사항들을 어떻게 적용하는 가에 달려 있다. 어떤 결정사항이든 국경을 초월하여 영향을 미치리라는 것은 분명하다. 지난 수년동안 비판받아온 현재 선발 방식을 바뀌게 할 것이다. 뿐만 아니라 여러 차례 지적되었음에도 불구하고 교육기관에서 지금까지 간과해온 법정통번역사 양성 프로그램을 제대로 시행할 수 있는 기회가 되기도 할 것이다. L˝elargissement prochain de l´Union Europ´eenne a` 25 pays en 2004 est d´une importance extraordinaire sur tous les plans, aussi bien politique, economique que culturel et linguistique. Une l´egislation supranationale s´imposera a` ces millions de nouveaux citoyens europ´eens qui seront libres de circuler dans l´espace europ´een, mais aussi de s´instller dans l´Etat membre de leur choix pour y vivre et/ou travailler. Le souci des l´e gislateurs a ´et´e de prot´eger cette int´egration et de cr´eer des instruments juridiques n´ecessaires a` la justice et a` ses acteurs: les magistrats, les juges, la police, les traducteurs/interpre`tes judiciaires et, entre autres, les justiciables. L´acce`s a` un proce`s ´equitable et l´acce`s a` un traducteur et a` un interpre`te comp´etents_ pour toute personne mise en cause ne palant pas ou ne comprenant pas la langue de la proc´edure, rel`vent du droit de l´homme et, par cons´equent, chacun d´eux constitue un droit fondamental. Ce droit fondamental est reconnu par plusieurs instruments notamments notamment la Convention europ´eenne des droits de l´homme. Or, l´exercice de ce droit d´epend ´etroitement de la qualification, de la compe´tence et me^me de la de´ontologie de celui qui devra ve´hiculer la communication orale et/ou e´crite entre le justiciable et l´appareil judiciaire. C´est sur cet interme´diaire que pe`se le poids de la transmission de l´information des accusations et de la compre´hension de la proce´dure. La Commission europe´ennes kdans des projets ou des programmes visant a` l´e´tablissement des normes applicables en la matie´re a` tous les Etas membres. Deux programmes en particulier ont e´te´ de´veloppe´s: Grotius Ⅰ et Grotius Ⅱ avec la participation d´un grand nombre d´Etats membres, d´institutions de formation et du Comite´ FIT pour la traduction et l´interpre´tation judiciaires. Des crite`res de se´lection, de formation et de conseil des experts traducteurs-interpre`tesont e´te´ propose´s, ainsi que des codes de de´ontologie et de bonnes pratiques,etc. Des de´cisions seront prises a` l´issue d´un de´bat publique qui aura lieu a` Bruxelles, un pre´alable a´ la le´gislation qui devrait e^tre applique´e par l´appareil judiciaire de chaque Etat membre. Le ro^le des interpre`tes et des traducteurs judiciaires a e´te´ bien e´value´ par les institutions europe´ennes. Il est inde´niable, cependant, que tout de´pendra maintenant de la manie`re dont chaque Eta membre appliquera les de´cisions europe´ennes en matie`re de recrutement, de formation, de compe´tence et, entre autres, de de´ontologie des traducteurs et des interpre`tes judiciaires. Il n´est pasmoins inde´niable que l´impact de ces de´cisions de´passe largement les frontie`res europe´ennes: elles devraient servir a` chaque pays du monde a`faire changer les modalite´s actuelles de recrutement observe´es et critique´es depuis des anne´es. Mais elles devrait e´galement servir a` mettre en œuvre des programmes de formation des traducteurs et interpre`tes judiciaires que les institutions formatrices ont laisse´s a` l´abandon malgre´ les appels re´pe´te´s a` la prise de conscience de cette lacune injustifiable.

Justice et Traduction au sein de L'Union Europeenne : Le role des Acteurs et L'Impact sur le Monde

Elena de la Fuente 한국통역번역학회 2003 통역과 번역 Vol.5 No.1

Early Effect of 0.005% Estriol Vaginal Gel on Symptoms and Signs of Vulvovaginal Atrophy

Lázaro-Carrasco de la Fuente Jesús,Cuerva González Marcos,González Rodríguez Silvia,Delgado Marín Juan Luis,Cuevas Castillo Carmen,Nieto Magro Concepción 대한폐경학회 2022 대한폐경학회지 Vol.28 No.2

Objectives: This study aims to assess the effect of ultralow dose 0.005% estriol vaginal gel in women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM).Methods: In this prospective and multicenter single-arm study, efficacy was assessed by the evaluation of the epithelial maturation value (MV), vaginal pH, symptoms and signs of vulvovaginal atrophy. Tolerability, acceptability, and the effect on intimate relationships were also evaluated.Results: We included 35 postmenopausal women with moderate-to-severe vaginal dryness. The most bothering symptom reported was vaginal dryness. The mean increase in the MV after 7 and 14 days of treatment were 22.1 (P < 0.001) and 39.9 (P < 0.001) points, with an increase in the superficial cells of 17.7 percentage points (pp) (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.9–27.4; P < 0.001) and 41.4 pp (95% CI, 28.2–54.6; P < 0.001) observed at the timepoints. Additionally, the pH decreased by 0.6 ± 0.7 (mean ± SD) at 7 days (P < 0.0001) and by 1.1 ± 0.8 at 14 days (P < 0.0001) from a baseline mean value of 6.3 ± 0.8. The severity of vaginal dryness (range, 0 [none] to 3 [severe]) was significantly reduced by a mean of 1.4 points (P < 0.0001) at 7 days and 2 points (P < 0.0001) at 14 days. Conclusions: Ultralow dose 0.005% estriol vaginal gel produced a rapid improvement of most relevant symptoms and signs of GSM. This clinically meaningful response was observed from the initial days of treatment, confirming a fast onset and a progressive action.

Borrowing deictics on Sakhalin Orok tari ‘that’ = Sakhalin Ainu tara ‘that; there (far away)’

José Andrés ALONSO DE LA FUENTE 한국알타이학회 2014 알타이학보 Vol.0 No.24

The main goal of this paper is to show that Sakhalin Ainu tara ‘that; there (faraway)’ is a borrowing from Orok tari ‘that’ and, therefore, is not related toHokkaidō Ainu to(an) ‘that’. This is the first unambiguous case of structuralinterference to be identified among the languages spoken on Sakhalin,where various indigenous populations –Tungusic, Ainu, Nivkh– have beenin close contact for several centuries.

NUMERICAL AND FIELD STUDY OF OXYGEN EXCHANGE AT THE SEDIMENT/WATER INTERFACE OF SHALLOW FLOW IN SALT LAKE OF NORTHERN CHILE

REIHER CARLOS,FUENTE ALBERTO DE LA,NINO YARKO,CONTRERAS MANUEL 한국수자원학회 2005 한국수자원학회 학술대회 Vol.2005 No.1

Direct isolation of the gerB-narA Stretch from the Bacillus subtilis chromosome by I-SceI Site Insertion

Song,Bang-Ho,Fuente, Veronica De La,Glaser, Philippe,Danchin, Antonie Korean Society of Molecular Biology 1995 Molecules and cells Vol.5 No.1

Direct Isolation of the gerB-narA Stretch from the Bacillus subtilis Chromosome by I-SceI Site Insertion

Song, Bang Ho,Fuente, Veronica De La,Glaser, Philippe,Danchin, Antoine 경북대학교 유전공학연구소 1996 遺傳工學硏究所報 Vol.11 No.1

A spectionmycin cassette harboring the I-SceI meganuclease recognition site was inserted into the open reading frame of the Bacillus subtilis narA gene. This fusion vector was integrated into the narA locus of the chromosome and selected by marker rescue with spectinomycin resistance. Subsequent integration of the I-SceI site near the gerB region was performed in B. subtilis (pSO19) which already had the I-SceI site in the narA gene. The transformant, B. subtilis (pSO19/20), containing I-SceI sites both in the locus narA and in the vicinity of gerB was isolated by selection with spectinomycin and chloramphenicol resistance. Direct isolation of the 70 kbp of narA-gerB stretch from the nested chromosome embedded in an agar plug was obtained by pulsed field gel electrophoresis after cutting both I-SceI sites. By this method, the precise location of these genes and the distance between gerB and narA were determined. This unique method is very useful and applicable as a biochemical tool for isolating any intended fragments, for blocking specific loci like site directed mutagenesis or large deletion, and for precise mapping of unknown genes by determination of their chromosomal distance and orientation.

Direct Isolation of the gerB-narA Stretch from the Bacillus subtilis Chromosome by I-SceI Site Insertion

Song, Bang Ho,Fuente, Veronica De La,Glaser, Philippe,Danchin, Antoine 경북대학교 유전공학연구소 1995 遺傳工學硏究所報 Vol.10 No.1

A spectionmycin cassette harboring the I-SceI meganuclease recognition site was inserted into the open reading frame of the Bacillus subtilis narA gene. This fusion vector was integrated into the narA locus of the chromosome and selected by marker rescue with spectinomycin resistance. Subsequent integration of the I-SceI site near the gerB region was performed in B. subtilis (pSO19) which already had the I-SceI ate in the narA gene. The transformant, B. subtilis (pSO19/20), containing I-SceI sites both in the locus narA and in the vicinity of gerB was isolated by selection with spectinomycin and chloramphenicol resistance. Direct isolation of the 70 kbp of narA-gerB stretch from the nested chromosome embedded in an agar plug was obtained by pulsed field gel electrophoresis after cutting both I-SceI sites. By this method, the precise location of these genes and the distance between gerB and narA were determined This unique method is very useful and applicable as a biochemical tool for isolating any intended fragments, for blocking specific loci Eke ate directed mutagenesis or large deletion, and for precise mapping of unknown genes by determination of their chromosomal distance and orientation.

DEAGRARIANIZATION AND DIVERSIFICATION OF SOCIO-LABOUR AND ECONOMIC STRATEGIES IN THE MEXICAN COUNTRYSIDE

Hernán Salas Quintanal,Iñigo González de la Fuente Institute of Iberoamerican Studies Pusan Universit 2013 International Journal of Latin American Studies Vol.3 No.1

Abstract. In recent decades, the Latin America’s rural economy and society has been transformed as a result of its dependence on capitalist relationships and the integration of agriculture and food production to world markets, to forms of modernization favoring agro-industrial groups, capitalistic farm businessmen and a few peasant family units. Most peasants and rural workers are now employed in temporary, precarious and flexible contractual conditions. This article examines changes in the institutions regulating socio-economic life and their effect on the rural lifestyle in the Nativitas municipality, Tlaxcala, Mexico. By observing communities under study, the authors propose that rural changes have not turned these regions into totally urban settings. Rurality, as it has been known traditionally, have been altered since it is the current trend that family members work in varied sectors and milieus, whereupon it is necessary to ask what remains of that rurality and how it is defined in this context. Resumen. En las últimas décadas, la economía y sociedad rural, en toda América Latina, se ha transformado como consecuencia de la dependencia de las relaciones capitalistas, la incorporación de la agricultura y la producción de alimentos a los mercados de la economía mundial, a formas de modernización que han beneficiado a grupos de agroindustriales, empresarios agrícolas capitalistas y algunas unidades campesinas familiares. La mayoría de los campesinos y trabajadores rurales se emplean en condiciones contractuales temporales, precarias y flexibles. Este artículo tiene por objeto conocer las transformaciones de las instituciones que han regulado la vida socioeconómica y sus efectos en el modo de vida rural de la población del municipio de Natívitas al sur del estado de Tlaxcala. Estas evidencias nos llevan a proponer que las transformaciones rurales no han convertido estas regiones en espacios totalmente urbanos. La ruralidad, como la hemos conocido tradicionalmente se ha alterado, siendo la tendencia actual que los miembros de las familias se empleen en diferentes ámbitos y sectores, de manera que es necesario preguntarnos qué queda de aquella ruralidad y cómo se define en este contexto lo rural. Key words: New Rurality, Deagrarianization, Globalization, Labour pluriactivity, Mexico Palabras clave: Nueva Ruralidad, Desagrarización, Globalización, Pluriactividad laboral, México.

Colonizing Ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens 2112, Among Collections of 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol-Producing Pseudomonas fluorescens spp. in Pea Rhizosphere

( Sang Dal Kim ),( Leonardo De La Fuente ),( David M. Weller ),( Linda S. Thomashow ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2012 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.22 No.6

Pseudomonas fluorescens 2112, isolated in Korea as an indigenous antagonistic bacteria, can produce 2,4- diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) and the siderophore pyoveridin2112 for the control of phytophthora blight of red-pepper. P. fluorescens 2112 was classified into a new genotype C among the 17 genotypes of 2,4-DAPG producers, by phlD restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The colonizing ability of P. fluorescens 2112 in pea rhizosphere was equal to the well-known pea colonizers, P. fluorescens Q8r1 (genotype D) and MVP1-4 (genotype P), after 6 cycling cultivations for 18 weeks. Four tested 2,4- DAPG-producing Pseudomonas spp. could colonize with about a 96% dominance ratio against total bacteria in pea rhizosphere. The strain P. fluorescens 2112 was as good a colonizer as other Pseudomonas spp. genotypes in pea plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.