『동광』의 언어적 근대성 -데이터과학적 분석-

조은경 ( Jo¸ Eunkyoung ),드프레메리웨인 ( De Fremery¸ Wayne ) 한국언어문화교육학회 2021 언어와 문화 Vol.17 No.3

This study investigates Korean linguistic modernity as it is expressed by the colonial-era periodical 『Donggwang』 (Eastern Light). To compliment previous qualitative research on Korean linguistic modernity, we present a quantitative analysis of textual data associated with 『Donggwang』 made available by the National Institute of Korean History. Rather than working deductively to test any particular theory of linguistic modernity, we work inductively to describe language use in an important modern periodical. Assessing the mixed script employed in 『Donggwang』 with quantitative methods, we discern an increase in the use of Sino-Korean over the course of the periodical’s publication in the 1920s and 1930s. Information-theoretic measures of mutual information substantiate some previous claims about authors appearing in 『Donggwang』. They confirm, for example, the unsurprising fact that Kim Yungyeong is strongly associated with the study of the Korean language. They also suggest new ways to understand the disposition of Kim’s writing. For example, our analysis shows that Kim’s texts can be more easily associated with words such as gugeo (national language), gukeohak (national linguistics), gukga (nation) than words such as Joseon (Joseon Korea) or Joseoneo (Joseon language). Visualizing word embeddings and related terms substantiate previous scholarship. We confirm the term hakkyo (school) often denotes modern educational institutions, for example, and the terms munja (written characters), yeongu (research) and gwahak (science) are frequently associated. We also identify new avenues for investigation. For example, our analysis suggests the terms such as jabonjuui (capitalism), segye (world) and gonghwang (panic) are important to authors appearing in 『Donggwang』. In sum, we argue that data scientific techniques like those we employ can enrich and extend qualitative formulations of concepts such as Korean linguistic modernity. (Sogang University)

말뭉치 기반의 행동 프로필 접근법과 ‘办法’와 ‘方法’의 의미 차이

이은경 ( Lee¸ Eunkyoung ) 한국외국어대학교 중국연구소 2021 中國硏究 Vol.88 No.-

This paper analyzed the important factors that should be considered to describe the difference between ‘Banfa’ and ‘Fangfa’ through the Behavioral profile approach, a semantic analysis procedure based on the usage-based cognitive lexical semantics, and discussed the difference by comparing the relative frequency of the two words for each attribute. As a result, the implications associated with the typical use of the two words can be proposed as follows: ‘Banfa‘ is mainly used in the meaning of ‘idea’ in the spoken style. It is a ‘idea’ that an experiencer comes up with or (not) have. We can use ‘mei(you) banfa’, ‘xiang banfa’, ‘yidian banfa ye meiyou’ as examples. In the written style, ‘Banfa’ refers to the detailed implementation procedures or decisions of policies or actions that are adopted, enacted, published, implemented, presented, and prescribed by a public administrative agency(or company). As examples, We can use ‘guanli banfa’, ‘jiejue banfa’, ‘shixing banfa’, ‘shishi banfa’, ‘chuli banfa’, ‘fenpei banfa’, ‘chansheng banfa’, ‘shixing banfa’, etc. ‘Fangfa’ is a variety of methods (diet methods, solutions, treatment methods, therapy methods, etc.) that are sought, used, changed, learned, and known to solve everyday problems in the spoken style. In the written style, ‘Fangfa’ is a method that is like a skill, and is learned, acquired, improved, and used to handle, solve problems, achieve goals in such as economic, social, cultural, academic field. As examples, We can use ‘gongzuo fangfa’, ‘lingdao fangfa’, ‘jiaoxue fangfa’, ‘guanli fangfa’, ‘zhiliao fangfa’, ‘caozuo fangfa’, ‘chuangzuo fangfa’, ‘shengchan fangfa’, ‘biaoxian fangfa’, ‘diaocha fangfa’, ‘jisuan fangfa’, ‘shiyong fangfa’, ‘gengzuo fangfa’, ‘tongji fangfa’, ‘xuexi fangfa’, ‘yanjiu fangfa’, etc.

레이저 조각을 활용한 옻칠 표현기법 연구 -감입 · 상감기법을 중심으로-

구은경 ( Koo¸ Eun Kyoung ) 한국기초조형학회 2021 기초조형학연구 Vol.22 No.1

옻칠 분야의 연구는 KCI 등재 논문을 기준으로 총 114건이 검색되며, 대부분 전통공예로서 유물연구와 기법연구, 옻칠의 물성이나 성분 분석에 집중되어있기 때문에 현대적으로 활용할 수 있는 표현방식과 기법에 대한 다양한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구의 목적은 전통 옻칠기법을 레이저 조각기를 활용하여 표현할 수 있도록 연구하고 작품제작에 적용하는 것이다. 이를 위한 연구방법은 1)나전기법과 마현(磨現)기법은 적층기법, 음각전칠(陰刻塡漆)은 감입·상감기법으로 분류하였다. 2)레이저 기기를 활용한 옻칠 기법으로 나전상감, 금분 감입, 색옻칠 상감기법을 연구하였다. 3)이를 실제 작품제작에 적용하여 활용법을 제시하였다. 연구의 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 1)나전은 RF방식의 CO2레이저조각기로 칠면(漆面)에 인그레이빙(Engraving)한 후 상감하였고, 적층방식과 비교하여 제작단계를 약50%로 단축할 수 있었다. 2)레이저 스피드와 파워에 따라 마킹(Marking) 깊이를 나누고 얕은 마킹은 금분(金粉)감입, 깊은 마킹은 색옻칠 상감으로 적용하였다. 제작단계는 전통적인 음각전칠 기법과 동일하지만 제작시간의 단축 및 정확한 표현과 반복제작이 가능한 기술로 구현할 수 있었다. 3)평면 옻칠작품 Work 1과 2는 연구한 기법을 적용하고 제작 프로세스를 실제적 활용사례로 제시하였다. 옻칠의 사용은 전통문화이자 기술로서 그 가치를 보전하기 위한 노력이 선제되어야 하며, 동시에 시대적변화에 따른 재료·기술적 변화와 수용이 필요하다. 이러한 의미에서 옻칠표현을 레이저라는 디지털 도구를 사용하여 제시한 것에 본 연구의 의의가 있으며 앞으로 다양한 응용 연구로 활성화되기를 기대한다. A total of 114 treatises on Ottchil(Korean traditional lacquer) can be found on the Korean Citation Index (KCI). Most of the research treats Ottchil as a traditional handicraft and delves into artifacts, techniques, properties, and ingredients of Ottchil, and diverse studies on the methods and techniques of expression, which may be applied in modern times, are needed. The purpose of this study is to explore the use and expression of the traditional Ottchil technique with a laser engraver, and to apply it to art production. The research method is as follows. 1) The technique of inlaying mother-of-pearl and then polishing and revealing, is collectively classified as stacking, while carving and filling are classified as the techniques of inlaying and inserting. 2) Inlaying mother-of-pearl and gold powder, as well as colored Ottchil inlay, were researched for the laser Ottchil technique. 3) Actual applications of the techniques to artworks were presented. The result of the research is summarized as follows. 1) Mother-of-pearl was inlaid with the engraving with the RF type CO2 laser, and the production process was reduced by approximately 50% compared to the stacking. 2) The depth of marking was adjusted with the laser speed and power. Gold powder was inlaid for the marking with low depth, and colored Ottchil inlay was used in the marking with high depth. The production method is the same as that in the traditional technique, but the production time is reduced, and accurate expressions and replicable productions may be practiced. 3) The researched techniques are applied to the planar artworks 1 and 2 with Ottchil, and they are illustrated as actual applications of the production process. The use of Ottchil must be predicated on efforts to preserve its value as a traditional aspect of culture and technology, while materials and techniques of the altered time must be accommodated. This study is meaningful in that the Ottchil expression is presented with the use of the digital laser tool, and diverse research by many scholars is further expected based on its application.

포스트휴머니즘 시대 공생을 위한 교육

이은경 ( Lee¸ Eun Kyoung ) 한국교육철학학회(구 교육철학회) 2020 교육철학연구 Vol.42 No.4

포스트휴먼 시대라 일컬어지는 오늘날, 기술발달은 우리에게 많은 편리함과 유용함을 선사하고 있다. 하지만, 이미 다양한 사회적 정치적 맥락과 촘촘히 연결된 기술로 인한 경제적 불평등과 그로 인한 문제들은 인간의 삶을 위협하는 지경까지 이르렀다. 그렇다고 무턱대고 기술을 거부하거나 모든 문제의 원인을 기계와 기술 탓으로 돌려서는 안 될 것이다. 오늘날의 위기는 기술 자체에서 오는 것이 아니라, 우리가 기술을 바라보는 관점과 태도, 인간과 기술의 관계 방식에서 비롯되었기 때문이다. 그러므로 과학기술을 비판적으로 바라보면서 과학기술에 대한 새로운 관점과 태도를 통해 인간과 기술의 관계를 재설정하고, 동시에 과학기술이 공동체를 도덕적으로 향상시킬 수 있는 수단을 제공해 줄 가능성에 대해서도 열린 태도로 접근할 필요가 있다. 이러한 인식하에 본 논문에서는 포스트휴머니즘 시대에 요구되는 공생으로서, 먼저 기계와의 공생관계를 뜻하는 ‘연장된 정신’을 살펴보고, 이어서 코로나19로 인해 새로운 전환점을 맞이한 ‘언택트(untact)’ 기술을 통한 새로운 연결과 접속의 방식들을 돌아 보면서 타자와의 공생의 가능성을 탐색하였다. 그리고 무한경쟁과 각자도생의 사회에서 ‘느슨한 연대’와 ‘인간관계’를 중심으로 한 사회적 자본 구축의 필요성을 논하였으며, 그것을 가능케 하는 사회적 인프라로서 ‘동사형 교육’을 공생의 관점에서 제안하였다. The technological innovation and development has offered us convenience and usefulness in the so-called posthuman era. However, it should not be forgotten that technologies are political in that they are closely and delicately interwoven with various and different socio-political flows and contexts, and the economic inequality and its derivative issues have threatened our living on the planet. Nonetheless, one can neither simply reject all kinds of technologies nor naively blame them for causing all the troubles which bring harm to human civilization such as climate change, pandemic, and so on. The crisis we face does not come from technology in itself but from human perspectives and postures, that is, from the way humans relate themselves with technology. Thus, we need to have a critical perspective on science and technology so as to renew our perspectives and attitudes toward technology and reestablish our relationship with it; it is also necessary to have an open mind regarding the possibilities that science and technology can improve our moral potential. In this train of thought, I examine 1) the concept of the extended mind, which implicates living-with machines, 2) and uncontact ways of connection and access, which the Covid-19 pandemic has brought to the fore. I also explore ways of our living with others including the nonhuman, while arguing for the construction of social capital based upon ‘weak ties’ and ‘human relations.’ In doing so, I propose ‘verb-type education’ to nurture symbiotic life in this society of infinite competition, in which no one backs ‘me’ up.

청대 도자 중서(中西)교류의 전개와 확장-광채(廣彩)와 이슬람 세계-

김은경 ( Kim¸ Eun-kyoung ) 동양미술사학회 2021 동양미술사학 Vol.13 No.-

광채는 태생부터가 유럽시장의 수요에 부응하기 위해 생산된 자기이지만, 18세기 후반 이후 이슬람 세계로의 소비정황이 확인되고, 19세기에 이르면 본격적인 이슬람 시장으로의 수출이 이루어져 광채자기의 생산과 수출과정에 모종의 변화가 있었음을 짐작해 볼 수 있다. 18세기의 대표적 예로 무굴제국에 유입된 광채 식기세트가 있으나 소량에 불과하다. 이는 아마도 당시 동인도회사가 중서무역에 절대적 우위를 선점하는 가운데, 영국 동인도회사령의 무굴제국에서 아시아 간 역내무역 형태로 소량 주문되어 유입된 것으로 판단된다. 당시 아시아 역내무역의 주요 축이었던 인도 무굴제국과 중국과의 소규모 거래에 의한 것으로, 수출된 광채자기의 장식이 유럽 도기에서 주로 사용된 ‘백색 위의 백색(Bianco Sopra Bianco)’ 기법이 상용된 것으로 보아 특정 계층을 위한 소량의 주문품으로 보인다. 다만 이때 광주의 요업계 역시 동인도회사를 통한 유럽으로의 대규모의 수출에 집중되었기 때문에, 이슬람 세계는 핵심 시장이 아니었다. 그러다가 1840년대 광동의 일항 체제가 종식되면서, 광채의 수출에도 드디어 변화가 감지된다. 19세기의 중국 요업계는 주요 고객을 잃으면서 새로운 시장으로의 개척이 필요했고, 광채 생산업계는 때마침 1840년대 난징조약에 의한 對중국의 자유무역이 활발해지면서 페르시아 카자르 왕조ㆍ이집트ㆍ오스만 제국 등 이슬람 세계에 의한 직접적 주문과 함께 이슬람 세계로의 본격적 수출이 이루어 진 것으로 판단된다. 이슬람 세계로 적지 않은 수량이 수출되면서, 카자르 왕조에서 생산된 채회도기의 다수가 광채 양식을 그대로 답습하기도 하였다. 즉 당시 이슬람 세계에서의 광채 수입은 상당한 수준에 이르렀음을 확인할 수 있다. Guangcai(廣彩) is a ceramics produced from birth to meet the demand of the European market, but after the late 18th century, the consumption situation to the Islamic world was confirmed and exported to the Islamic market in earnest in the 19th century. In other words, it can be inferred that there has been some kind of change in the production and export process of the radiant ceramics. A typical example of the 18th century is the Guangcai Tableware set introduced into the Mughal Empire, but only in small quantities. Perhaps, with the East India Company gaining an absolute advantage in Chinese and Western trade at the time, it is believed to have been introduced in small quantities in the form of trade between Asia from the British East India Company's Mughal Empire. This is probably due to the fact that the East India Company had an absolute advantage in trade between China and the West at the time, and imported only a small amount in the form of trade between Asia from the Mughal Empire dominated by the British East India Company. This was due to small-scale deals with India's Mughal Empire and China, which were the main pillars of trade between Asia at the time. Given the use of the ‘Bianco Sopra Bianco’ technique, which is mainly used in European pottery, only a small amount must have been ordered for a particular class. However, the Islamic world was not a key market because Gwangju the ceramic industry at the time also focused on large-scale exports to Europe through the East India Company. Then, with the end of one port system in Canton in the 1840s, a change in the export of Guangcai is finally detected. In the 19th century, China's pottery industry lost its main customers and had to open new markets, and China's free trade was boosted by the Treaty of Nanjing in the 1840s. At this time, the Islamic world, including the Persian Qazar dynasty, Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire, placed orders directly, and it is believed that exports to the Islamic world were made in earnest. As a result, exports to the Islamic world increased, and in fact, colored pottery produced by Qajar Dynasty followed the style of these radiance. It can be inferred that the import of Guangcai in the Islamic world reached a significant level at that time.

그림책을 활용한 양성평등활동이 만 4세 유아의 성역할 고정관념에 미치는 영향

박은경 ( Park¸ Eun-kyoung ),김정원 ( Kim¸ Jungwon ) 열린부모교육학회 2021 열린부모교육연구 Vol.13 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 그림책을 활용한 양성평등활동이 만 4세 유아의 성역할 고정관념에 미치는 영향을 알아보는 것이다. 본 연구는 서울특별시 N구에 소재하고 있는 영유아교육기관 두 곳에 재원 중인 만 4세반 유아 63명(실험집단 33명, 통제집단 30명)을 대상으로 2019년 4월 8일부터 8월 2일까지 실시되었다. 본 연구에서 그림책을 활용한 양성평등활동이 만 4세 유아의 성역할 고정관념에 미치는 영향을 사물에 대한 성역할 고정관념, 성역할 식별, 성역할 선호도 등으로 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 그림책을 활용한 양성평등활동은 만 4세 유아들의 사물에 대한 성역할 고정관념을 완화시키는 효과가 있었다. 둘째, 그림책을 활용한 양성평등활동은 만 4세 유아들의 성역할에 대한 고정관념적인 식별을 감소시키는 효과가 있었다. 셋째, 그림책을 활용한 양성평등활동은 만 4세 유아들의 성역할 선호도에 대한 고정관념을 통계적으로 유의미하게 완화시키지는 못하였다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of gender equality activities using picture books on 4-year-old children’s gender role stereotypes. The participants of this study were 63 4-year-old children(33 experimental group, 30 control group) in two child-care centers located in N-gu, Seoul. They were participated in this study from April 8 to August 2, 2019 . The effect of gender equality activities using picture books on 4-year-old children’s gender role stereotypes measured by gender role confirmation, gender role identification, and gender role preference. The results are as follows: First, gender equality activities using picture books had the effect of alleviating the stereotypes of gender roles for objects in 4-year-old children. Second, the activities also had the effect of reducing the stereotyped identification of gender roles. Third, gender equality activities using picture books in this study did not significantly alleviate stereotyped gender role preference among 4-year-old children.

ORiginal Article : Cytokine Expression of Microscopic Colitis Including Interleukin-17

( Eunkyoung Park ),( Young Sook Park ),( Dae Rim Park ),( Sung Ae Jung ),( Dong Soo Han ),( Byung Ik Jang ),( Young Ho Kim ),( Won Ho Kim ),( Yun Ju Jo ),( Ki Ho Lee ),( Won Mi Lee ),( Eun Kyung Kim ) The Editorial Office of Gut and Liver 2015 Gut and Liver Vol.9 No.3

Background/Aims: Microscopic colitis is characterized by chronic watery diarrhea with specific pathological changes that can be diagnosed by microscopic examination. We performed immunohistochemical analysis of proinflammatory cytokines to investigate the pathogenic mechanism of microscopic colitis. Methods: This study consisted of six patients with lymphocytic colitis, six patients with collagenous colitis, and six patients with functional diarrhea but normal pathology. We performed an immunohistochemical analysis of the colonic mucosal biopsies to assess the expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2, interleukin-17, nuclear factor-κB, interferon-γ, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor-α. We compared the quantity score of immunohistochemical staining among the groups. Results: The microscopic colitis group showed significantly higher expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2, interleukin-17, nuclear factor-κB, and interferon-γ compared with the control group. Cytokine expression was similar between collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis. However, the expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 was higher in collagenous colitis. Conclusions: Proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-17 and interferon-γ, are highly expressed in microscopic colitis. The expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 was higher in collagenous colitis than in lymphocytic colitis. This study is the first on interleukin-17 expression in microscopic colitis patients. (Gut Liver 2015;9:381-387)

Compositional Characterization of Petroleum Heavy Oils Generated fromVacuum Distillation and Catalytic Cracking by Positive-mode APPI FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry

( Eunkyoung Kim ),( Myoung Han No ),( Jaesuk Koh ),( Sungwhan Kim ) 한국질량분석학회 2011 Mass spectrometry letters Vol.2 No.2

Molecular compositions of two types of heavy oil were studied using positive atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Vacuum gas oil (VGO) was generated from vacuum distillation of atmospheric residual oil (AR), and slurry oil (SLO) was generated from catalytic cracking of AR. These heavy oils have similar boiling point ranges in the range of 210-650oC, but they showed different mass ranges and double-bond equivalent (DBE) distributions. Using DBE and carbon number distributions, aromatic ring distributions, and the extent of alkyl side chains were estimated. In addition to the main aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, those containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen heteroatoms were identified using simple sample preparation and ultra-high mass resolution FT-ICR MS analysis. VGO is primarily composed of mono- and di-aromatic hydrocarbons as well as sulfur-containing hydrocarbons, whereas SLO contained mainly polyaromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur-containing hydrocarbons. Both heavy oils contain polyaromatic nitrogen components. SLO inludes shorter aromatic alkyl side chains than VGO. This study demonstrates that APPI FT-ICR MS is useful for molecular composition characterization of petroleum heavy oils obtained from different refining processes.

In vitro immune cell monitoring as a guide for long-term immunosuppression in adult liver transplant recipients

Eunkyoung Jwa,Shin Hwang,Yong-Jae Kwon,Nayoung Kim,Gi-Won Song,Dong-Hwan Jung,Chul-Soo Ahn,Eunyoung Tak,Deok-Bog Moon,Ki-Hun Kim,Tae-Yong Ha,Gil-Chun Park,Sung-Gyu Lee 한국간담췌외과학회 2015 한국간담췌외과학회지 Vol.19 No.4

Backgrounds/Aims: We evaluated the clinical usability of immune cell monitoring in adult liver transplantation (LT) recipients. Methods: This study was composed of two parts as using calcineurin phosphatase (CNP) activity assay and ImmuKnow assay independently as in vitro monitoring tools of immune cell function in adult LT recipients. Results: There was a rough correlation between CNP activity and tacrolimus concentration in 33 patients. This association was evident in patients who were only administered tacrolimus, but disappeared after the co-administration of mycophenolate. In 118 healthy individuals, the mean proportion of helper T-cells was 37.4±8.1%. According to ImmuKnow assay, their immune responses were strong in 12 patients (10.2%), moderate in 92 patients (78.0%), and low in 14 patients (11.9%). In 85 patients waiting for LT, there was a rough correlation between the ImmuKnow ATP level and age. Their immune responses were strong in 0 patients (0%), moderate in 8 patients (9.4%), and low in 77 patients (90.6%). There was a difference in the ImmuKnow ATP levels between healthy individuals and patients with liver disease. In 137 LT recipients, there was no correlation between the ImmuKnow ATP levels and tacrolimus concentration. This trend did not change after grouping the patients according to co-administration with mycophenolate. Eight recipients experienced acute rejection, but none showed strong immune response. Conclusions: We think that both CNP activity assay and ImmuKnow assay are too limited to objectively determine the level of immunosuppression. Further studies should be performed to identify other methods for immune function monitoring.

Shopping for Oneself

Eunkyoung Ahn,Jiwon Chae,Hyun-Hwa Lee 한국복식학회 2016 International journal of costume and fashion Vol.16 No.1