THE ROLE OF LAW IN COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE IN NIGERIA

EUNICE ODUFA ERHAGBE 숭실대학교 법학연구소 2019 法學論叢 Vol.45 No.-

기후 변화는 우리 시대의 가장 큰 세계적 도전 과제 중 하나가 되었다. 나이지리아에서의 화석연료 사용은 환경에 파괴적인 영향을 미치는 기후변화의 주요 원인 중 하나이다. 본 논문은 우선 비재생 에너지원의 과도한 사용, 산업화, 계획법의 미집행이 기후변화 및 지구온난화의 원인이 되고 있음을 발견하였으며, 둘째로, 기후 변화가 홍수, 사막화, 산성비, 생태계 파괴 면에서 나이지리아 환경에 끼치는 부정적인 영향을 찾아냈다. 또한 나이지리아에 국가 및 국제법이 존재하고 있지만, 국가 차원의 법률이 효과적으로 시행되고 있지 않는 동안 국제법은 법적 구속력이 없다는 것을 알아냈다. 이러한 바람직하지 못한 배경 속에서, 기후변화에 대처하는 것이 필요해졌다. 유엔은 1992년 기후변화협약(CCR)을 제정하기 위한 몇 가지 결의안을 채택함으로써 기후변화의 문제를 해결하려고 시도했다. 그러나 나이지리아에서는 2007년이 되어서야 이 중요한 도전에 대한 구체적인 조치를 취하기 시작하였다. 이는 2007년에 운영되기 시작한 국가 환경 표준 및 규제 집행 기관(NESREA) 관련 법령 채택으로 이어졌다. 따라서 본 논문은 기후변화에 대처하는 나이지리아에서의 법의 역할을 검토한다. 즉, 나이지리아의 국가 법이 기후 변화에 대처하기 위해 국제법과 대응 메커니즘에 대하여 어떻게 보완하는지를 살펴볼 것이다. 또한 관련 법이 나이지리아의 기후 변화 통제에 미치는 영향 및 효과를 분석하고자 한다. Climate change has become one of the greatest global challenges of our time. The use of fossil fuels in Nigeria is a major contributor to climate change that has several devastating effect on the environment. This paper found, firstly that the excessive use of non-renewable energy sources, industrialization and the non-implementation of planning laws are responsible for climate change and global warming. Secondly, it found that climate change has negatively impacted the Nigerian environment in terms of flooding, desertification, acid rains and destruction of the ecosystem. It also found that although there are laws at the national and international levels, these laws at the national level are not effectively enforced while those at the international level are not legally binding. As a result of its undesirable effects, it has become necessary to deal with climate change. The United Nations has attempted to address the issues of climate change by adopting several resolutions leading to the establishment of the Climate Change Regime, (CCR) in 1992. In Nigeria however, it was not until 2007 that concrete steps towards addressing this salient challenge of climate change was taken. This led to the legislation adopting the National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) which became operational in 2007. This paper therefore examines the role of law in combating climate change in Nigeria. It looks at how the national laws in Nigeria complements the international laws and response mechanism to combat climate change. It analyses the effectiveness of these laws and the extent to which these laws effect climate change control in Nigeria.

기업 이사회의 여성이사 비율 확대를 위한 제언

( Eunice K. Kim ) 이화여자대학교 법학연구소 2017 法學論集 Vol.21 No.4

우리나라 상장회사 기업이사회의 여성이사 비중은 다년간 OECD나 G20 회원국 중가장 낮다. 본 논문은 지난 30년간 미국에서 간접차별 법리의 미흡함에 대한 대안으로 활발하게 논의되어온 무의식적인 편견 (unconscious bias, 또는 implicit bias)의 개념을 여성이사의 비중을 늘리는 새로운 해법으로 제시한다. 무의식적인 편견 개념은 모든 사람들에게 사회적 약자에 대한 편견이 무의식에 잠재해 있으며 편견이나 고정관념으로부터 자유롭다고 공언 하는 사람들조차도 무의식적으로 또는 즉흥적으로 행동하는 경우에는 무의식적인 편견과 일관된 행동이나 결정을 내린다고 주장한다. 2차젠더편향 (second generation gender bias)은 무의식적인 편견 개념을 젠더에 적용하여 인적 넷트워크 형성 및 교류패턴, 오랜 관행 및 전통으로 인하여 여성이 은연중에 특정영역 또는 기회에서 배제되는 것을 의미하는 개념이다. 2차젠더편향은 고용차별 이외에도 불평등이 존재하는 여러 상황에 유연하게 적용될 수 있으며 무의식적인 편견을 약화시키거나 제거하는 것을 목적으로 하는 방안을 해법으로 제시해줄 수 있다. 특히 기업과의 관계가 고용관계가 아닌 위임관계에 있으며 기업 지배구조 관행 상 이사 후보 풀의 구축 과정이 불투명하고 후보 선발 시 평가 기준이 탄력적이며 주관적인 판단이 크게 반영되는 이사들에게는 2차젠더편향의 영향력으로 인하여 여성이 배제될 가능성이 높기 때문에 2차젠더편향을 약화시키고 궁극적으로 제거하는 방안으로 행동수정프로그램과 성비할당제 (gender quota)를 동시에 시행하는 것을 제안한다. For as long as we can remember, the percentage of female corporate directors at Korean listed corporations has been the lowest along all OECD member countries and the G20 nations. This Article proposes that the theory of unconscious (or implicit) bias, which was developed over the past 30 years in response to what some American legal scholars viewed as deficiencies in disparate impact approach to discrimination, be used to address the challenge of achieving gender balance on corporate board. The theory of unconscious bias posits the pervasiveness of unconscious bias against stigmatized groups such as racial minorities, women, disabled, and sexual minorities. Even individuals who avow that they are free of discriminatory biases against minority groups, are likely to behave in a manner that evidences their unconscious bias. Theory of unconscious bias as applied to gender relations in the context of social practices and patterns of interaction, formation of human networks that have the effect of excluding women from opportunities are referred to as second generation gender bias. Glass-ceiling, sexual harassment are common examples of second generation gender bias. Second generation gender bias is a useful tool for analyzing exclusion of women in various situations, enabling formuation of corrective and prevention measures above and beyond legal remedies. In recognition of the likelihood that women are excluded from corporate directorships as a result of second generation gender bias, this paper proposes recommends 2 measures to be undertaken concurrently in order to weaken and ultimately eliminate the impact of second generation gender bias: first a behavior modification program grounded in education and training, designed to raise awareness of implicit bias; secondly, imposition of mandatory gender quota to be implemented in several stages.

Factors Attributing to the Success on the SeMA Tim Burton

Eunice Kim 한국문화예술경영학회 2013 문화예술경영학연구 Vol.6 No.1

본 논문은 2012년 12월 12일부터 2013년 4월 14일까지 서울시립미술관에서 개최된 <팀 버튼>전을 중심으로 혼합 장르 전시(mixed media exhibition)의 마케팅 성공요인을 분석 함으로써 추후 이와 같은 유형의 전시에 대한 마케팅 전략을 제안하는 것을 연구의 목표 로 한다. <팀 버튼>전은 약 460,000여 명에 달하는 관람객 방문을 기록하며 대중적으로 큰 호응을 받은 성공적 전시로 평가 받고 있다. 전시는 영화와 시각예술, 애니메이션 등의 여러 장르(매체)를 가로지르는 팀 버튼 감독의 특성을 보여줌과 동시에 그의 영화가 탄생 하는 데 근간이 되었던 작품들을 총 망라하는 방식으로 진행되었다. 이에 따라 혼합 장르 전시의 마케팅 전략을 4P(Product-제품, Place-장소, Price-가격, Promotion-판매촉 진) 마케팅 전략에 의거하여 분석하고자 하였으며, 대상 자체가 단지 제품이 아니라 예술 작품이라는 점에서 4P 요인이 상호 작용 관계를 형성하면서 성공을 이끌어 낸다는 관점을 적용하였다. 즉 1) Positioning: product와 place의 상호작용관계를 살펴보고, 2) Setting Precision: price 와 promotion의 상호작용 관계를 살펴보며, 3) Process: promotion의 타임라인에 따른 효과를 살펴보며, 4) Persistence Prevailing: product와 place, promotion의 상호작용 관계를 살펴보았다.

비리제보자에 대한 포상금

Eunice K. Kim 한국증권법학회 2014 증권법연구 Vol.15 No.3

우리나라 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제435조와 미국 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act(‘도드?프랭크법’)의 Section 922(a)의 공통점은 두 법 모두 제보자에 대한 포상금 지급을 통하여 자본시장에서 발생하는 불법행위에 대한 제보를 장려하고 제보자를 보호하는 것을 목적으로 하는데 있다. 그러나 시행한지 수년이 지난 오늘날 이 두 포상금제도의 활용도와 효과는 현저히 다르다. 본 논문은 상기 두 법에서 규정한 포상금제도를 비교·분석함으로써 우리나라 비리제보 활성화를 위한 포상금제도의 개선방안을 모색하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 우선 자본시장법 제435조의 위법행위신고자와 포상금제도에 관한 조항이 이제까지 어떻게 운용되어 왔는지를 살펴보았다. 나아가서 공익신고자보호법, 주식회사의 외부감사에 관한 법률, 그리고 부패방지 및 국민권익위원회의 설치와 운영에 관한 법률의 포상금 관련 조항을 자본시장법의 포상금제도와 비교·검토하고 상기 네 개의 법이 비리제보자에 지급되는 포상금에 대하여 각각 다른 기준을 적용하고 있다는 점도 지적하였다. 그리고 지난 3년간 미국 증권거래위원회가 도드?프랭크법의 비리제보자에 대한 포상금제도를 어떻게 활성화하여 운영해 왔으며 어떤 효과를 거두었는지 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 비리제보제도를 활성화하기 위하여 포상금의 상한선 철폐, 환수금액과 포상금의 연계 등 개선방안을 제안하였다. Article 435 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act (“the Capital Markets Act”) of Korea and Section 922(a) of the Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act(“DFA”) both seek to encourage whistleblowing by providing for financial rewards and protection for whistleblowers. Several years after the whistleblower programs have been in effect, the program under the Capital Markets Act has yet to invogorate whistleblowing while the program under the DFA is generally regarded to have produced the desired effect of encouraging whistleblowers to report high-quality tips to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), resulting in successful enforcement actions by the SEC and the payment of substantial financial rewards to the whistleblowers. This paper seeks to understand the reasons behind the divergent outcomes of the two whistleblower programs by focusing on the financial reward structure of the DFA, the Capital Markets Act and the other Korean laws that provide financial incentives for whistleblowers, namely, the Protection of Public Interest Reporters Act, Act on External Audit of Stock Companies and Act on the Prevention of Corruption and the Establishment and Management of the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission, each of which has its own financial reward system using different criteria. The paper concludes by making recommendations aimed at improving the financial reward structure of the whistleblower program under the Capital Markets Act. Among the suggestions are removing the cap on the amount of the reward, tying the amount of the reward to the total amount of actual recovery made as a result of the successful enforcement action, and making payment of the reward compulsory cases when the tip provided by the whistleblower leads to a successful enforcement action.

Preliminary Study on Organosolv Pulping of Acacia Hybrid

Eunice Wan Ni Chong,Kang Chiang Liew,Siaw Kian Phiong 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2013 Journal of Forest Science Vol.29 No.2

An attempt was made on pulp production from the fast growing plant, Acacia hybrid to determine the total yield, screened yield, Kappa number, and fibre morphology of organosolv Acacia hybrid pulp. Uniform- sized chips were taken to undergo pulping in a digester with five different concentrations of ethanol, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% (v/v) with 1 M of sodium hydroxide as catalyst. All chips were digested in a temperature-controlled digester with constant amount of water added and temperature of 185oC with the duration of three hours cooking time and correspond pressure 1.1-1.2 MPa. It was observed that increasing of ethanol concentration has led to pulp yield increment and decreased in the degree of delignification at the same time. This study was aimed to focus on the effect of the varied concentration of organic solvent towards the pulp yield and its relationship with Kappa number and pulp yield.

Adaptive Evolution for Efficient Production of D-Lactic Acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Eunice Y. KWON,Seung-Ho BAEK,Ji-Sook HAHN 한국생물공학회 2015 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.10

Variance function estimation of a one-dimensional nonstationary process

Eunice J. Kim,Zhengyuan Zhu 한국통계학회 2019 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society Vol.48 No.3

We propose a flexible nonparametric estimation of a variance function from a onedimensional process where the process errors are nonstationary and correlated. Due to nonstationarity a local variogram is defined, and its asymptotic properties are derived. We include a bandwidth selection method for smoothing taking into account the correlations in the errors. We compare the proposed difference-based nonparametric approach with Anderes and Stein(2011)’s local-likelihood approach. Our method has a smaller integrated MSE, easily fixes the boundary bias, and requires far less computing time than the likelihood-based method.

Soluble and Insoluble Yeast β-Glucan Differentially Affect Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Marathon Runners: A Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial

Eunice Mah,Valerie N. Kaden,Kathleen M. Kelley,DeAnn J. Liska 한국식품영양과학회 2020 Journal of medicinal food Vol.23 No.4

In a previous study, consumption of a dairy beverage incorporating insoluble β-glucan decreased upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptomatic days and severity in marathon runners. In this report, we extended our previous findings by presenting data on a dairy beverage containing soluble β-glucan and URTI in marathon runners. Healthy adults running in the 2017 Austin Marathon consumed dairy beverages (250 mL/day) containing 250 mg of insoluble (n = 69) or soluble (n = 76) baker's yeast β-glucan (Wellmune®) or placebo (n = 133) for the 45 days before, day of, and 45 days after the marathon (91 days total). Participants completed a daily online survey assessing compliance and URTI symptoms, which were evaluated using the Jackson Index and confirmed by the study physician. Total severity of URTI was significantly lower in the insoluble yeast β-glucan group compared to the placebo group, but was not different between the soluble yeast β-glucan group and placebo group. Severity ratings for nasal discharge were significantly lower in both the insoluble and soluble yeast β-glucan groups compared to the placebo group. Additionally, severity rating for sore throat was lower in the insoluble, but not the soluble yeast β-glucan group compared to the placebo group. The insoluble yeast β-glucan group, but not the soluble yeast β-glucan group also reported fewer URTI symptomatic days compared to the placebo group. The results suggest that soluble and insoluble yeast β-glucan, incorporated into a food matrix, differentially affected exercise-induced URTI in marathon runners.

Wetland transformation through Water Resource Users Association; The case of Rwamuthambi Sub Catchment area, Kenya

Eunice Muthoni Kumunga,Titus Chemandwa Ndiwa,Nzioka John Muthama 한국습지학회 2020 한국습지학회지 Vol.22 No.3

Many studies conducted in Kenya regarding water resource governance have focused on the mandate of Water Resource Users Associations (WRUAs) with less attention being accorded to their effectiveness in conservation of wetlands. This study assessed the effectiveness of WRUA committees, and challenges faced in conservation of Rwamuthambi Sub-catchment. The study employed exploratory descriptive research design. Data was collected through questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, observations and review of secondary data. Chi square and descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. The survey results revealed that only 15% of WRUA committee understood water resources management while 35% were aware of relevant legislations. Factors of wetland degradation showed significant association with existence of WRUA (χ2 (4, N=180) = 20.46, p< .01) where (χ2- chi square (degrees of freedom, N = sample size) = chi-square statistic value, p = p value), although WRUA contributions were perceived differently per agro-ecological zone (χ2 (8, N=147) = 15.51, p>.05). Challenges unearthed were inadequate financial and human resources, lack of understanding, ineffective collaborative governance, poor support from county government and private ownership of riparian land reserve. There is need for WRUAs to embrace collaborative governance for effective conservation of wetlands. Integration of sub catchment management plan with county land use plans and policy review is also required.

The role of calmodulin in regulating calcium-permeable PKD2L1 channel activity

Eunice Yon June Park,Julia Young Baik,Misun Kwak,Insuk So 대한약리학회 2019 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.23 No.3

Polycystic kidney disease 2-like-1 (PKD2L1), polycystin-L or transient receptor potential polycystin 3 (TRPP3) is a TRP superfamily member. It is a calcium-permeable non-selective cation channel that regulates intracellular calcium concentration and thereby calcium signaling. Although the calmodulin (CaM) inhibitor, calmidazolium, is an activator of the PKD2L1 channel, the activating mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to clarify whether CaM takes part in the regulation of the PKD2L1 channel, and if so, how. With patch clamp techniques, we observed the current amplitudes of PKD2L1 significantly reduced when co-expressed with CaM and CaMΔN. This result suggests that the N-lobe of CaM carries a more crucial role in regulating PKD2L1 and guides us into our next question on the different functions of two lobes of CaM. We also identified the predicted CaM binding site, and generated deletion and truncation mutants. The mutants showed significant reduction in currents losing PKD2L1 current–voltage curve, suggesting that the C-terminal region from 590 to 600 is crucial for maintaining the functionality of the PKD2L1 channel. With PKD2L1608Stop mutant showing increased current amplitudes, we further examined the functional importance of EF-hand domain. Along with co-expression of CaM, ΔEF-hand mutant also showed significant changes in current amplitudes and potentiation time. Our findings suggest that there is a constitutive inhibition of EF-hand and binding of CaM C-lobe on the channel in low calcium concentration. At higher calcium concentration, calcium ions occupy the N-lobe as well as the EF-hand domain, allowing the two to compete to bind to the channel.