Consonant target and undershoot

Eunjin Oh 한국음운론학회 2003 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.9 No.1

Oh, Eunjin. 2003. Consonant target and undershoot. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 9.1. 135-147. The back vowels of French are produced more back than the back vowels in English. The Dispersion Theory of segmental inventory by Lindblom (1986) would explain that French with three vowels in the high vowel space (/i, y, u/) has more demand on the maintenance of contrasts and therefore needs to use wider vowel space than English with only two high vowels (/i, u/) does. Other than this difference in the inherent vowel values, the French back vowels in general exhibit less degree of fronting in the context of the coronal consonants than the English back vowels, again due to the contrastive needs with the front round vowel (Flemming 1997,2001). In this paper, I show that the inherent values of the coronal consonants and the values of the coronal consonants in the context of back vowels also show systematic differences between English and French. I also show that speakers need to learn the coarticulatory difference as well as the inherent target difference in the coronal consonant values. The F2 of French coronals turned out to be 267 Hz lower than the F2 of English coronals, and the degree of retraction of the coronal consonants toward the back vowels was significantly larger in French than in English. This result in the consonants' inherent and allophonic differences can be interpreted that French, with larger demand on the vowel contrasts, shows larger deviation in the consonantal values in order to reduce otherwise 'too long' articulatory movement. Another interesting result is that non-native speakers have to learn the degree of coarticulatory variations as well as the target values of the coronal consonants. English speakers' production of the French consonant indicates that they did not achieve the French native values in target and undershoot. French speakers' production of English consonant showed that they learned the native values of undershoot but not of target. The separate learning of target and undershoot indicates that the coarticulatory effects are not just physiological phenomena which follow automatically from the phonological component but should be included in the language-specific phonetic grammar (Keating 1985). (Ewha Womans University)

Fronting of back vowels in coronal contexts: a cross-language study

Eunjin Oh 한국음운론학회 2002 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.8 No.2

Oh, Eunjin. 2002. Fronting of back vowels in coronal contexts: a cross-language study Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 8.2. 239-254. This paper explores whether Chinese, French, and German with three high vowels pattern together in exhibiting a smaller degree of back vowel fronting in coronal contexts than English with only two high vowels This paper also investigates the English syllables produced by Chinese, French, and German speakers, and see whether Chinese, French, and German speakers of English increase the degree of fronting when they produce English. The results indicated that the target F2 values of the vowel [u] were higher in English than in Chinese, French, or German, and the undershoot values of the vowel in the context of the coronal consonants were larger in English than in other languages tested. The Chinese, French, or German speakers mostly produced a higher vowel target F2 and larger amounts of vowel undershoot for English than for their native language. As far as experience effects were concerned, the data suggested that the speakers in the beginners' groups were just as good as the speakers in the advanced groups in producing the correct English vowel targets, but the advanced speakers achieved better coarticulation than the beginning speakers The results indicate that the production of phonological targets is not automatically followed by the proper degree of coarticulation and that they have to be independently learned. This may represent information that becomes part of the grammar of a language. As well as the static aspects of coarticulation, language-specific dynamic patterns of coarticulation do not follow automatically from the acquisition of phonological targets and speakers have to learn them independently. (Ewha Womans University)

영역성 구축을 위한 공간적 가구의 특성과 유형에 관한 연구

한은진 ( Han¸ Eunjin ),김주연 ( Kim¸ Jooyun ) 한국공간디자인학회 2021 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.16 No.7

(연구배경 및 목적) 최근 코로나 팬데믹과, 4차 산업 혁명을 경험하며 이전까지 오랜 시간에 걸쳐 쌓아왔던 행동양식, 문화, 업무환경, 사회적 관계 등 인간의 삶 전반에 걸친 변화를 요구 받고 있다. 업무를 비롯하여 교류나 친목 등 모든 사회적 활동이 이루어지는 공간에서 개인의 안위와 관계된 개별 영역의 필요성이 대두되고 있으며 ICT, IOT, AI 기술의 발전은 초개인화와 언택드 환경과 함께 장기적인 사회 진화적 관점으로 이른바 ‘뉴노멀시대’ 도래의 견인차 역할을 하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 이러한 사회적, 환경적 배경 속에 이 시대의 공간이 사용자로 하여금 다양한 규모와 형태의 공간적 영역구축을 요구받고 있으며, 공간적 가구가 공간구획의 도구로서 그 역할이 점차 확대됨과 중요성을 인식하였다. 본 연구는 공간의 영역구축에 관여하는 가구의 사례분석을 통하여 그 특성을 파악하고 공간적 가구의 유형화를 통해 공간과 가구의 연계적 디자인 발전에 기여하고자 하며 나아가 직면한 뉴노멀시대의 변화에 적응을 돕는 매개체로서의 가능성을 제시하고자 한다. (연구방법) 영역성 구축을 위한 ‘공간적 가구’의 유형 도출을 위하여 우선적으로 선행연구를 분석하여 기존의 유형 분류 기준과 특성을 인지한 후 공간의 영역화를 위한 분류 체계를 설정한 다음 이를 특성에 따라 세분하는 방식으로 진행하였다. 이 과정에서 분류체계설정은 적합한 사례분석을 통해 각 사례에서 발견한 공통적 특징을 추출하였다. 이러한 과정을 통해 선행연구에서 제시된 유형분류와 차별성을 갖추고 공간의 영역성 구축에 최적화된 공간적 가구의 유형 분류 체계를 도출할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. (결과) 이를 통해 공간의 영역성 구축에 기여하는 ‘공간적 가구’의 유형을 ‘물리적 경계, 행태유도, 기능’이라는 분류기준을 정립, 이것을 다시 미시건축화, 모듈화, 조직화, 경험과 체험, 기능의 집약과 융합 의 세부기준 선정으로 유형화 하였다. (결론) 이에 본 연구를 통해 ‘공간적 가구’의 유형에 따라 영역구축방법 및 형태가 다양하게 변모함을 파악할 수 있었다. 이것이 곧 현대사회 의 지속적인 변화에 입체적인 공간 대처가 가능하게 하며 예상치 못한 인간의 삶의 변화로 야기된 불안감과 스트레스 해소에 기여 할 것으로 예상한다. 이러한 효과에 힘입어 영역구축이 가능한 ‘공간적 가구의’ 활용도는 점점 증대되고 있으며 본 연구자는 추후 지속적인 연구를 통해 공간과 가구의 상호보완적 발전 가능성 및 방향성을 제시하고자 한다. (Background and Purpose) As the impact of globalization and its active exchanges continue to increase, the hotel industry has developed for both business and leisure tourism. Due to this phenomenon, Seoul has experienced a surge in hotel construction. However, most big-name hotel brands have homogenous designs and standardized services, thereby creating challenges for foreign visitors who wish to experience the cultural history of a city through the design of the hotel space. This study aims to present a direction of sustainable renewable design in Amsterdam, a city that successfully harmonizes modern elements while still making good use of its traditional elements by implementing historical and cultural resource preservation policies. (Method) This study reflects the historical and spatial context of the idle area that was used in the Amsterdam government's regeneration project for the design and selection of the De Hallen complex and NDSM Wharf Island hotels; these spaces are now attracting attention as complex cultural and artistic complexes, and deriving contextual characteristics that appear in regenerative design hotels. For the research, literature and reference books related to urban regeneration and historical relationships are first theoretically reviewed, and the criteria for contextual characteristics are presented. Second, through precedent research that focused on the contextual perspective of regenerative design, characteristics are derived from each element by largely dividing them into visual (physical) and non-visual (meaningful) elements. Third, the design space of the selected buildings is organized along with the analysis frame from the perspective of the contextual elements. Lastly, by considering the relation of the given space and its environmental / regional features, the study re-examines the important contextual characteristics that can increase the cultural and artistic value of spaces through the process of regenerative design. (Results) According to the results of the case analysis, the two regions emerging as new cultural areas in Amsterdam are a good example of a successful recovery and revitalization of the local economy by redesigning neglected idle spaces into spaces that provide new experiences with characteristics by utilizing the historical context of the place. (Conclusions) This study proposes design directions for hotels that are being regenerated and constructed in historical cities. We hope that using examples of design characteristics derived from a contextual point of view will inform basic research on spatial planning through its connection with the complex cultural space.

Early Restoration of Hypoperfusion Confirmed by Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Image after Emergency Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Anastomosis

Eun, Jin,Park, Ik Seong The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2022 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.65 No.6

Objective : Emergency superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis in patients with large vessel occlusion who fails mechanical thrombectomy or does not become an indication due to over the time window can be done as an alternative for blood flow restoration. The authors planned this study to quantitatively measure the degree of improvement in cerebral perfusion flow using perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after bypass surgery and to find out what factors are related to the outcome of the bypass surgery. Methods : For a total of 107 patients who underwent emergent STA-MCA bypass surgery with large vessel occlusion, the National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin score (mRS), infarction volume, and hypoperfusion area volume was calculated, the duration between symptom onset and reperfusion time, occlusion site and infarction type were analyzed. After emergency STA-MCA bypass, hypoperfusion area volume at post-operative 7 days was calculated and analyzed compared with pre-operative hypoperfusion area volume. The factors affecting the improvement of mRS were analyzed. The clinical status of patients who underwent emergency bypass was investigated by mRS and NIHSS before and after surgery, and changes in infarct volume, extent, degree of collateral circulation, and hypoperfusion area volume were measured using MRI and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Results : The preoperative infarction volume was median 10 mL and the hypoperfusion area volume was median 101 mL. NIHSS was a median of 8 points, and the last normal to operation time was a median of 60.7 hours. STA patency was fair in 97.1% of patients at 6 months follow-up DSA and recanalization of the occluded vessel was confirmed at 26.5% of patients. Infarction volume significantly influenced the improvement of mRS (p=0.010) but preoperative hypoperfusion volume was not significantly influenced (p=0.192), and the infarction type showed marginal significance (p=0.0508). Preoperative NIHSS, initial mRS, occlusion vessel type, and last normal to operation time did not influence the improvement of mRS (p=0.272, 0.941, 0.354, and 0.391). Conclusion : In a patient who had an acute cerebral infarction due to large vessel occlusion with large ischemic penumbra but was unable to perform mechanical thrombectomy, STA-MCA bypass could be performed. By using time-to-peak images of perfusion MRI, it is possible to quickly and easily confirm that the brain tissue at risk is preserved and that the ischemic penumbra is recovered to a normal blood flow state.

Using body mechanics, fatigue and work satisfaction among clinical nurses

Eun-Jin,Choi,Se-Won,Kang 한국자료분석학회 2020 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.22 No.3

Nursing activities usually are high intensity tasks and very demanding. Improper using of body mechanics can cause fatigue and decline work satisfaction. Cross-sectional descriptive study was administered to 202 clinical nurses in South Korea to examine the relationship of the use of body mechanics with fatigue and work satisfaction. There was a statistically significant negative correlation (r=-0.233, p=0.001) between use of body mechanics principle and fatigue. However, the use of body mechanics principle and work satisfaction showed a statistically significant positive correlation (r=0.313, p<0.001). In the analyses of the difference in fatigue and work satisfaction, depending on the score group of body mechanics, it was found that the group with high score on the use of body mechanics had lower fatigue score and higher work satisfaction score, compared to the group with low score. The results of logistic regression showed that the group with higher score on use of body mechanics had 4.056 times higher work satisfaction (p<0.001, CI: 2.254-7.298) than the group with low score. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the use of body mechanics principle and establish the methods that can encourage it.

김기림 초기 문학에 드러난 ‘생활’의 딜레마와 초현실주의자의 윤리

강은진 ( Kang¸ Eun-jin ) 우리어문학회 2021 우리어문연구 Vol.71 No.-

김기림은 조선 문단에 초현실주의를 가장 앞서 소개하고 받아들인 문인 가운데 하나였으나, 그의 초현실론은 프랑스 초현실주의를 어느 정도 수용하면서도 그와는 구별되는 면모를 지닌 이론으로 정립되어갔다. 그 출발은 이른바 ‘슈르레알리스트’에 대한 관심에서 비롯되었다. 1930년대 초 김기림의 본격적인 문학 활동은 다다이즘 및 초현실주의로 시작되었는데, 사회 변혁 운동으로서의 프랑스 초현실주의와는 변별되는 관점을 보였다는 것이 특징적이다. 그는 ‘생활이 예술을 규정한다’는 명제를 진리로 받아들이고 초현실주의자의 생활 파탄이 곧 시의 파괴로 나타난다고 주장했다. 김기림의 초기 문학에서 ‘생활’ 개념은 시대적 현실이나 공동체적 삶보다는 세속적이고 개인적인 차원의 개념으로 제시된 것이었으며, 그의 관심은 문예 사조보다는 작가, 즉 ‘사람’이 강조되어 있었다. 이후 김기림은 ‘생활’ 개념을 시대성이 결합된 ‘현실’이라는 개념으로 확장한 데 이어 ‘리얼리티’를 사유하면서 ‘모랄’론을 제기한다. 윤리의 관점에서 초현실을 사유하는 단계로 나아간 김기림은 1933년 가톨리시즘 문학 논쟁에서 가톨리시즘 문학을 ‘영혼의 피난소’로 규정하며 시인의 현실도피를 적극적으로 옹호한다. 김기림의 현실관은 작가 개인의 ‘생활’을 뛰어 넘어 사회성 및 시대성을 내포한 것이었다. 생활과 현실에 대한 김기림의 사유는 ‘리얼리티’ 개념과 결부되는데, 그는 리얼리티를 구현하는 방법으로 현실 반영적 태도와 예술적 진실의 추구라는 두 가지 측면을 제시했다. 이러한 견지에서 가장 중시되는 것이 바로 작가의 개성과 자유이다. 결국 김기림의 초현실론은 작가적 관점으로 회귀된다. 창작 방법론에서 초현실주의의 수용점이 새로움에 대한 강렬한 정신적 에너지를 드러내는 형태였다면, 정신사적 ‘운동’으로서의 초현실주의의 영향은 ‘초현실주의자의 윤리’라는 관점으로 변용된다는 점에 김기림의 초현실론이 가진 독자성이 가장 뚜렷하게 드러난다. 김기림은 불가항력적으로 도피를 택한 시인들이 반드시 돌아와 현실에 응전하게 될 것임을 시사했다. 그것이 바로 김기림의 초현실론이 궁극적으로 회귀하는 지점이다. 현실을 떠나 다시 현실로 돌아오는 것. 그것은 ‘영혼의 피난소’로 명명되었던 잠시의 도피이며, 결국 시인의 토대는 현실임을 역설하는 것과 같다. Kim Ki-rim belonged to the group that first accepted French surrealism in the Joseon literary section. However, his theory has been established as an independent theory that is distinct from that of France. The starting point was his interest in "Surrealist." In the early 1930s, Kim's literary activities began with Dadaism and Surrealism. His theory was quite different from French Surrealism as a social transformation movement. He thought that the proposition that “living defines art” was correct. Because the artist's living was not right, so that the poem came to fall into self-destruction, he thought. In other words, the breakdown of the surrealist's living soon appeared in the destructive form of poetry. Kim concept of “living” was presented as a secular and personal concept, not as a contemporary reality or a community life. In addition, his interest was focused on the writer rather than the literary trend. Afterwards, Kim expanded his “living” to the concept of “reality”. And he thought about 'reality' and raised the 'moral' theory. In the 1933 Catholic literature debate in 1933, Kim defined Catholic literature as a “spirit refuge” and actively defended the poet's escapism. At this point, Kim's view about reality went beyond the artist's individual “living”, and gained sociality. He expanded “reality” as writer’s attitude to the concept of “reality” in literature, and emphasized the author's freedom. In other words, if the life of the writer is not divided, the literary works will not be divided. In the end, Kim's theory of surreality returns to the ‘artist's life’. While the acceptance point of Surrealism in the creative methodology was the intense mental energy for novelty, the influence of Surrealism as a psychological “movement” is transformed into the perspective of “the ethics of surreality”. Kim implied that the poets who chose to escape from reality would surely return and respond to reality. That is the point at which Kim’s surrealism ultimately returns. Leaving reality and coming back to reality. It is a temporary escape, which was named “Soul Refuge”, and in the end it is like insisting that the foundation of the poet is reality itself.

Theory into Practice : Cognitive-Developmental Theory and Multicultural Education

Cho,Eun-Jin 서울여자대학교 2005 아동연구 Vol.11 No.-

[No Abstract]

특수교사의 직무스트레스가 매너리즘에 미치는 영향

장은진 ( Jang¸ Eun Jin ),김향지 ( Kim¸ Hyang Ji ) 한국지적장애교육학회 2021 지적장애연구 Vol.23 No.3

본 연구는 특수교사의 직무스트레스, 스트레스 대처, 심리적 소진, 매너리즘의 구성 개념 간의 영향 관계를 탐색하고, 직무스트레스와 매너리즘의 관계에서 스트레스 대처와 심리적 소진의 매개효과를 검증하기 위해 수행되었다. 전국의 특수학급, 특수학교에 재직 중인 초·중·고 특수교사를 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실시하여, 최종 396부를 분석에 사용하였고, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 24.0, Process Macro for SPSS(Ver 3.5) 프로그램으로 처리하였다. 변인 간의 영향 관계를 알아보기 위해 다중 회귀분석을 하였고, 스트레스 대처와 심리적 소진의 매개효과를 분석하기 위해 부트스트래핑을 통한 직접효과 분석, 단순 매개효과 분석, 이중 매개효과 분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 직무스트레스는 심리적 소진에 정(+)의 영향을 미치고, 심리적 소진은 매너리즘에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 정서 중심적 대처가 직무스트레스와 매너리즘의 관계에서 부분 매개 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났으며, 직무스트레스가 정서 중심적 대처와 심리적 소진을 매개로 매너리즘에 간접적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 직무스트레스와 매너리즘의 관계에서 심리적 소진은 완전 매개 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났으며, 특수교사의 매너리즘에 영향을 미치는 매개변인으로 심리적 소진에 대한 관리가 매우 중요하다는 것이 검증되었다. 본 연구는 특수교사의 매너리즘에 대한 논의를 본격화한 최초의 연구라는 점에서 의의가 있고, 시사하는 바가 크다. This study has been conducted to analyze the level of special education teachers' job stress, stress coping, psychological burnout, and mannerism, and to see whether these variables are different according to the teachers’ demographic variables. In addition, the examination to identify how the constructs relates to each other, and particularly to investigate the mediated effect of stress coping and psychological burnout between job stress and mannerism has been also performed. An online survey was conducted on elementary, middle and high school teachers in special classes and special schools nationwide, and the final 396 sample were used for analysis, and the collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 24.0 and PROCESS Macro for SPSS(Ver 3.5). Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between the variables. To analyze the mediated effects of stress coping and psychological burnout, direct effect analysis, simple mediated effect analysis, and multiple mediated effect analysis via bootstrapping were conducted. The conclusions and implications of this study are as follows. Job stress is shown to have a positive effect on psychological burnout, and psychological burnout has a positive effect on mannerism. Emotion-focused coping has been shown to play a partial role in the relationship between job stress and mannerism, and job stress indirectly affects mannerism through emotion-focused coping and psychological burnout. In addition, psychological burnout has been shown to serve as a complete mediating variable in the relationship between job stress and mannerism, and it has been proven that management of psychological burnout is very important as a mediating variable that affects the mannerism of special teachers. This work validates the relationship of variables by recognizing the mannerisms of special teachers differently from psychological burnout, and by exploring variables that affect them. Therefore, it is highly suggestive in that it is the first full-fledged study to prevent and manage the mannerism of special teachers, and to discuss the mannerism of special teachers.

Factors associated with Nicotine Addiction and Coping Skills in the Synthetic House-Tree-Person Drawing Test

( Lee¸ Eun Jin ) 한국간호과학회 정신간호학회(구 대한간호학회정신간호학회) 2020 정신간호학회지 Vol.29 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with nicotine addiction and coping skills in the Synthetic House-Tree-Person Drawing Test. Methods: This was a descriptive correlational study. The S-HTP drawings were scored using the Buck’s quantitative scoring manual. Participants completed the revised Multidimensional Coping skills questionnaire and the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale. Results: Non-smokers sketched additional decorations of a house (p=.009), 2D body parts (p<.001), and proportioned body parts (p=.001) as compared to the smokers (n=186). Smokers sketched a more disproportionate stem and branch (p=.010) and did not sketch the nose, lips, or eyes, and generally sketched 1D body parts as compared to the non-smokers (p=.001). There were correlations among the S-HTP drawings, nicotine addiction, and coping skills. The lack of additional decorations of a person, disproportionate house parts, and a lack of proportionate body parts explained 26% of the nicotine addiction (adjusted R2=.26, p<.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the S-HTP sketches differed according to the extent of nicotine addiction and coping skills.

Two Types of Egress Based on Initiation: On The Pearl, “Flight,” and The Forgotten Village

( Kim¸ Eun-jin ),( Lee¸ Geon-geun ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2015 영어권문화연구 Vol.8 No.2

John Steinbeck, a Nobel-Literature laureate, is said to have had the strong impulse to get away to nature when young. His novels are distinctive of the description of egress from the society. For example, the characters of The Pearl, “Flight,” and The Forgotten Village leave their home to mountains and another city. Also, the egress is based on their initiation into a process of maturity and divided into two types―autobiographical and dramatic transition story. This paper aims to distinguish their characteristics by analyzing the texts of the three works in detail. Especially, it is possible that the egress of The Pearl is explained with both the styles depending on who is the hero of the story between Kino and the personified pearl. Besides, the takeoff of “Flight” is interpreted as the dramatic transition type, while that of The Forgotten Village as autographical one. Meanwhile, during more than half a century, the initiation story has been classified by Mordecai Marcus's idea according to its power as tentative, uncompleted, and decisive. However, the older typology is contingent on forms, not on contents. The newer one can reveal the speed of initiation, the tone and mood, the narrator's position, the clarity of a turning point, the role of supporting characters, the necessity of supplementary devices, the extent of the individual's conflict with the society, family relationship, the range of affecting factors, symbolic effect, the difference between what the hero knows and what s/he does not yet know, and the relationship between the internal and external part the protagonist has. All in all, two types of egress based on initiation are intended to contribute to developing the research on initiation stories.