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Plastic surgery and specialty creep: an analysis of publication trends
Ethan L. Mackenzie,Jeffrey D. Larson,Samuel O. Poore 대한성형외과학회 2021 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.48 No.6
Background Many surgical specialties have had pioneering influences from plastic surgeons. However, many of these areas of practice have evolved to include surgeons from diverse training backgrounds. This raises the question as to whether the prominence of other specialties in clinical practice translates to greater research productivity in these areas. The objective of this paper is to investigate the publication volumes of plastic surgeons in selected areas of practice compared to surgeons from other disciplines. Methods PubMed was used to examine publication trends in areas associated with plastic surgery. Searches for the following topics were performed: head and neck reconstruction, hand surgery, breast reconstruction, ventral hernia repair, abdominal component separation, brachial plexus injury, craniofacial surgery, and aesthetic surgery. Affiliation tags were used to examine contributions from nine specialties. Web of Science was used to identify the top cited articles for the last 10 years in each area. Results Articles by non-plastic surgeons comprise the majority of the literature for all areas of practice studied except for breast reconstruction and aesthetic surgery. Despite this, plastic surgeons contributed the greatest number of top cited articles over the last 10 years for five of the areas of practice. Conclusions While plastic surgeons do not contribute the greatest proportion of articles published each year in several of the selected areas of practice, they do publish a larger number of articles that are the most cited. Plastic surgeons remain the dominant academic force in terms of volume and citations for both breast and aesthetic surgery.
Ethan Scheiner 동아시아연구원 2012 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.12 No.3
Japan's electoral system, which emphasizes first-past-the-post, single-member district rules, has led the country's party system to become consolidated around the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ). At the same time, Japan's electoral rules also made it likely that the two parties would not differ markedly in their policy positions, as well as hinder the emergence of new partisan alignments that could offer more clearly distinct policy options. Put differently, Japan's electoral rules have encouraged the development of what is essentially a two-party system, but one in which party alternation in power need not produce sharp policy change.
Ethan Yorgason(이슨 요거슨) 대한지리학회 2020 대한지리학회지 Vol.55 No.1
This paper explores the impact of aggregating Asian nationality groups within the United States on the dissimilarity index, a commonly used measure of distributional unevenness and segregation within ethnic geography and demography. Most use of the index combines all Asian groups together when comparing their level of segregation within the USA to other minority groups, such as blacks and Hispanics. The article argues that this aggregating convention is deeply problematic. I make this argument in part by comparing an aggregated and four disaggregated Asian groups (Korean, Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino) through five quantitative, empirical explorations using US Census data: 1) temporal trends since 1970; 2) the role of different areal units, disaggregated by spatial scale; 3) variation of dissimilarity-index values by both regional size and percentage of minority group; 4) regression analysis of various independent variables that contribute to variation in dissimilarity-index values; and 5) mapping the variation of these values by US state. In addition, I demonstrate that, because of the phenomenon of ecological correlation, an aggregated Asian-dissimilarity-index value will almost always misrepresent the values of the individual, disaggregated Asian groups.
The Corona-Dynamo Connetion in Accretion Disks
Ethan Vishniac 한국물리학회 2004 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.45 No.3
The theory of mean-eld dynamos in accretion disks has been discussed at length in numerous papers, dating back almost to the rst theoretical papers on accretion disks. In the last decade the theory of mean-eld dynamos in almost perfectly conducting uids has been subjected to strong criticisms, based on general theoretical considerations and as well as numerical tests. Paradoxically, the numerical evidence for mean-eld dynamo activity in accretion disks, driven by the magnetorotational instability (MRI), has become extremely strong. I will discuss a reformulation of mean- eld dynamo theory, based on magnetic helicity conservation, which is consistent with previous theoretical and numerical analyses. Applying this to accretions disks, we nd that the MRI drives a magnetic helicity current aligned with the spin axis of the disk. As this current emerges into the disk corona it is carried by magnetic structures of steadily increasing size. Consequently the energy ux associated with the magnetic helicity current drops, leading to the dissipation of energy in the corona. This represents a minimal level of coronal heating A similar dynamo operating in the collisionless plasma of the corona can produce additional coronal heating, in which case the magnetic helicity current driven by the corona will increase the eciency of the disk dynamo.
Ethan J. Andersen,Madhav P. Nepal,Shaukat Ali 한국식물병리학회 2021 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.37 No.2
Tan spot of wheat, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-re- pentis (Ptr), results in a yield loss through chlorosis and necrosis of healthy leaf tissue. The major objective of this study was to compare gene expression in resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars after infection with Ptr ToxA-producing race 2 and direct infiltration with Ptr ToxA proteins. Greenhouse experiments included ex- posure of the wheat cultivars to pathogen inoculum or direct infiltration of leaf tissue with Ptr-ToxA protein isolate. Samples from the experiments were subjected to RNA sequencing. Results showed that ToxA RNA sequences were first detected in samples collected eight hours after treatments indicating that upon Ptr con- tact with wheat tissue, Ptr started expressing ToxA. The resistant wheat cultivar, in response to Ptr inocu- lum, expressed genes associated with plant resistance responses that were not expressed in the susceptible cultivar; genes of interest included five chitinases, eight transporters, five pathogen-detecting receptors, and multiple classes of signaling factors. Resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars therefore differed in their response in the expression of genes that encode chitin- ases, transporters, wall-associated kinases, permeases, and wound-induced proteins, among others. Plants exposed to Ptr inoculum expressed transcription fac- tors, kinases, receptors, and peroxidases, which are not expressed as highly in the control samples or samples infiltrated with ToxA. Several of the differentially ex- pressed genes between cultivars were found in the Ptr resistance QTLs on chromosomes 1A, 2D, 3B, and 5A. Future studies should elucidate the specific roles these genes play in the wheat response to Ptr.