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Influence of the Dopant Concentration on the Photocatalytic Activity: Al-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub>
Murashkina, Anna A.,Murzin, Petr D.,Rudakova, Aida V.,Ryabchuk, Vladimir K.,Emeline, Alexei V.,Bahnemann, Detlef W. American Chemical Society 2015 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C Vol.119 No.44
<P>A set of Al-doped titania <I>x</I>-Al-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> (<I>x</I> = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1 wt % Al) has been synthesized by a sol–gel method and tested in the reaction of the photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous suspension. XRD and Raman studies show that the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> samples have a mixed-phase rutile-anatase crystalline structure with linear increase of the anatase fraction from 0.0 wt % for 0.0-Al-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> up to 18 wt % for 1.1-Al-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>. A decrease of the particle size from ∼800 to 50 nm and an increase of the specific surface area from 1.7 m<SUP>2</SUP>/g up to 28 m<SUP>2</SUP>/g with increased content of Al have been observed. The data of XRD, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and EDS techniques show rather homogeneous aluminum distribution with only the Al(3+) oxidation state of aluminum incorporated in the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> lattice. The bandgap energy <I>E</I><SUB>g</SUB> = (2.93 ± 0.1) eV corresponding to indirect allowed transitions does not depend on the aluminum content within the 0.0–1.1 wt % Al concentration range. The photocatalytic testing of Al-doped TiO<SUB>2</SUB> samples in the reaction of phenol degradation shows the existence of a maximal initial rate of phenol degradation at an Al concentration of about 0.5 wt %.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jpccck/2015/jpccck.2015.119.issue-44/acs.jpcc.5b06252/production/images/medium/jp-2015-06252d_0010.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/jp5b06252'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>