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Partisan Conflict and American Public Opinion Towards East Asia
Yaeli Bloch Elkon(옐리 블로-엘컨),Robert Y. Shapiro(로버트 샤피로) 고려대학교 아세아문제연구소 2009 亞細亞硏究 Vol.52 No.1
Since the 1970s American politics has become increasingly polarized along partisan and ideological lines. Until recently, this polarization has been widely debated mainly in the area of domestic economic and social policymaking. Shapiro and Bloch-Elkon (2007), found that partisan and ostensibly ideological conflict have been a visible characteristic of foreign policy debates as well, suggesting a major change in the nature of American politics. This paper examines surveys conducted from the 1990’s until the present by different organizations, to see the extent to which, if any, the American public’s as well as leaders’ opinions on U.S foreign policy issues towards East Asian countries (South Korea, North Korea, China and Japan), have also become more polarized along Democratic-Republican partisan and ideological lines. It finds that for the most part the opinions toward East Asian countries have not been heavily embroiled in the ongoing partisan conflict. North Korea, from 2004 onward because of its growing nuclear capability, has been seen as a threat by all segments of the American public. This development and the otherwise low salience of U.S.-East Asian relations compared to other areas of American foreign policy, affected how the public thought about this region in partisan and ideological terms.
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Kim, Giok,Jun, Jae-Bum,Elkon, Keith B. 제주대학교 생명과학연구소 2002 제주생명과학연구 Vol.5 No.6
Objective. Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease that, pathologically, is characterized by the progressive growth and invasion of the synovial pannus into the surrounding cartilage and bone. Many cytokines, including transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), have been implicated in this process, but their mode of action is incompletely understood. The goal of the present study was to better understand the downstream signaling pathways of TGFβ in fibroblasts. Methods. The role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) was determined by chemical inhibition with LY294002 or wortmannin. Activation of protein kinase B (Akt), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKS) was evaluated by Western blot analysis using phospho-specific antibodies. Results. Exposure of fibroblasts to TGFβ rapidly induced activation of a kinase, Akt, that is known to inhibit apoptosis bv a variety of pathways. Activation of Akt was blocked by the specific PI 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, indicating that TGFβ-mediated phosphorylation of Akt was dependent on PI 3-kinase activation. This activation pathway was relatively selective for Akt, since inhibition of PI 3-kinase failed to substantially modifv activation of ERKs or JNKs in synovial fibroblasts. Inhibition of the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway resulted in impaired proliferation of synovial fibroblasts and partial attenuation of the protective effect of TGFβ on Fas-mediated apoptosis. Conclusion. TGFβ exerts its growth and anti-apoptotic effects on fibroblasts, at least in part, by, activation of the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway.
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