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Duan Zhizhuang(段知壯) 경북대학교 아시아연구소 2014 아시아연구 Vol.- No.20
종교학의 이율배반 원리에서 지적한 바와 같이, 불교는 일종의 종교로서 철학, 사상의 관점에서 보면 출세를 강조하는 종교이면서도 자선의 수행으로 六道輪回의 속박을 벗어나 열반의 실현을 추구한다. 그러나 일종의 사회조직인 불교는 또한 반드시 존재하는 사회적 기초와 상응하고 부합해야하는데, 이렇게 해야 조금씩 종교 세력을 말전시켜 강대하게 만들어 더욱 많은 신도에게 영향력을 미치고 더욱더 광범위하게 자선의 교리와 교의를 선전할 수 있다. 중국은 奏나라부터 봉건주의 중앙집권적 정치제도를 수립하고 중앙집권과 군주전제를 핵심 내용으로 삼았는데, 이렇게 왕권을 핵심으로 하는 정치제도는 반드시 모든 사회 권력을 왕권의 통제 하에 존재할 수 있도록 요구하였다. As religion basic principles “antinomy” noted, from the perspective of philosophical, ideological point of view, Buddhism, as a religion, is a religion that emphasis on the detachment. Buddhism attempt to get rid of the shackles of six cycle through their own practice, in order to achieve Nirvana. But as a social organization, they must be adapted to the community foundation that they exist in. Since the Qin Dynasty China had established a political system of feudalism and centralization, which regarded the centralized autocratic monarchy as its core content. This political system whose core is the autocratic monarchy require all the social powers are under the unifying kingship inevitably. The Buddhist religious right means the rights on its internal daily affairs and personnel management. In the context of China’s feudal period, Buddhist religious right can not confront the powerful unifying kingship. It means that it must be adjusted to meet the unifying power in some extent. As a foreign religion, Buddhism was introduced into China since the Han Dynasty, Buddhist forces are relatively weak at the beginning, this power is not too much practical significance, Buddhist monks tried to adjust to the social foundation by autonomous rules, but with the increasing expansion of the Buddhist forces, Buddhist religious right is bound to expand to be a certain threat to the feudal monarchy, and the rulers were also gradually recognized the necessary of macro-control on the Buddhism. However, the control on the Buddhism was not a overnight process, it went through a lengthy process of adjustment, which has experienced a historical process from tolerate religious right, to use the religious right, to control the religious right. The article regards the Buddhist monk membership from Han Dynasty to Tang Dynasty as the point, through the clue of three historical stages from Han and Six Dynasties that Buddhist monks controlled their internal affairs by autonomous rules, to the Northern and Southern Dynasties that the establishment of monk officials and monk nationality under the state power, to the Sui and Tang Dynasties that the morality of monk official duties and the systematization and standardization management on the Buddhist affairs. Trying to dynamically show the shrink of Buddhist religious right step by step in this historical period. Take the major reform process of the specific problem of monk officials monk nationality system as the center lists in these periods, although Buddhist monks had made some efforts during this period, but eventually became monarchy accessories completely.
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