五加皮의 造血 및 免疫調節效果에 대한 實驗的 硏究

任中根,徐榮培,金東熙,薛仁燦 대한본초학회 2000 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.15 No.1

In order to investigate the reinforcemental Effects of Acanthopanax Radicis Cortex about immunity and hematogenic action. The various immune responses were studied. The results were obtained as follows: 1. Positive cell was significantly increased at the 0.25 d r n P degree of density in the effect of CD4 about the spleen cell. 2. In the effect of IgG positive cell was significantly increased as comrared with the data of control only at the 0.25 mg/ml degree of density. 3. In the effect of Mac-1 positive cell was significantly increased in all treated degree of density. 4. In result of observing the change of WBC after Cyclophosphamide-processing the number of WBC was significantly increased in treated Group. 5. Measurement of RT-PCR in Hematopoietic stem cell TPO PCR products was increased as compared with medium at the 1 ㎛/ml degree of density. 6. In reinforcemental effect about Stem cell factor SCF PCR product was increased as compared with medium at the low degree of density. 7. In reinforcemental effect about IL-3 PCR product was increased as compared with medium at the low degree of density. 8. In reinforcemental effect about IL-6 PCR product was significantly increased as compared with all treated group. 9. Assay about positive cell in the spleen cell, the positive cell was significantly increased in CD4, CD19. 10. Created amount NO was treated group significantly increased all degree of density. 11. In promotional dissolution-effect, treated group was increased one and half times or twice all degree of density as compared with negative control. According to the above results, Acanthopanax Radicis Cortex increase coherence with T-cell by dint of activating CD of T-cell, presentate an antigen, activate IL-3, IL-6 which stimulate B-cell mading an antibody, activate IFN- y which appeal anti-viral activity by dint of activating macrophage, activate IgG which being made in B-cell neutralize Virus directly, increase immunity by means of promoting dissolution of Spleen cell which involve immune cell and strengthen hematogenic action by dint of activating TPO, SCF. Although Acanthopanax Radicis Cortex was used in retrogressional joint disease of deficiency syndrome by reinforcing Liver and Kidney, strengthening bones and sinews, because IFN- 7 which appeal anti-viral activity and IL-6 which almost appear in arthritis increased significantly, in future we should make an effort in looking into action of Acanthopanax Radicis Cortex about common cold by infection and arthritis of excess syndrome.

忠州市 主幹線 道路邊 建築外部色彩에 關한 硏究

崔生吉,孫泰鎭,柳顯紀,辛同寅,梁富弘,尹勝照,朴碩鉉 忠州大學校 1998 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.33 No.2

In order to understand the influence of colours on the urban design of a city, a portion of the central Chung-Ju was chosen as the study area, and three cases were researched as colours. These surveyed colours are analysed in their hue, value and chroma. It was necessary to determine the colours of 272 buildings exterior in all in order formulate the findings presented in this study. The result of this study can be briefly summerised as the following ; 1) The trends in the use of colour turn out like this ; 55.3% of the building were Y(yellow), YR(yellow-green), R(red) Family in Hue, abour 33.9% of them were within 8.0-8.9 and 26.6% were within 7.0-7.9 on the value scale, and about 48.5% of them were within 1.0-1.9, 2.0-2.9 and 3.0-3.9 on the chroma scale. 1) For case 1 on the exterior colours of buildings, about 57.8% were Y and YR family in Hue, about 53.7% were 8.0-8.9 and 7.0-7.9 in Value, and about 49.6% of them were within 1.0-3.9 in chroma. 2) For case 2 on the exterior colours of buildings, about 52.4% were Y and R family in Hue, about 65.1% were 7.0-8.9 in Value, and about 46% were 1.0-2.9 in Chroma. 3) For case 3 on the exterior colours of buildings, about 55.7% were Y and YR Family in Hue, about 72.1% were 7.0-8.9 in Value, and about 31.1% were 2.0-2.9 in Chroma. In summary, the colours of the building surveyed in central Chung-Ju can be characerized as Y, YR, R, N family in Hue, 7.0-7.9, 8.0-8.9 in Value registered in 1.0-1.9, 2.0-2.9, 3.0-3.9 in Chroma. The observed exterior colours show a tendency toward Yellow in Hue, High in Value and low in Chroma. Generally, the majority of the colours is light rather than strong in tone.

우리나라 市.道立病院 運營管理에 關한 調査硏究

印宣東 서울大學校 保健大學院 1969 公衆保健雜誌 Vol.6 No.1

As the result of surveys conducted on the personnel, budget, and therapeutical performance of municipal and provincial hospitals in this country from Jun. 1, 1965 to May, 30, 1966, the following conclusion has been reached: 1. Surveys were conducted on a total of 46 hospitals, comperising 12 city hospitals, one county hospital, 32 provincial hospitals, and one provincial branch hospital(branch of the Cheju provincial Hospital). 2. Classifying the personnel by kind of occupation, nurses constituted the greatest proportion of 30.02 per cent of the total of 2,023 hospital employees across the nation, and physicians 16.71 per cent, while there were only two dieticians(constitution 0.10 per cent). 3. All the hospitals had physicians and nurses, while 41 of them have pharmacists, and only two of them had dieticians. 4. To break them down by province, the Special City of Seoul had 39.36 per cent of the total number of personnel, while Gyeongsangnam-do had the smallest proportion or 2.07 per cent. 5. The special City of Seoul had 39.56 per cent, the greatest proportion of a total of 4,079 beds throughout the nation while Cheju Province occupied the smallestpercentage, 2.01 per cent. The hospitals Surveyed were classefied into groups by the number of beds they had. The group of hospitals, With 51 to 100 beds each, constitued the greatest proportion or 45.66 per cent, while only one hospital fell under the category of hospisals with 151 to 200 besd, and another under that with 401 to 450 beds. Hospitals with up to 100 beds occupied 73.82 per cent or more than two thirds of the total number of hospitals surveyed. Not a single hospital had 500 or more beds. 7. A greatest proportion<41.31 per cent) of hospitals. from a total of 12 occupation were Hospitals with eight different kind of occupational classification it had the nember. The more occpational classification it had, the nember of Hospital was greater, and vice Versa Hospitals whose Personel were classified into seven to 10 kinds of occupation constituted 93.29 per cent. only one hospital (taejon Provincal Hospital) was blessesed with all of the 12 occupational kinds. No hospital, however, had six or less kinds of occupation. 8. The gross amount of receipt of all the municipal and provincial hospitals throughout the nation reached \558,43,026; broken down into 44.84 per cent of their own income and 55.16 per cent greated by the government as subsidies. 9. The gross amount of expenditure of all the hospitals was equivalent to their receipt, and the goverment subsidies was same as the balanece between expenditure and income 10. The ratios of own income to gross receipt of 31hospitals ranged from 30 to 80 per cent. One hospital (Mapo Municipal Hospital of Seoul) was operated solely with grvenment subsidies without its own income. Not a single hospital showed 100 per cent in ratio of its own income ??(원문파손으로 입력불가)gross receipt. 11. The hospitals in Kyonggi Province showed a highest average(86.03 per cent) ration of own income to gross receipt, with those in Gyeongsangnam-do indicated the lowest average ratio of 2.34 per cent. 12. The ratio of own income of Gyeonggi-do was highest or 27.57 per cent of that of whole nation, while Jeonlanam-do was lowest or 2.82 Percent . 13. The highest percentage(54.44 per cent) of the total amount of government subsidies was issued to the hospitals in the Special City of Seoul, and the smallest proportion(1.36 per cent) to those in Chungcheong bug-do 14. charged out-patients of the municipal and provincal hospitals constisued 41.20 per cent of newcomers and 50.75 per cent of oldtimers , and 43.37 per cend of their aggregate. Charged patient a constituted 48.60 per cent of in-patients in actual number of persons and 26.01 per cent in terms of aggregate of days of hospitalization. 15. The hospitals in Gyeongsangnam-do showed a highest percentage (95.66 per cent) of charged patients amone new out-patients, and those in JeonJanam-do showed the lowest percentage(16.29 per cent). As for the ratio of charged regular out- patients. the hospitals in Gyeongsangnam-do showed the highest percentage(92.95 per cent), and those in Jeonlabug-do the lowest percentage (9.88 per cent). In terms of aggregate, the hospitals in gyeongsangnam-do also recorede the highet ratio of 93.95 per cent, and those in Gyeongsangbug-do the lowest ratio of 21.07 per cent. In terms of actual number of persons, the hospitals in Jeju-do indicated the highest percentage(95.77 per cent)of chared in-patients, while those in Gyeongsangnam-do showed the lowest percentage (31.50 per cent). In terms of aggregate, the hospitals in Seoul showed the lowest 13.85 per cent while those in Jeju-do recorded the highest 87.36 per cent 16. Reviewing the numer of patients by province, Seoul constituted tthe greatest proportion or 39.83 per cent of newcomer outpatients, and Gyeongsangnam-do the smallest proportion or 1.34 per cent. In terms cf regular out-patients, Jeonlabug-do occupied the greatest proportion or 23.43 per cent. and Jeonlanam-do the smallest proportion of 1.81 per cent. As for aggregate, Seoul recorded the greatest proportion of 29.03 per cent , and Gyeongsangnam-do 1.43 per cent. the smallest proportion. In terms of the actual numer of persons. Seoul constituted the greatest proportion or 34.82 per cent of in-patients, and Pusan the smallest proportion or 1.19 per cent. In terms of aggregate, Swoul occupied the greatest proportion or 59.80 per cent, and Pusan 0.72 per cent, the smallest proportion. 17. The average number of days of hospitalization was 28.40 days per governument-paid in patient. and 10.56 days per charged in patient. The average number of days of hospitalization was the greatest at 483.95 days per government-paid inpatient in the sodaemun municipal Hospital in Seoul, but the smallest at 1.42 days in the Chinju Province Hospital in Gyeongsangnam-do. By province, the average number of days was the greatest at 45.50 days in Chungcheongbug-do, but the smallest at 1.88 days in Gyeongsangnam-do. The average number of days of hospitalization per charged in-patient was the greatest at 81.97 days in the Sodaemun municipal Hospital in Seoul, but was the smallest at 2.34 days in the Chinju Provincial Hospital in Gyeongsangnam-do. By province, the average number of days was greatest at 28.67 days in Jeonlanam-do, but the smallest at 2.07 days in Gyeongsang-bug-do. 18. The average number of visits to hospital per out-patient was 2.35 days. By hospital, it was the greatest at 16.53 days in the Chonan Provincial Hospital in Chungcheongbug-do and the smallest at 1.00 day in the Dongbu Municipal Hospital in Seoul. By province, it was the greatest at 4.41 days in Jeju-do, and the smallest at 1.23 days in Jeonlanam-do. 19. The average number of patient hospitalized per bed is 8.89 persons monthly. By hospital, the greatest number(37.74 persons) was recorded by the Inchon Provincial Hospital in Kyonggi-do, and the smallest number(0.86 persons) by the Sodaemun Municipal Hospital in Seoul. By province, the highest number(15.07 persons) was recorded by Kyonggi-do and the smallest number(2.60 persons) by Gyeong-sangnam-do. 20. The average bed utilization ratio was 48.02 per cent. By hospital, the Sodaemun Municipal in Seoul recorded the highest ratio of 98.03 per cent, while the ch'ongju Provincial Hospital in Chungcheongbug-do showed the lowest ratio of 3.51 per cent. By province, Seoul showed the highest ratio of 74.47 per cent, and Gyeongsangnam-do the lowest ratio of 15.41 per cent. 21. Amount of expentiture for a bed was \136,899. That of Pusan was \307,804 the highest, while Gyeongsangnam-do showed \69,323 a bed, the lowest among 8 provinces and two special cities.

만성 궤양성 대장염의 추적관찰 - 단기적 치료 반응 및 재발율을 중심으로

장동경(Dong Kyung Chang),이국래(Kook Lae Lee),김재규(Jae Gyu Kim),김용태(Yong Tae Kim),정현채(Hyun Chae Jung),송인성(In Sung Song),최규완(Kyoo Wan Choi),김정룡(Chung Young Kim),박재갑(Jae Gahb Park),이풍렬(Poong Lyul Rhee),최상운(Sa 대한소화기학회 1994 대한소화기학회지 Vol.26 No.6

N/A Our retrospective study on 240 cases with chronic ulcerative colitis in Seoul National Uni- versity Hospital spanning from January,1975 to December,1993 revealed the following results. According to the extent of disease, there was 27.5% in proctitis, which was more frequent than that of the previous domestic reports, 15.8% in distal, 22.9% in left and 31.7% in exten- sive colitis. According to the severity of disease, there was 47.5% in mild, 32.9% in moderate and 19.6% in severe disease. There was a positive correlation between severity and extent of disease. The extraintestinal complications were not related with the extent, or severity. Howev- er 3 cases(1.3%) of toxic megacolon appeared in moderate or severe extensive colitis, one of which progressed to perforation. Two cases(0.8%) of mortality were noticed, one caused by perforation, the other by operation related complication. There was not a single case of colon cancer developed during follow up period. Most cases showed excellent short term response to medical treatment; the symptomatic remission rates were 90.3%, 85.7%, 72.9% and 58.9% in order of proctitis, distal, left and extensive colitis, and the endoscopic remission rates were 78.8%, 50.0%, 59.1% and 30.0% respectively. Higher remission rates corresponded with lower extent of the disease. According to the severity, the symptomatic remission rates of milder dis- ease were significantly higher. The cumulative relapse rates were 38.7% in 1 year, 62.4% in 2 years, 73.3% in 3 years and 81.9% in 5 years, which were not related to the extent but in- creased according to the severity. The cumulative operation rates were 5.0% in 1 year, 7.6% in 2 years, 10.2% in 3 years and 15.9% in 6 years. The emergency operation accounted for only 22.2% of all operation and the others were elective ones. The most frequent indication of surgery was medical intractability which was determined after mean 35 days of intensive med- ical therapy. We concluded that severity and extent of ulcerative colitis had predictive value of the responses to medical treatment or relapses, furthermore despite the high relapse rates, medical therapy was the first line treatment because of its high remission rates on a short- term base. (Korean J Gastroenterol 1994; 26: 907 918)

한국대학생의 음주양태와 생물정신사회적 요인의 상호관계

이창인,김학렬,박동건 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.5

연구목적 및 방법 : 본 연구는 한국 남자 대학생의 음주양태와 생물학적, 심리사회적 요소의 연관성을 알아보기 위해, 약4개월에 걸쳐 조선대학교 의과대학 의학과 학생 750명중 예비조사 결과 선정된 94명의 남학생을 대상으로 음주양태에 대한 설문지, 생활사건척도, 사회지지척도, 내-외 통제척도, 성격차원검사, 상태-특성 불안척도, 간이정신진단검사, 에탄올 삽포검사를 통해 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 결 과 : 1) 소량음주군과 과량음주군(이후 두 군으로 칭함)의 가족력 비교결과 소량음주군의 가족에서 음주후 급성 신체반응 민감자가 많았다(p〈.005). 2) 소량음주군에서 음주후 급성 신체반응이 많았으며(p〈.005). 과량음주군에서 음주후 심리적 유쾌감이 높았으며(p〈.005). 심리적 불쾌감은 차이가 없었다. 3) 성격, 심리, 환경적 특성비교에서 과량음주군이 성격차원검사의 외향성 척도가 높고(p〈.01). 사회 지지척도상 물질적 지지도가 높았다(p〈.01). 4) 에탄올 삽포검사상 15분, 30분, 60분후 모두 소량음주군의 양성반응율이 높았다(p 〈.005). 5) 한국형 알코올 사용척도(AUI) 하위요인을 비교한 결과 요인 1, 2, 4는 α=0.005 수준에서, 요인 3는 α=0.01 수준에서 과량음주군이 높았다. 6) 두 군의 음주양태 비교에서 소량음주군은 유사 비음주자. 숭화형 음주자가 많았고, 과량음주군은 일과성 사교음주자, 자제형 사교음주자, 습관적 과음자, 충동적 폭음자가 많았다(p〈.005). 두 군의 음주 양상의 차이는 과량음주군은 음주 의존도, 음주기간, 일일 음주성향, 음주선호, 술의 돗수, 막걸리, 소주 및 맥주의 평균 주량과 최대 주량, 맥주의 한 모금에 마시는 양은 α=0.01 수준에서 높으며, 소량음주자는 술을 마시는 두 모금사이의 시간이 유의하게 길었다(p〈.005). 7) 두 군의 사회인구학적 변인의 비교에서 과량음주군의 흡연율이 상대적으로 높았고(p〈.01), 가족들의 주거지를 보면 과량음주군은 대도시 출신이 많은 반면 소량음주군은 시골 출신이 많았으며(p〈.05), 동거 가족수는 소량음주군이 많은 편이었다(p〈.05). 그외의 다른 사회인구학적인 변인에서 과량음주군은 부모의 학력이 모두 높았고(p〈.05), 부모의 부부사이가 나쁜 편이었다(p〈.05). 결 론 : 알코올중독의 원인론과 그 특성에 대한 이해를 돕기 위해 비교적 균일하며 병적인 음주행태가 시작되는 대학생 집단에서 과량음주군과 소량음주군으로 나누어 비교했는데, 현저한 차이를 보이는 것은 ALDH 활성도 결핍과 강력히 연관된 것으로 추정되는 급성 신체(홍조)반응과 에탄올 삽포검사의 양성율의 차이였고 심리사회적인 측면은 다소의 차이가 있었으나 구체적인 해석에 어려움이 있었다. Objects and Methods : In order to evaluate the relationships between drinking habits and biological and psychosocial characteristics, the authors administrated the questionnaires about drinking patterns and acute physiological and psychological responses after drinking, several psychological scales and ethanol patch test to 94 male medical students in Chosun University. Results : 1) Low consumer group had significantly more severe physiological respondents after drinking in family members than high consumer group(p<0.05). 2) Low consumer group has significantly more severe acute physiological responses(p<0.005) and high consumer group revealed more positive psychological responses after drinking(p<0.05). But there was no difference in the degree of negative psychological responses between two group. 3) High consumer group had significantly more extroversion tendency(p<0.1) and received more financial support from family than low consumer group(p<0.1). 4) In the results of ethanol patch test, low consumer group showed more positive skin reaction in three test occasions than high consumer group (p<0.005). 5) Also the high consumer group revealed higher scores in factor 1, 2, 4(α=0.005), and 3(α=0.01) in comparison of factors of Korean Alcohol Use Inventory. 6) In comparison of drinking habits, low consumer group revealed higher incidence of nearly non-drinkers and sublimatory drinkers. But there were more casual social drinkers, sel-controlled social drinkers, impulsive-binge drinkers, and habitual-excessive drinkers in high consumer group(p<0.05). And in drinking patterns, the items of dependence and duration of drinking, daily drinking disposition, preferential beverage, average and maximum drinking amount of each liquor, and magnitude of sips taken were higher in high consumer group. Only one item of interval between sips was longer in low consumer group(o<.005). 7) In comparison of sociodemographic variables, there were more students who were smokers(p<0.1), from larger cities and small family(P<0.5), and whose parents were well educated(P<0.5) but had worse marital relationship(P<0.5) in high consumer group. Conclusion : For better explanation of the etiology and characteristics of alcoholism, we investigated the differences in various aspects between low alcohol consumers and high alcohol consumer in college students. The most evident differences lied in the degree of acute physiological reaction and positive rates of ethanol patch test that strongly suggested the relations with the activity of ALDH. Some differences in psychosocial aspects between two groups were noticed but could not appropriately be explained at this time.

住居 建築物 室內 環境의 實態를 調査 硏究 : 忠州市 住居 空間을 中心으로 On the point of the living space in Chungju-shi

辛同寅 忠州大學校 1998 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.33 No.2

The environment of the new type of the inner air pollution related in the save of Energy was various. If we want to ensure the flesh housing environment in the future, everyone believes it is no doubt that it is necessary to do it. The law of housing management related in housing has to be made and the proper conditional management in proportion to it is just necessary. So, this paper analyzed the result of inner air pollution of the housing at the downtown in Chungju city in winter season as follows. 1. The inner temperature of housing appeared that the average temperature of the main living room is about 11.2℃ in the centralized heating type and the cool boiling type. The temperature in the living room and kitchen was shown between 7.25℃ and 7.65℃. 2. The inner air pollution state by CO was 1.4 times(average 14.2 PPM) as much as standard, so it showed the serious air pollution dense distribution. 3. The inner air pollution by carbonic acid gas suggested that the average air pollution ratio should be shown 1.3∼1.7 times as much as most standard values 4. The inner air pollution by the floating dust was over the standard only in eleven apartments(6.1%) and thirty individual houses(16.7%). But most housings were good on the whole. 5. The average density by the mixed noxious gas of CO and CO₂was good in the closed living space of the centralized heating type. But the closed living space was better than the individual housing in the coal individual boiling type and other heating type. In summarizing, comparing and analyzing the above mentioned, in common the inner air pollution density of the living housing in winter season appeared serious. To maintain the proper inner temperature and the flesh inner air pollution, it must devise the research and the environmental planning for the heating improvement with the allowance standard together on the inner air pollution.

세균독소로 자극시킨 사람 섬유아 세포에서의 Interleukin-6와 Interleukin-8의 생성

정인교,양동규,홍시영,이성근,김욱규,김광혁,김종렬 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 1999 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.21 No.4

Cytokines are hormone-like proteins which mediate and regulate inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in the final differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing cells. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a neutrophil chemotactic factor that plays an important role in the recruitment of neutrophil to inflammatory loci. Inflammatory mediators by cells in the gingiva have been implicated in the initiation and progression of periodontitis and oral infection. The purpose of this study was conducted to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) on production ofIL-6 and IL-8 by human gingival and facial dermal fibroblasts. Primary cultured human gingival and facial dermal fibroblasts were incubated with LPS(0.01, 0.1, 1.0㎍/ml), SEB (0.01, 0.1, 1.0㎍/ml) or LPS (0.1㎍/ml) plus SEB (0.1㎍/ml). Culture supernatants were collected at 24, 48, and 72 hrs and assessed for IL-6 and IL-8 production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-6 production in gingival fibroblasts stimulated with LPS was higher than that with SEB. IL-6 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-6 production in facial demal fibroblasts was increased only by stimulation with a high concertration of LPS (1.0㎍/ml). Its production in facial dermal fibroblasts by exposure with SEB was decreased in comparison with control, nontreated cells. Therefore, gingival fibroblasts showed higher sensitivity than facial dermal fibroblasts in response to low concentration of LPS. Also, IL-6 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB.IL-6 production in facial dermal fibroblasts was increased only by stimulation with a high concentration of LPS(1.0㎍/ml). Its production in facial dermal fibroblasts by exposure with SEB was decreased in comparison with control, nontreated cells. Therefore, gingival fibroblasts showed higher sensitvity than facial dermal fibroblasts in response to low concentration of LPS. Also, IL-6 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-8 production in gingival fibroblasts was enhanced greatly only by stimulation of high concentration of LPS (1.0㎍/ml). That by exposure with SEB was increased only in 24 hrs cultivation. IL-8 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-8 production in facial dermal fibroblasts was decreased by LPS and increased only in 48 hrs cultivation by SEB. IL-8 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was enhanced only in 48 hrs cultivation in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. therefore, IL-6 and IL-8 production were released at various quantities according to bacterial toxin applied and site of fibroblast harvested. These results suggest that gingival fibroblasts may be concerned with IL-6 and IL-8 related inflammatory response more than facial dermal fibroblasts.

접착제(본드)흡입이 간장의 기능 및 조직변화에 미치는 영향

김인수,손동렬,신인철 漢陽大學校 環境科學硏究所 1984 環境科學論文集 Vol.5 No.-

접착제의 흡입으로 일어날 수 있는 유해작용에 대하여는 이미 많은 연구가 이루어져 왔으나 그 유해작용은 접착제 제조에 사용된 유기용매의 종류와 순수성에 따라 좌우되므로 만성독성으로 인한 신경장애에 대한 작용이외에 많은 연구들이 일치된 견해가 없고 각 나라마다 자국산의 접착제에 대하여 철저한 연구가 이루어져 왔으나 우리나라에선 거의 연구되어 있지 않는 실정이다. 따라서, 우리나라에서 생산되는 접착제의 흡입으로 일어날 수 있는 만성독성에 대한 연구가 필요하여 백서에 장기간 접착제를 흡입시켰을 때 특히 간 기능과 조직변화에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 접착제는 사용된 유기용매의 종류에 따라 toluene과 acetone이 주 용매인 Gt와 hexane과 acetone이 주 용매인 Gh 2 종류로 구분하였으며 실험동물은 체중 180g 내외의 웅성 백서를 대조군, Gt 흡입군과 Gh 흡입군 3군으로 나누었다. 1) 접착제를 10분간 흡입시키는 동안에는 약간의 흥분작용 이외에 별다른 증상을 볼 수 없었으나 40일간의 흡입에서 부터 흥분작용이 증가되어 공격적이며 적의심을 나타냈다. 이러한 중추신경에 대한 영향은 Gt 흡입군에서 더욱 심화하였고 흡입이 중단된지 60일이 경과되어도 정상으로 회복되지 않았다. 2) 혈청 GOT와 GPT는 10일에서 부터 증가되어 30∼40일에 최고의 증가치를 나타냈으나 흡입이 계속되고 있음에도 감소되였다. 혈청 alkaline phosphatase 수준은 20일에서부터 증가하여 50 일까지 지속되었으나(59.2%∼73.1%) 60일에서는 감소되었다. 총 bilirubin은 전 실험기간에서 별 변동이 없었으며 혈청효소의 변동은 흡입이 중단된 후 20일에서는 거의 정상수준으로 회복되었고 Gt와 Gh 흡입군에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 3) 간의 무게를 체중비로 나타낸 결과 20일에서 부터 25% 증가되었고 60일에서는 50%의 증가를 나타냈으나, 흡입이 중단된 후 50일이 경과되어서는 정상으로 회복되는듯 하였다.(Gt 12.2%, Gh 16.3%) 4) 간의 병리 조직학적 소견으로는 20일에서 문맥주변부의 염증 세포 침윤, 충혈 및 간세포 종창이 관찰되었으나, 흡입이 계속되고 있음에도 더 이상 약화되지 않고 60일간 같은 변화를 보였다. 흡입이 중단된 후 40 일에서는 정상 조직상태를 나타냈으며 이러한 조직변화는 Gt와 Gh 흡입군에서 별 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 우리나라에서 생산되는 접착제의 만성흡입은 내성의 출현으로 인하여 특정적인 심한 간 손상을 유발하지 않는 것으로 판단되며 간 기능 손상은 조직변화에 선행되어 나타나고 간 기능 및 조직손상은 회복성이 있는 것으로 사료된다. 우리나라에서 생산되는 접착제는 비교적 장기간 백서에 흡입하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 접착제의 만성흡입은 특징적인 심한 간 손상을 유발하지 않았으며 이는 내성의 출현으로 인한 것으로 판단되고 간 기능 손상은 조직 변화에 선행되어 나타나고 간 기능 및 조직 손상은 회복성이 있는 것으로 사료된다. There have been a number of studies on the acute and chronic toxicities induced by continuing, heavy exposure to glue or its solvents. However the reports besides on the neuronal damage are still controversial, for the toxic actions probably depend on the kind and purity of the solvents used in glue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of chronic exposure to the inhalation of glue on the functional and histological liver damages. 210 healthy Sprague-Dawely male rats weighing about 180g. were divided into 3 groups: 1)control group exposed to the inhalation of fresh air, 2) Gt group exposed to the inhalation of glue whose main solvents were toluene and acetone, 3) Gh group exposed to the inhalation of glue whose main solvents were hexane and acetone. The results obtained were as follows: 1) During 10 minutes exposure to the inhalation of glue, slight excitement was observed in all rats and in 40 days exposure, excitement was more profound and aggressiveness and hostility were found in Gt group rather than Gh group. The excitement was not subsided even 60 days after stopping inhalation. 2) Serum GOT and GPT levels were elevated in 10 days exposure and reached to the highest level in 30∼40 days exposure followed by decrease to normal ranges. Serum alkaline phosphatase level remained raised from 20 days to 50 days exposure (59.2%∼73.1%) and returned to almost normal level in 60 days exposure. Total bilirubin level were within normal limits in all experimental period. The serum enzyme levels were recovered to normal ranges 20 days after being exposed to the final inhalation and have no significant difference between Gt and group. 3) The relative liver weights were increased by 25% in 20 days exposure, and by 50% in 60 days exposure but it seemed to be returned to normal weight 50 days after stopping inhalation (Gt 12.2%, Gh 16.3%). 4) The histopathological changes induced by 20 days exposure to the inhalation of glues Gt and Gh were mononuclear cell infiltration in periportal zone, congestion and cellular swelling on the liver and were not enhanced even by increase in exposure time. These findings were completely subsided 40 days after receiving the final exposure. From these results, it may be concluded that the chronic inhalation of glues available in Korea fails to cause severe or characteristic liver disease, the functional damage is followed by the histological changes in liver and the functional and histological damages are reversible.

室內環境實態와 設備의 國內現況 및 國際的 動向에 관한 調査硏究

辛同寅 충주대학교 1997 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.32 No.2

According to the analyzed result of this paperm compared with the legal standards of the indoor pollution in domistic with various standards abroad, the standard in Korea has less elements which is adapted as a dominator of the inner heating temperature and the air pollution than abroad. And also the standard does not always make a good inner environment. Moreover, it is state there is no any regulation achieved from the ready -built buildings .But fortunately this country regulated that the density of inner Co must be below 100mm. Compared with Europe and America, the quantity of the open air is much more. As a result, the symptoms of the building disease which is produced in Europe and America almost do not seem to happen in this country. Recently, with apperance of intelligent buildings in this country,buildings have been tried to design in using the environmental index of PMV and PPD in some new buildings. It has also been showing up in adapting of the new technique such as the cooling and heating rediant cooperation and the floor indraft cooperation. The coopration for wood, waving, perfume addition,unit has been concentrated more.The research like those is proceed by a degree. With that the closed building are increased more and more, the new working environment is created by using much of the OA.It is true that the office workers try to pursure their life on leisure.We have to be interested in this field around school and association in this country. Lastly, I would introduce much of the standard of the inner environment abroad which is not arranged and not introduced in this country even though it is general in this paper, if possible. I hope it helps those who are interested in it. In summarizing the analysis of the inner air pollution reality, we could realize that the result of the measurement shows that we live in the proper temperatrue on the whole. It appears that the major cause lies in the heating facilties. The rate of the centered heating type vs. the single heating type in the inner air pollution types by Co shows up that living room is 1:1.7. The main living room does 1:1.7. The Kichen does 1:2 Although the density is different to each heating type, the single heating type appears much higher than others. The air pollution rate of the inner air pollution type such as in the public building and the commercial building is 4 times as much as the minimum pernitted standard. The rate of the pollution density shows up the most serious in those place. When we check the rate of the average pollution density in the inner air pollution, the research of the inner envionment must be done because it is seuious in the winter season. If we analyze the air pollution density by carbonic acid gas, the density rate in each heating type shows that living room is 1:1.3, the main living room is 1:1.2, and kitchen is 1:1.5. We can know that the air pollution is not serious by each heating type. but the inner air pollution real state by Co₂in the commercial building and the public building is over 1000ppm, 98%, in 49places of the measured 50 places, compared with the permitted standard. There is also very serious places in the density of 2,000~5,000ppm. It shows up that the inner pollution in the commercial and public building is very serious.

장애인 평생교육 실태 및 개선방안 연구

정인숙,김현진,김형일,정동영,정희섭 국립특수교육원 2005 연구보고서 Vol.- No.9

본 연구는 장애인의 삶의 질을 제고하는데 필요한 장애인 평생교육의 실태를 조사하고 지원대책을 마련하는데 목적을 두고, 장애인 평생교육의 개념과 특성, 장애인 평생교육의 지원체제, 외국의 장애인 평생교육 실태 등을 탐색하여 이론적 토대로 삼고, 2005년 6월 21일부터 8월 13일까지 전국의 18세 이상 장애인 2,922명을 대상으로 설문조사와 71명을 대상으로 면담조사를 통해 평생교육 실태와 지원요구를 조사하였다. 또한 전국의 평생학습관 239개, 지역평생교육정보센터 26개 등 일반인 평생교육기관 265개와 장애인 평생교육 관련기관 464개를 대상으로 설문조사와 일반평생교육기관 46개 및 장애인 평생교육기관 67개를 대상으로 면담조사를 통해 운영실태와 지원요구를 조사하였다. 본 연구를 통해 나타난 장애인 평생교육 실태와 지원요구 및 평생교육기관 운영실태와 지원요구는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 장애인 평생교육 실태조사 결과, 장애인들은 학교 졸업 이후 교육을 1회도 받지 않은 경우 34.8%, 1회 받은 경우 19.6%, 2회 받은 경우 14.9%순으로 나타났다. 장애유형별로 교육을 1회도 받지 않은 경우는 청각장애 47.2%, 지체장애 36.9%, 언어장애 33.3%, 발달장애 32.7%, 뇌병변장애 31.8%, 시각장애 31.5% 중복장애 29.2%, 정신지체 28.8%순으로 나타났고, 교육을 받은 경우를 살펴보면 지체장애, 뇌병변장애, 시각장애, 청각장애, 언어장애, 중복장애는 1회만 받은 경우가 많고, 정신지체와 발달장애는 4회 이상 받은 경우도 있는 것으로 나타났다. 장애인들이 학교 졸업 이후 받은 교육 프로그램의 내용은 정보화교육 46.0%, 직업교육 33.8%, 여가교육 22.6%, 교양교육 20.7%, 문해교육 15.4%순으로 나타났다. 장애유형별로 살펴보면 지체장애 52.2%, 시각장애 50.2%, 뇌병변 장애 46.9%, 발달장애 45.9%, 중복장애 45.7% 순으로 정보화교육을 가장 많이 받았고, 발달장애 51.4%는 여가교육을, 정신지체 47.4%, 언어장애 36.4%는 직업교육을 받은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 연령별로 20세미만은 직업교육을, 20대에는 직업교육과 정보화교육을, 30대 이후에는 정보화교육을 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 장애인들이 학교 졸업 이후 교육을 받은 경우 중에서 교육을 받은 기관은 장애인복지관 34.0%, 장애인단체 23.6%, 장애인평생교육기관 11.1%, 일반인 평생교육기관 10.9%, 사회복지관 9.8%, 장애인 직업 전문학교 8.2%순으로 나타났다. 전체적으로 장애인 기관에서 교육을 받은 경우는 80.3%, 일반인 평생교육기관에서 교육을 받은 경우는 32.0%로 나타났다. 장애유형별로 지체장애 26%와 청각장애 25.0%는 장애인단체에서, 뇌병변장애 43.6%, 시각장애 44.0%, 정신지체 41.0%, 발달장애 64.1%, 중복장애 31.9%는 장애인복지관에서 언어장애 40.0%는 장애인 평생교육기관에서 교육을 받은 것으로 나타났으며, 일반인 평생교육기관에서 교육을 받은 경우는 지체장애 52.9%, 중복장애 39.1%, 청각장애 33.0%, 시각장애 25.9%, 뇌병변장애 22.4%, 정신지체 22.1%, 언어장애 15.0%, 발달장애 18.0%순으로 나타났다. 장애인들의 평생교육비는 본인이 부담하지 않은 경우가 39.9%로 나타났으며, 부담한 경우 1인당 월 10만원 미만이 37.5%, 월 10만원 이상에서 월 20만원 미만이 14.2%, 월 20만원 이상이 8.8%순으로 나타났다. 장애유형별로 모든 장애영역에서 월 10만원 미만이 30%~50%정도로 나타났으며, 월 10만원 이상을 부담하는 경우는 발달장애 41.1%, 언어장애 35%, 정신지체 28.9%, 지체장애 27.7%, 청각장애 25.7%, 시각장애 15.3%, 뇌병변장애 13.9%순으로 나타났다. 둘째, 장애인들의 평생교육 요구를 조사한 결과, 가장 받고 싶어 하는 성인교육 프로그램의 내용은 직업교육 31.0%, 정보화교육 30.4%, 여가교육 18.2% 교양교육 14.8%, 문해교육 8.8%순으로 나타났다. 장애유형별로는 언어장애 41.9%, 뇌병변장애 39.9%, 지체장애 39.0%, 청각장애 33.1%, 시각장애 31.8%가 정보화교육을 가장 원하고 있는 것으로 나타났고, 발달장애 58.8%, 정신지체 41.0%, 중복장애 32.4%는 직업교육을 가장 원하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 연령별로 20대는 직업교육, 30대는 직업교육(34.6%)과 정보화교육(32.8%), 40대와 50대는 정보화교육, 60대에는 여가교육을 가장 요구하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 성인교육을 받고 싶은 기관은 장애인평생교육기관 23.8%, 장애인복지관 22.6%, 일반인 평생교육기관 22.2%, 사회복지관 8.9%, 대학 일반성인 프로그램 6.2%, 장애성인학원 5.5%, 대학 장애성인 프로그램 5.2%, 일반성인 학원 2.7%순으로 나타났다. 장애유형별로 지체장애 36.4%, 뇌병변장애 34.0%는 일반인 평생교육기관을 선호하였고, 정신지체 33.7%, 중복장애 34.0%, 청각장애 27.8%는 장애인 평생교육기관을 선호하였으며, 또한 시각장애 30.4%, 발달장애 31.6%는 장애인복지관을 선호하였고, 언어장애는 대학 장애성인 프로그램과 사회복지관을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 연령별로 20대와 40대는 장애인 평생교육기관, 30대는 일반인 평생교육기관, 50대와 60대는 장애인 복지관을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 평생교육기관의 운영실태를 조사한 결과, 일반인 평생교육기관의 이용대상 연령대는 30~39세 60%, 40~49세 48%, 50~59세 31%이었고, 장애인 평생교육기관은 20~29세 64.8%, 40~49세 38.6%, 30~39세 31.1%, 50~59세 26.1%로 나타났다. 평생교육기관의 규모는 일반인 평생교육기관은 101명 이상의 규모가 36.6%, 20~40명의 규모 23.8%, 81~100명의 규모 15.8%순으로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관은 20~40명의 규모 40.2%, 20명 미만의 규모 28.7%, 101명 이상의 규모 12.6%로 일반인 평생교육기관은 80명이상 규모가 52.4%인 반면, 장애인 평생교육기관은 80명 이상의 규모가 18.3%에 불과한 것으로 나타났다. 장애인 편의시설 설치 현황을 살펴보면 일반인 평생교육기관은 장애인 주차장 82.7%, 장애인용 대소변기 77.6%, 승강기와 경사로 67.3%, 출입구 높이차이 제거, 출입구 출입문, 복도 손잡이 설치는 각각 약 30%인 것으로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관은 장애인용 대소변기, 승강기 경사로 78%, 장애인주차장 76.8%, 복도 손잡이 68.3%로 나타났다. 평생교육 프로그램 운영기간은 일반인 평생교육기관은 3개월 이상 6개월 미만이 48.0%, 6개월 이상 1년 미만이 25.5%, 3개월 미만이 20.6%, 1년 이상이 5.9%순으로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관은 1년 이상이 38.4%, 6개월 이상 1년 미만이 32.6%, 3개월 이상 6개월 미만이 12.8%, 3개월 미만이 9.3%순으로 나타났다. 그리고 1일 평생교육 프로그램 운영시간은 일반인 평생교육기관은 2시간이 71.3%로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관은 2시간이 19.5%이며 6시간, 8시간, 4시간 순으로 다양하게 나타났다. 평생교육 프로그램의 주요 내용은 일반인 평생교육기관의 경우 교양교육 77.5%, 여가교육이 62.7%순으로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관은 직업교육 71.6%, 여가교육과 교양교육 각각 30%로 나타났다. 그리고 수강생 1인이 부담하는 교육비는 일반인 평생교육기관의 경우 수강료가 없는 기관이 73.5%, 월 10만원 미만이 22.5%로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관의 경우 수강료가 없는 기관이 77.3%, 월 10만원 미만이 17%로 나타났다. 평생교육 프로그램의 담당인력은 일반인 평생교육기관의 경우 5명 미만이 40.6%, 5~10명이 23.8%로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관은 5명 미만이 64.4%, 5~10명이 20.7%로 나타났다. 그리고 평생교육 담당인력의 자격증은 일반인 평생교육기관의 경우 기능사?기술사 34.7%, 일반학교 교사 33.7%, 평생교육사 17.9%로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관의 경우 사회복지사 66.3%, 기능사?기술사 24.4%, 특수학교 교사 23.3%로 나타났다. 넷째, 평생교육기관의 지원요구를 조사한 결과, 장애인의 평생교육 프로그램을 운영하는 시설로 가장 적절한 형태에 대해서는 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자의 경우 일반인 독립 평생교육시설 36.7%, 사회복지관 26.5%, 장애인 독립 평생교육시설 24.5%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관 관계자는 장애인복지관 36.9%, 장애인 평생교육시설 26.2%, 장애인직업훈련학교 23.8%순으로 응답하였다. 장애인 평생교육 프로그램의 적절한 운영기간에 대해서는 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자는 3개월~6개월 미만 47.0%, 6개월~1년 미만 25%, 3개월 미만 22%, 1년 이상은 5%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관 관계자는 6개월~1년 미만 42.5%, 1년 이상 29.9%, 3개월~6개월 미만 20.7%순으로 응답하였다. 장애인 평생교육 프로그램의 1일 운영시간에 대해서는 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자의 경우 2시간 76%, 4시간 9%, 3시간 7%, 6시간 4%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관 관계자의 경우 2시간 24.1%, 6시간 20.7%, 4시간 16.1%, 3시간 13.8%순으로 응답하였다. 그리고 장애인 평생교육 프로그램의 내용에 대해서는 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자의 경우 직업교육 65%, 교양교육과 정보화교육 21%, 여가교육 17%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관 관계자의 경우 직업교육 70.9%, 여가교육 23.3%, 정보화교육 20.9%, 교양교육 10.5%순으로 응답하였다. 장애인이 부담해야 할 적절한 평생교육비에 대해서 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자는 월 10만원 미만 68.4%, 월 10만원~20만원 미만 4.1%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관관계자는 월 10만원 미만 75.0%,월 10만원~20만원 미만 7.1%순으로 응답하였다. 그리고 평생교육기관의 운영경비 지원기관으로 적절한 기관에 대해서 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자는 국가 75%, 지방자치 단체 43%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관 관계자는 국가 81.4%, 지방자치 단체 32.6%순으로 응답하였다. 또한 장애인 평생교육 담당인력으로 가장 적절한 자격에 대해서는 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자는 특수학교 교사 49.5%, 사회복지사 33.3%, 평생교육사 21.2%, 기능사?기술사 17.2%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관 관계자는 사회복지사 50.0%, 특수학교 교사 29.8%, 기능사?기술사 23.8%순으로 응답하였다. 그리고 장애인을 위한 개선사항으로 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자는 장애인 편의시설 설치 36.6%, 교육 프로그램 개발 27.7%, 이동문제 편의시설 25.7%, 일반성인의 장애인 이해 24.8%, 재정적 지원 14.9%, 기관 운영자의 장애인 이해 12.9%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관 관계자들은 교육 프로그램 개발 36.1%, 재정적 지원 34.9%, 일반성인의 장애인 이해 22.9%, 이동문제 및 편의시설 19.3%, 장애인 편의시설 설치 10.8%순으로 응답하였다. 이와 같은 장애인 평생교육 실태와 지원요구 및 평생교육기관의 실태와 지원요구 면담자료 등을 토대로 본 연구는 모든 장애인의 평생교육 권리를 보장하고, 장애인의 지역사회 중심 교육체제를 구축할 뿐 아니라, 장애인의 통합교육 기회를 확대하고, 장애인 평생교육 지원을 확대하기 위해서는 다음과 같은 대책을 우선적으로 마련해야 한다고 결론을 내렸다. 첫째, 장애인도 동등하게 평생 교육을 받을 수 있는 권리를 보장 받을 수 있도록 하기 위해서는 장애인들의 평생교육 기회 확대가 필요하며, 이러한 기회를 확대하기 위해서는 일반인 평생교육기관에서 일정비율의 장애인 참여를 규정하는 장애인 의무 평생교육 제도를 시행해야 하며, 일반인 평생교육기관에서 운영하는 프로그램에 특화된 장애인 프로그램의 운영을 규정하는 장애인 평생교육 프로그램 운영 의무 제도를 시행해야 한다. 그리고 장애인 평생교육 기회 확대를 위해 장애인 교육시설의 프로그램 운영내용과 방법을 개선해야 하며, 장애학생의 교육을 담당하는 특수교육기관의 운영내용과 방법을 개선해야 한다. 둘째, 장애인이 지역사회 평생교육 프로그램에 접근하고 참여할 수 있는 문화의 창조를 위해서는 평생교육기관 및 시설에 장애인 지원 매뉴얼을 제작?배부하며, 평생교육기관과 시설에 장애인 편의시설을 설치해야 한다. 그리고 장애인의 평생교육을 위해 장애인을 대상으로 교육 프로그램을 제공하는 지역사회 기관과 시설의 네트워크를 구축해야 하며, 장애인의 평생학습기관과 시설을 지원하는 기관을 설립?운영해야 한다. 셋째, 장애인 평생교육의 질 제고를 위해 장애인 교육 프로그램의 연구?개발을 확대해야 하며, 정기적으로 장애인 평생교육 프로그램의 내용과 운영실태를 평가해야 한다. 그리고 장애인 평생교육 담당인력의 전문성 제고를 위해 평생교육사의 양성 및 현직 교육과정에 장애인 평생교육 과목을 필수과목으로 편성해야 하며, 장애인 평생교육 전문인력으로 장애인평생교육사를 양성?배치해야 한다. 넷째, 장애인 평생교육 행정 지원 확대를 위해 교육인적자원부, 시?도교육청 및 시?군?구교육청의 장애학생 교육 담당조직에 장애인 평생교육 업무를 부과하며, 교육인적자원부, 시?도교육청 및 시?군?구교육청의 장애학생 교육 담당조직에 장애인 평생교육 장학기능을 부과하고, 교육인적자원부, 시?도교육청 및 시?군?구교육청의 장애학생 교육 담당조직에 장애인 평생교육 전담인력을 배치해야 한다. 그리고 장애인 평생교육 재정 지원 확대를 위해 장애로 인하여 평생교육의 기회를 제대로 제공받지 못하고 있는 장애인들을 대상으로 평생교육을 무상으로 제공해야 하며, 장애인이 평생교육을 원할 때, 적절한 평생교육을 제공하기 위해 장애인 평생교육 욕구를 조사?분석하는 장애인 평생교육 실태조사를 정기적으로 실시해야 하며, 장애인 교육기관과 시설 운영의 공평성과 투명성을 확보하고, 장애영역별, 장애정도별로 적절한 교육공학적 지원을 확대해야 한다. The purpose of This study is to investigate the current status of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities which is necessary to protect the quality of life for individuals with disabilities, and to make the desirable the policy. Based on concept, characteristics, support system, abroad situation of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities, we surveyed the status and support need through questionnaire and interview with 2,922 persons from age 18 from 21th June 2005 to 13th August. In addition to we survey the status of the management support need of 239 lifelong learning centers in the nation, 26 information centers for local lifelong education, 265 lifelong education institutes for ordinary people, 88 lifelong education institutes for individuals with disabilities. The survey results are as follows. First, the status survey results of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities show that 34.8% of individuals with disabilities doesn't have education opportunity at all, 19.6% of them has it once, 14.9% of them has it twice. Clarified by categories of disabilities, people has no opportunity as follows ; hearing impairments 47.2%, physical impairment 36.9%, developmental disabilities 32.7%, brain stroke 31.8%, visual impairments 31.5%, multiple impairments 29.2%, mental retardation 28.8%.. and people has opportunity once as follows ; physical impairments, brain stroke, visual impairments, language impairments, multiple impairments. Development impairments has above four opportunities. After graduation school, individuals with disabilities have program as follows: information education 46%, vocational education 33.8%, leisure education 22.6%, literacy education 15.4%. Clarified by categories of disabilities, they have information education program as follows: physical impairments 52.2%, visual impairments 50.2%, brain stroke 46.9%, developmental impairments 45.9%, multiple impairments 45.7%, developmental impairment 51.4% has leisure education, mental retardation 47.4% and language impairment 36.4% has vocational education. Also, by aging, people who are below age 20 has vocational education, people above aged 30 has information education. Institutes which individuals with disabilities have education after graduation school are as follows. Welfare Center for individuals with disabilities 34%, Organization for individuals with disabilities 23.6%, lifelong education institute for individuals with disabilities 11.1%, lifelong education institute for ordinary people 10.9%, social welfare center 9.8%, vocational special school for disabled people 8.2%. Clarified by categories of disabilities, they have education program as follows : physical impairments 26%, hearing impairments 25% have education in the organization for individuals with disabilities and brain stroke 43.6%, visual impairments 44.0%, mental retardation 41.0%, developmental impairment 64.1%, multiple impairment 31.9% have welfare center for individuals with disabilities and language impairment 40.0% have lifelong education center for individuals with disabilities. Also, in lifelong education institute for ordinary people, they have education as follows. Physical impairments 52.9%, multiple impairment 39.1%, hearing impairments 33%, visual impairments 25.9%, brain stroke 22.4%, mental retardation 22.1%, language impairment 15.0%, developmental impairment 18.0%. Lifelong education for individuals with disabilities tuition fee is as follow. 39.9% of individuals with disabilities doesn't pay tuition fe. 37.5% of them pays tuition fee below 100,000 won a month, 14.2% from 100,000 won to 200,000 won a month, 8.8% above 200,000 won a month. Clarified by categories of disabilities, 30%-50% of all disability categories pay tuition fee below 100,000 won a month. And case of paying tuition fee above 100,000 won a month is as follow. developmental impairment 41.1%, language impairment 35%, mental retardation 28.9%, physical impairment 27.7%, hearing impairment 25.7%, visual impairment 15.3%, brain stroke 13.9%. Second, lifelong education for individuals with disabilities needs survey results show that the favorite adult education programs are as follows. vocational education 31.0%, information education 30.4%, leisure program 18.2%, general education coruse 14.8%, literature education 8.8%. Clarified by categories of disabilities, language impairment 41.9%, brain stroke 39.9%, physical impairment 39.0%, hearing impairment 33.1%, visual impairment 31.8% wanted information education, developmental impairment 58.8%, mental retardation 41.0%, multiple impairment 32.4% wanted vocational education. Clarified by age, they wanted vocational education in 20 age, vocational education and information education in 3 age information education in 40, 50 age, leisure program in 60 age. The places where they wanted are as follows. lifelong education center for individuals with disabilities 23.8%, welfare center for individuals with disabilities 22.6%, lifelong education institution for ordinary people 22.2%, social welfare center 8.9%, adult program in college 6.2%, institution for adult individuals with disabilities 5.5%, adult with disabilities program in college 5.2%, institution for adult 2.7%. Clarified by categories of disabilities, physical impairment 36.4%, brain stroke 34.0% wanted general lifelong education institution and mental retardation 33.7%, multiple impairment 34.0%, hearing impairment 27.8% wanted lifelong education institution for individuals with disabilities and visual impairment 30.4%, developmental impairment 31.6% wanted welfare center for disabled people, language impairment wanted the adult with disabilities program in college and socila welfare center. Third, lifelong education institution status of the management survey results show that use age of general lifelong education institution is as follows. 60% of it is from age 30 to 39, 48% is from age 40 to 49, 31% from age 50 to 59. And use age of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities is as follows. 64.8% of it is from age 20 to 29, 38.6% from age 40 to 49, 38.6% from age 30 to 39, 26.1% from age 50 to 59. The scale of institutions is as follows. 40.2% of them cover from 20 person to 40, 28.7% of them cover below 20 person. 18.3% cover above 80 person. Status of facilities for individuals with disabilities shows that 78% of lifelong education institution for individuals with disabilities has restroom, elevators, slope for the disabled, and 76.8% of them has parking lot for the disabled, 68.3% has hallway handle. Period of program management shows that 38.4% of lifelong education institutions for individuals with disabilities is above 1 year, 32.6% of them is from 6 month to 1 year. 12.8% of them is from 3 month to 6 month, 9.3% of them is below 3 month. Time of program management shows that 19.5% of lifelong education institutions for individuals with disabilities is 2 hours, others is 6 hours, 8 hours, 4 hours. Program contents is that 71.6% of them has vocational education, 30% of them has leisure and general education course. The tuition fee shows that 22.5% of them is below 100,000 won a month. 77.3% of them has no fee, 17% of them has below 100,000 won a month. The number of staffs shows that 64.4% has below 5 person, 20.7% has from 5 to 10 person. 66.3% has social welfare certificate, 23.3% has special education teacher, 24.4% has special engineer and 31.4% has other things. Fourth, we survey the support needs of institution. The results are as follows. 36.9% of staffs in lifelong education institution for individuals with disabilities thought that the proper facilities is welfare center for individuals with disabilities and 26.2% of them thought that it is lifelong education facilities for the disabled, next to vocational training center for the disabled as 23.5%. 24.1% of them thought proper management time is 2 hours, 20.7% 6 hours, 16.1% 4 hours, 13.8% 3 hours. They respond about program 70.9% of them wanted vocational program, leisure 23.3%, information education 20.9%, general education program 10.5%. Lifelong education for individuals with disabilities tuition fee is as follow. 75.0% of staffs in lifelong education institution for the disabled respond that under 100,000 won is the proper a month, 7.1% of them does over 100,000 won to 200,000 won is proper. And 81.4% of respondent thought it is reasonable for Nation supply the budget, and 32% of them thought that it is local self-government staffs who are related in individuals with disabilities don't pay tuition fee. 37.5% of them pays tuition fee below 100,000 won a month, 14.2% from 100,000 won to 200,000 won a month, 8.8% above 200,000 won a month. Clarified by categories of disabilities, 30%-50% of all disability categories pay tuition fee below 100,000 won a month. And case of paying tuition fee above 100,000 won a month is as follow. developmental impairment 41.1%, language impairment 35%, mental retardation 28.9%, physical impairment 27.7%, hearing impairment 25.7%, visual impairment 15.3%, brain stroke 13.9%.. About staffs certificate, 50.0% of lifelong education institution staffs with disabilities want the social welfare people, 29.8% of them want special education teacher, 23.8% does engineers. What they want to change for the disabled are as follows. Education program development 36.1%, financial support 34.9%, general adult's understanding of the disabled 22.9%, moving problem and easy facilities 19.3%, establish facilities for the disabled 10.8%. Based on lifelong education status and support need of the disabled and lifelong education institution, to protect lifelong education's right of the disabled, to establish education system based on community of the disabled, we have to make the policy as follows. First, it is needed to expand the opportunity of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities in order to protect the right of which the disabled can receive education equally. In order to expand the opportunity, it is needed to make the policy which it is compulsory for individuals with disabilities to participate in general lifelong education institution as part. In general lifelong education program, we have to make the program for the disabled. Also, to expand the opportunity of the lifelong education opportunity for the disabled, we have to change the program contents and method in education institution for the disabled. Second, for the establishment of the culture in which individuals with disabilities can take part in the lifelong education program of the community, we have to distribute the manual which the staffs can use for the disabled in lifelong education institution and facilities, to make the facilities for the disabled. Also, we have to make the network of community institute and facilities which supply lifelong education program for the disabled and to establish and manage the institute which support the lifelong education institutes and facilities for the disabled. Third, we must extend the study and development of education program for the quality of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities, estimate the lifelong education program and management's status of the disabled. And the lifelong education for individuals with disabilities course has to be the compulsory subject in the training course and in-service training course of the lifelong education person, and lifelong education person for the disabled has to be trained, placed as the specialist of the disabilities' lifelong education. Fourth, to extend administration support of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities, it is needed to give the affairs, staffs, and functions that are related to lifelong education of the disabled to the division of education for the disabled in the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development, Metropolitan Office of Education, Provincial Office of Education, and District Office of Education. We must give lifelong education of individuals with disabilities who are not received the opportunities of lifelong education because of handicap for free. And to give the proper lifelong education, we have to survey and analyzed the needs and status periodically. Also, we have to ensure the equatability and transparency about education institution's management, to increase proper educational and engineering supports depending on level of disability.