공공구강보건플랫폼의 필요성과 치과의사 인식조사

양동효(Yang Dong-Hyo),권혜진(Kwon Hye-Jin),전성원(Jun Sung-Won),김민희(Kim Min-Hee),김광현(Kim Kwang-Hyon),이순임(Yi Soon-Im),이응주(Lee Eung-Joo),김영관(Kim Young-Gwan),민봉기(Min Bong-Gi),정호정(Chung Ho-Chung),정미리(Jeong Mi-Ri) 대한치과의사협회 2023 대한치과의사협회지 Vol.61 No.10

Occlusal Analysis of the Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders Using T-Scan II System

양동효,이원섭,김미은,Yang, Dong-Hyo,Lee, Won-Seop,Kim, Mee-Eun Korean Academy of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine 2007 Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain Vol.32 No.1

Correlation between occlusal contact pattern and TMD have been hypothesized and partially investigated but results are controversial and not conclusive. The purposes of this study were to compare right-to-left difference of occlusal contact pattern, through contact points, contact force and occlusal balance, in the patients with unilateral TMD and also to evaluate its change related with TMD treatment. 36 patients with unilateral TMD from Department of Oral Medicine in Dankook University Dental Hospital were selected in this study (M:F=7:29, mean age of $29.2{\pm}14.8$ years). A computerized T-Scan II system (Tekscan, INC., USA) was employed for occlusal analysis and the simultaneity and occlusal balance through the number of tooth contact and magnitude of contact force were determined before and after TMD treatment. The number of contact points and contact force was more on the unaffected side than the affected side before treatment (p=0.056 and p=0.060, respectively) while significant difference between both sides was not found after treatment. The number of contact points and contact force on the affected sides significantly increased after treatment (p=0.038 and p=0.052), but the unaffected sides exhibited no significant difference between before and after treatment. In addition, sides difference in relative contact force decreased from about 27% to about 12% after TMD treatment (p=0.001). According to the results of this study, it is likely that unilateral TMD impairs right-to-left occlusal balance and that conservative TMD treatment alleviates the imbalance, subsequently leading to more symmetrical occlusal condition with increased contact points and force.

Psychosocial Impact of Chronic Orofacial Pain

양동효,김미은,Yang, Dong-Hyo,Kim, Mee-Eun Korean Academy of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine 2009 Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain Vol.34 No.4

The aim of the study was to evaluate psychosocial impact of non-dental chronic orofacial pain (OFP) on daily living using the graded chronic pain (GCP) scale. It is also investigated the clinical profile such as demographics, event related to initiation of OFP and prior treatments for patients. During previous 6 months since September 2008, 572 patients (M:F=1:1.5, mean age=34.7 years) with non-dental OFP attended university-based specialist orofacial pain clinic (Dankook University Dental Hospital, Cheonan) to seek care although 63% of them already experienced related treatment for their OFP problem. They visited the most frequently general dental practitioner and orthopedic doctors due to their pain problem and medication was the most commonly employed modality. Most of the patients (89.2%) had TMD and the most common related event to initiation of their pain was trauma, followed by dental treatment. Almost half of the patients (46%) suffered from chronic pain(${\geq}6\;M$) and 40% of them exhibited relatively high disability due to chronic OFP. GCP pain intensity and disability days were significantly different for age and diagnosis (p<0.05) but not for gender and duration. GCP grades were affected by all the factors including gender, age, pain duration and diagnosis.(p=0.000) Female gender, elders, and long lasting pain were closely related to high disability. The patients with neuropathic Pain and mixed OFP rather than TMD were graded as being highly disabled. Conclusively, a considerable percentage of chronic OFP patients reports high pain-related disability in their daily, social and work activity, which suggest a need for psychosocial support and importance of earlier referral for appropriate diagnosis and tailored management.

물질흐름 이해를 통한 코발트의 확보 및 공급

양동효 ( Dong Hyo Yang ),신선명 ( Shun Myung Shin ),김수경 ( Soo Kyung Kim ),손정수 ( Jeong Soo Sohn ),이강인 ( Kang In Rhee ) 대한금속재료학회 2008 재료마당 Vol.21 No.3

戰略金屬 스크랩 資源化를 위한 코발트 物質흐름 現況調査

손정수,양동효,신선명,강은희,Sohn, Jeong-Soo,Yang, Dong-Hyo,Shin, Shun-Myung,Kang, Eun-Hee 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2005 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.14 No.2

세계의 인구증가와 경제성장에 따라 천연자원 특히 전략금속의 수요가 급격히 증가하고 있다. 국가가 보유하고 있는 자원의 양은 천연자원 뿐 아니라 재활용을 통하여 얻을 수 있는 폐자원을 함께 포함해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 전략금속의 안정적 확보와 폐자원의 효율적 재활용을 위하여 코발트의 국내외 사용현황 등을 조사하였으며 아울러 미국 내에서의 코발트 물질흐름에 대한 자료를 정리하였다. 그 결과 미국에서는 2003년도에 약 8,000톤의 코발트가 사용되었으며 원료로 재사용된 스크랩의 양은 총사용량의 28%인 2,200톤이었다. 미국의 경우 초합금과 촉매의 재활용은 잘 이루어지고 있으나 자석류와 초경합금의 경우 재활용율이 다소 낮음을 알 수 있었다. As world population increases and the world economy expalds, so does the demand for natural resources especially strategic metals such as cobalt. An accurate assesment of the nation's minerals must include not only the resources available in the ground but also those that become available through recycling. In this paper, data on domestic and international supply of cobalt and its applications by end-user were analyzed for stable security of cobalt resources and effective recycling of cobalt scraps. Also, an initial evaluation of the flow of cobalt-containing materials in the United States was prepared. In 2003, 8,000 metric tons of cobalt were consumed in the United States and an estimated 28% of U.S. cobalt supply was derived from scrap. The superalloy industry and catalyst industries have well-established recycling or cobalt recovery practices. Recycling rates of cobalt scraps from magnet alloy and cemented carbide were relatively low.

저농도 HF 수용액을 이용한 Al(OH)₃의 표면처리

김도수,이철경,양동효,Kim, Do-Su,Lee, Churl-Kyoung,Yang, Dong-Hyo 한국세라믹학회 2002 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.39 No.3

Treatment effects of dilute hydrofluoric acid (6 wt% HF) on the surface properties of $Al(OH)_3$ were investigated at the molar ratio of F/Al(fluoride/aluminum)=0.15. Temperature and pH variations in the reaction system were recorded to analyze reaction mechanism between $Al(OH)_3$ and aqueous Hf. The reaction of HF to the surface of $Al(OH)_3$ accompanied with a quantity of heat evolution, resulting in increasing temperature of a reactionsystem. And also the reaction was proceeded as transitional state which metastable ${\alpha}-form\;AlF_3{\cdot}3H_2O$ was transferred to insoluble ${\beta}$-form. The resulting ${\beta}-form\;AlF_3{\cdot}3H_2O$ formed by a surface treatment was identified by FT-IR and X-ray diffractormetry. The formation of ${\beta}$-form aluminum fluoride hydrates with diameter less than $1{\mu}m$ on the surface of $Al(OH)_3$ could be visulaized by SEM imgae, making up a coating layer as precipitate-like. The surface whiteness of $Al(OH)_3$ treated with aqueous HF was furthermore increased approximately 6.6% due to the formation of surface hydrates. 저농도로 희석된 HF 수용액(6 wt%)을 사용하여 $Al(OH)_3$의 표면을 F/Al의 몰비 0.15에서 처리하고, 처리 전후 표면특성을 관찰하였다. 반응계의 온도 및 pH 변화로부터 $Al(OH)_3$에 대한 HF의 표면반응은 HF와 접촉한 $Al(OH)_3$ 표면부에서 metastable한 ${\alpha}$형의 불화알루미늄$({\alpha}-AlF_3{\cdot}3H_2O)$이 안정한 ${\beta}$형의 불화알루미늄$({\beta}-AlF_3{\cdot}3H_2O)$으로 전이되는 과정으로 진행되며, 다량의 발열을 수반하면서 반응계의 온도상승을 유발하였다. 이러한 ${\beta}-AlF_3{\cdot}3H_2O$의 생성은 표면처리된 분말의 FT-IR 및 X-선 회절분석결과를 통해 확인되었다. ${\beta}-AlF_3{\cdot}3H_2O$의 morphology와 분포상태를 SEM을 통해 관찰한 결과 $Al(OH)_3$ 표면에 $1{\mu}m$ 이하의 미세분말 형태로 피복층을 형성하며 균일하게 분포된 것으로 확인되었다. HF로 처리된 시료의 표면 백색도는 미처리에 비해 약 6.6% 증가되었으며, 이는 $Al(OH)_3$보다 높은 백색도를 지닌 ${\beta}-AlF_3{\cdot}3H_2O$ 피복 효과 때문인 것으로 나타났다.

크로뮴의 수급, 제련 현황 및 물질흐름 동향

신선명 ( Shun Myung Shin ),양동효 ( Dong Hyo Yang ),강진구 ( Jin Gu Kang ),손정수 ( Jeong Soo Sohn ),김수경 ( Soo Kyung Kim ) 대한금속·재료학회 2008 재료마당 Vol.21 No.5

폐(廢)리튬일차전지(一次電池)의 안정적(安定的) 해체(解體)를 위한 연구(硏究)

유경근,김명화,신선명,양동효,강진구,손정수,Yoo, Kyoung-Keun,Kim, Myoung-Hwa,Shin, Shun-Myung,Yang, Dong-Hyo,Kang, Jin-Gu,Sohn, Jeong-Soo 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2007 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.16 No.4

고열 및 파절단에 의하여 폭발위험이 있는 폐리튬일차전지를 재활용하기 위해서는 폐리튬일차전지의 안정적 해체공정이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 폐리튬일차전지의 안정적 해체를 위한 최적 방전공정 조건을 연구하였다. $0.5kmol{\cdot}m^{-3}$ 황산용액을 이용하여 안정화를 진행한 결과, $35^{\circ}C$에는 4일째에 그리고 $50^{\circ}C$에는 1일째에 안정적 파쇄가 가능하였으며, 높은 반응온도에서 보다 빠른 안정화 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 황산만을 사용하여 안정화를 진행할 경우, 재활용 가능한 폐리튬일차전지 금속의 손실이 크기 때문에 황산과 증류수를 이용하여 2단으로 안정화하는 공정을 제안하였으며, $0.5kmol{\cdot}m^{-3}$ 황산으로 6시간 안정화시킨 후, 증류수로 24시간 안정화한 결과, 폐리튬일차전지는 안정적으로 파쇄되었으며 금속의 손실도 적어 향후 재활용공정의 경제성 향상이 가능하다고 판단되었다. Dismantlement of lithium primary batteries without explosion is required to recycle the lithium primary batteries which could be exploded by heating too much or crushing. In the present study, the optimum discharging condition was investigated to dismantle the batteries without explosion. When the batteries were discharged with $0.5kmol{\cdot}m^{-3}$ sulfuric acid, the batteries became inert after 4 days at $35^{\circ}C$ and after 1 day at $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. This result shows that higher temperature accelerates inert of the batteries. Because loss of metals recycled increases when the batteries are discharged only with the sulfuric acid, discharging process using acid solution and water was newly proposed. When the batteries were discharged with water during 24 hours after discharging with $0.5kmol{\cdot}m^{-3}$ sulfuric acid during 6 hours, the batteries discharged were dismantled without explosion. Because decrease in loss of metals was accomplished by new process, the recycling process of the batteries could become economic by the 2-step discharging process.

가정용(家庭用) 폐건전지(廢乾電池)의 재활용(再活用) 상용화(商用化)를 위한 물리적(物理的) 처리(處理)

박진태,강진구,손정수,양동효,신선명,Park, Jin-Tae,Kang, Jin-Gu,Sohn, Jeong-Soo,Yang, Dong-Hyo,Shin, Shun-Myung 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2006 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.15 No.6

가정용 폐건전지의 재활용 상용화를 위하여 물리적 처리방안에 대한 재활용 기술을 확립하기 위한 형상선별, 파쇄, 자력선별, 입도분리 그리고 와전류 정전선별을 통한 물리적 처리연구를 수행하였다. 그 결과 형상선별기를 이용하여 폐망간전지를 형상별 중량별로 시간당 $400{\sim}600$개의 속도로 분리하는 기술을 확립하였다. 파쇄, 자력선별 그리고 입도분리를 통해 망간, 아연, 철의 함량을 조사해본 결과, 자성체에는 망간과 아연 둥의 불순물 함량이 각각 0.1%이하였으며 99%이상이 Fe임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 비자성체의 경우에는 폐망간전지 종류에 따라 Zn이 $22{\sim}30%$, Mn이 $16{\sim}22%$ 그리고 Fe는 $1{\sim}3%$정도였고 기타 탄소봉과 플라스틱, 종이 등이 대략 $37{\sim}50%$정도였다. 와류 정전선별기로 Zn 판상을 회수한 결과, 최적실험 조건인 선속 $2,250m/min{\sim}2,750m/min$ 사이에서 96%이상의 회수가 이루어졌다. This study was carried out for establishing the physical recycling technique for commercializing process on household batteries. The procedure involves shape separator, crushing, magnetic separation, classification and eddy current separation in sequence. The separation capacity was 400-600 unit cell/hr with shape separation system. The impurities such as manganese and zinc in the magnetic product were below 0.1% respectively, the concentration of iron was above 99% in spent carbon zinc battery. Also non-magnetic products are composed of 22-30% En, 16-22% Mn, 1-3% Fe in the case oi spent zinc carbon battery. The amounts of other components such as carbon rod, plastics and separator were about 37-50%. From the eddy current separation of nonferrous products, the plate-type zinc components were separated up to 96% with 2,250-2,750 meter/min of the conveyor speed.

Cemented Te로부터 고순도 Te 금속의 제조

이철경,이강인,유효신,양동효,하윤철,정구진,손헌준,Lee, Churl-Kyoung,Rhee, Kang-In,Yu, Hyo-Shin,Yang, Dong-Hyo,Ha, Yoon-Cheol,Jung, Gu-Jin,Sohn, Hun-Joon 한국자원리싸이클링학회 1999 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.8 No.5