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An Examination of LeRoy Froom’s Understanding About Luther’s Soul Sleep
Donny Chrissutianto 삼육대학교 신학연구소 2018 신학과 학문 Vol.24 No.-
LeRoy Froom is a notable scholar among conditionalists. His two-volumes work, The Conditionalist of Our Fathers, has been a classic writing for understanding conditionalism. He believes that Martin Luther was a conditionalist. Nowadays, there are more Luther’s writings accessible and translated into English, so that to understand comprehensively Luther’s concept on soul sleep becomes possible. Scholars are divided in understanding Luther’s soul sleep. Some believe that he was a conditionalist and the other consider Luther believed in immortality of the soul. This division provides a further examination of Luther’s soul sleep especially in the writing of LeRoy Froom. By comparing Froom ideas of Luther’s soul sleep and Luther’s statements, one can identify the similarities and differences. This may contribute to better understand the writing of Froom and Luther regarding the state of the dead. This study indicates that there are more differences than similarities between these two ideas. Froom argues that the soul sleep concept of Luther shows that he was a conditionalist. He suggests that Luther believed in both the body and soul died in afterlife. This idea influences his understanding that Luther did not believe in immortality of the soul. However, a careful reading on Luther’s statements on the soul sleep shows that Luther never believed in the death of soul in afterlife. When he stated about the “soul sleep” idea, he was discussing that the soul is still alive even in the condition of sleeping. Luther explained that the dead know nothing is like someone who is sleeping and does not know about anything. The difference in concept between Froom’s interpretation of Luther’s soul sleep and Luther’s transmitted sources affects his understanding on Luther’s idea about purgatory, the Resurrection, and eternal torment. Froom comprehends that Luther rejected the doctrine of purgatory and eternal torment but seemingly Luther accepted the idea of purgatory but not its Catholic concept. He also believed that the eternal torment would be started after the Resurrection. The variances between Froom’s interpretation and Luther’s statements on soul sleeps may be caused by a combination of factors. One of the factors is that Froom may have been relying on other conditionalist scholars’ opinion when he interprets Luther’s writings. On the other hand, primary sources of Luther’s writings especially on the Lectures on Genesis, quotations of some Christian authors, his Sermons and Table Talks are also a subject of criticism as it is pointed out by Jaroslav Pelikan and Preserved Smith. However, Pelikan still argues that even some editorial works may have been done by editors but the “voice” of Luther is still maintained in his writings.
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An optimization study on the excess reactivity in a linear breed-and-burn fast reactor (B&BR)
Hartanto, Donny,Kim, Chihyung,Kim, Yonghee Elsevier 2016 Annals of nuclear energy Vol.94 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This work is concerned with minimization of the excess reactivity in a compact linear breed-and-burn fast reactor (B&BR). Neutronic studies are performed to reduce the core excess reactivity below 1$ in order to prevent possibility of the prompt criticality accident. A reference B&BR core design is introduced as a starting point for the optimization, which is loaded with vented annular metallic (U–Zr) fuels. The initial criticality of the B&BR core is achieved by using an LEU (low-enriched U) fuel and a spent nuclear fuel is reutilized as the blanket fuels. In order to minimize the transitional excess reactivity of the B&BR core, this study proposes a splitting of the Zr content in the U–Zr metallic fuel in combination with a geometrical optimization of the initial LEU core to flatten the radial power distribution simultaneously. A Zr-zoning is first applied to the initial LEU core to reduce excess reactivity and then a concave initial LEU core is also adopted to achieve both small excess reactivity and long lifetime of the B&BR core. In addition, a similar Zr-zoning strategy is also applied to the blanket region to optimize the excess reactivity behavior and flatten the radial power as well. It is demonstrated that a Zr-zoning combined with a concave core configuration can provides a promising neutronic performances. Finally, a recommended core has been characterized in terms of the burnup reactivity change, conversion ratio, power profiles, and reactivity coefficients.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P>A small B&BR core design adopting vented annular metallic fuel is presented.Excess reactivity can be reduced below 1$ via Zr-zoning in the metallic fuels.A Zr-zoned and pan-shaped core leads to a small excess reactivity and long lifetime.The radial power profile is also flattened by the Zr-zoning.</P>
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Hartanto, Donny,Liem, Peng Hong Korean Nuclear Society 2020 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.52 No.12
This paper presents the neutronics benchmark analysis of the first core of the Indonesian multipurpose research reactor RSG-GAS (Reaktor Serba Guna G.A. Siwabessy) calculated by the Serpent Monte Carlo code and the newly released ENDF/B-VIII.0 nuclear data library. RSG-GAS is a 30 MWth pool-type material testing research reactor loaded with plate-type low-enriched uranium fuel using light water as a coolant and moderator and beryllium as a reflector. Two groups of critical benchmark problems are derived on the basis of the criticality and control rod calibration experiments of the first core of RSG-GAS. The calculated results, such as the neutron effective multiplication factor (k) value and the control rod worth are compared with the experimental data. Moreover, additional calculated results, including the neutron spectra in the core, fission rate distribution, burnup calculation, sensitivity coefficients, and kinetics parameters of the first core will be compared with the previous nuclear data libraries (interlibrary comparison) such as ENDF/B-VII.1 and JENDL-4.0. The C/E values of ENDF/B-VIII.0 tend to be slightly higher compared with other nuclear data libraries. Furthermore, the neutron reaction cross-sections of <sup>16</sup>O, <sup>9</sup>Be, <sup>235</sup>U, <sup>238</sup>U, and S(𝛼,𝛽) of <sup>1</sup>H in H<sub>2</sub>O from ENDF/B-VIII.0 have substantial updates; hence, the k sensitivities against these cross-section changes are relatively higher than other isotopes in RSG-GAS. Other important neutronics parameters such as kinetics parameters, control rod worth, and fission rate distribution are similar and consistent among the nuclear data libraries.
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Alternative reflectors for a compact sodium-cooled breed-and-burn fast reactor
Hartanto, Donny,Kim, Yonghee Elsevier 2015 Annals of nuclear energy Vol.76 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The breed-and-burn fast reactor (B&BR) is a unique fast reactor concept that offers attractive characteristics in terms of core performance and non-proliferation aspects. The B&BR has the ability to breed its own fuel and use it in situ to achieve an extremely long life. In order to achieve the breed-and-burn condition, the neutron economy should be very good. In this work, a compact sodium-cooled B&BR is investigated from the physics point of view. In a compact size B&BR which usually has a higher neutron leakage, a good neutron reflector is essential to maintain the neutron economy. In the conventional sodium-cooled B&BRs, a steel reflector such as HT-9 is usually adopted as reflector material. In the current work, various alternative reflector materials such as pure lead, lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE), lead–magnesium eutectic (LME), PbO, MgO, Ni, and HT-9 are investigated from the neutronics perspectives. Several characterizations including the reflecting performance, core neutron spectrum, core leakage, power distribution, and sodium coolant void reactivity (CVR) have been performed to understand the behavior of each reflector material. The impact of the coarse lattice reflector configuration on the reflector performance and CVR has also been analyzed. In addition, the impact of the reflector material on the gas expansion module (GEM) worth has been investigated, too. Finally, it was concluded that lead-based reflectors such as LBE, LME, and PbO, are promising alternative reflector candidates for a compact B&BR. The calculations were all done by using a continuous energy Monte Carlo code.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A good neutron reflector is necessary in a small breed-and-burn fast reactor (B&BR) to improve the neutron economy. </LI> <LI> Impacts of various alternative reflectors on a sodium-cooled B&BR have been investigated from the neutronics perspectives. </LI> <LI> LME (lead–magnesium eutectic) and PbO are recommended as promising alternative reflector materials for the small B&BR. </LI> </UL> </P>
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Hartanto, Donny,Heo, Woong,Kim, Chihyung,Kim, Yonghee Korean Nuclear Society 2016 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.48 No.2
The U-Zr or U-TRU-Zr cylindrical metallic fuel slug used in fast reactors is known to swell significantly and to grow during irradiation. In neutronics simulations of metallic-fueled fast reactors, it is assumed that the slug has swollen and contacted cladding, and the bonding sodium has been removed from the fuel region. In this research, a realistic burnup-dependent fuel-swelling simulation was performed using Monte Carlo code McCARD for a single-batch compact sodium-cooled breed-and-burn reactor by considering the fuel-swelling behavior reported from the irradiation test results in EBR-II. The impacts of the realistic burnup-dependent fuel swelling are identified in terms of the reactor neutronics performance, such as core lifetime, conversion ratio, axial power distribution, and local burnup distributions. It was found that axial fuel growth significantly deteriorated the neutron economy of a breed-and-burn reactor and consequently impaired its neutronics performance. The bonding sodium also impaired neutron economy, because it stayed longer in the blanket region until the fuel slug reached 2% burnup.
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ARIF, Donny,YUCHA, Nikma,SETIAWAN, Setiawan,OKTARINA, Dian,MARTAH, Varid,MUTTAQIIN, Ninnasi Korea Distribution Science Association 2020 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.7 No.8
This study analyzes the new GMCF method applied by the company with the aim to find out how the production of Accounting Information Systems (AIS) implemented by the company can be managed properly. The study also seeks to find out whether the company needs new system support facilities to facilitate the production performance reporting process of each division and evaluate the performance of GMCF systems in the company. The methods used are descriptive analysis techniques and statistical tests of Paired Sample T-Test comparison; this study uses production data of each unit of a product with random sampling to determine the level of product damage and compare production with the GMCF system and prior to using it. The results of the analysis found that the application of goods mutation control forms (GMCF) greatly influenced the smooth production reporting process, which resulted in an increase in achieving production targets and reducing the risk of product damage during the production process. The company also benefits from the efficiency of production costs when using the GMCF system and can quickly design policies for products that are damaged during the production process. In addition, the company can have damaged products repaired faster than before.
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