Glacial cycles drive variations in the production of oceanic crust

Crowley, John W.,Katz, Richard F.,Huybers, Peter,Langmuir, Charles H.,Park, Sung-Hyun American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2015 Science Vol.347 No.6227

<P><B>Connecting orbit to the ocean floor</B></P><P>The amount of magma erupted at mid-ocean ridges can be modified by periodic ice ages that alter sea level. Crowley <I>et al.</I> analyzed high-resolution ocean depth data across the Australian-Antarctic ocean ridge (see the Perspective by Conrad). The results revealed 23-, 41-, and 100-thousand-year periodicity. These periods are similar to the well-known Milankovitch cycles associated with ice ages that are triggered by changes in Earth's orbit. Decreasing sea levels decrease the overlying pressure, thereby increasing the amount of erupted magma. The cyclic nature of glaciations and sea level creates a series of spaced topographic highs along the sea floor. Thus, Earth's atmosphere and mantle are coupled on a glacial time scale.</P><P><I>Science</I>, this issue p. 1237; see also p. 1204</P><P>Glacial cycles redistribute water between oceans and continents, causing pressure changes in the upper mantle, with consequences for the melting of Earth’s interior. Using Plio-Pleistocene sea-level variations as a forcing function, theoretical models of mid-ocean ridge dynamics that include melt transport predict temporal variations in crustal thickness of hundreds of meters. New bathymetry from the Australian-Antarctic ridge shows statistically significant spectral energy near the Milankovitch periods of 23, 41, and 100 thousand years, which is consistent with model predictions. These results suggest that abyssal hills, one of the most common bathymetric features on Earth, record the magmatic response to changes in sea level. The models and data support a link between glacial cycles at the surface and mantle melting at depth, recorded in the bathymetric fabric of the sea floor.</P>

Response to Comment on “Glacial cycles drive variations in the production of oceanic crust”

Crowley, John W.,Katz, Richard F.,Huybers, Peter,Langmuir, Charles H.,Park, Sung-Hyun American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2015 Science Vol.349 No.6252

<P>Goff comments that faulting is important for creation of abyssal hills and is the dominant process at slow-spreading ridges. We respond that faulting is indeed important but cannot alone explain the bathymetric signal predicted by our models and observed at the Australian-Antarctic Ridge. We show that for intermediate- to fast-spreading ridges, abyssal hill spacing is consistent with the periodicity of the obliquity cycle.</P>

A Reduction in Behavioral Pattern Separation Is Attenuated by Dietary Supplementation with a Magnesium-Rich Marine Mineral Blend in Middle-Aged Rats

Erin K. Crowley,Stefanie Grabrucker,Caitriona M. Long-Smith,Alice Stack,Denise M. O’Gorman,Yvonne M. Nolan 한국식품영양과학회 2022 Journal of medicinal food Vol.25 No.9

Middle age is increasingly accepted as a key period during which individuals are susceptible to the effect of environmental and lifestyle factors. Emerging research indicates that dietary factors play a crucial role in brain health and cognitive function, and studies in both animals and humans have demonstrated that dietary interventions can mitigate cognitive impairment. Specifically, magnesium has been shown to enhance learning and memory, and magnesium deficiency is associated with impaired hippocampal-dependent memory formation in animal studies. The aim of this study was to examine if supplementation with a magnesium-rich marine mineral blend (MMB) could alter middle-age-related cognitive impairment. Young and middle-aged rats were given access to a control diet or an experimental diet formulated with an MMB for 4 weeks before undergoing a series of behavioral assessments. Supplementation of MMB to middle-aged rats rescued a deficit in cognitive impairment, specifically a pattern separation paradigm that is sensitive to alterations in a type of brain plasticity called neurogenesis. It had no effect on general activity in the open field or performance on other hippocampal-associated tasks. Changes in cognitive function occur as a predictable consequence of aging. Research into whether modification of dietary factors, such as this MMB, may play a role in the prevention of age-related cognitive impairment warrants further investigation.

Is there a Logical Integration Sequence After EMU?

( Patrick M. Crowley ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2006 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.21 No.1

In this paper the Balassa steps of economic integration are first reviewed, and then extended to cover currernt integration configurations. Pre-conditions for each stage of integration are detailed using a backward-looking economic conditionality approach, and then both economic and political spillover effects are analysed within a forward-looking approach so as to evaluate the sequencing of steps of integration. The European Union (EU) is currently the most advanced from of regional integration, so the template is then applied to the EU. The main findings are that fiscal union does not need to occur directly after Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), but rather a dynamic that attains political union first and then attains fiscal union might be preferable, dependent on whether EMU forms an optimal currency area or not.

Conservative or Radical? -Neville Chamberlain, Employment Policies and Unemployment Assistance Board in Britain, 1930-1938-

Mark James Crowley 영국사학회 2012 영국연구 Vol.28 No.-

The Post Office and the Growing Status of the Welsh Language, 1830-1945

( Mark James Crowley ) 영국사학회 2013 영국연구 Vol.29 No.-

이 논문은 19세기부터 2차 대전 종전 시점까지 영국의 우체국에서 웨일즈어의 법적 지위를 높이기 위하여 여러 가지 노력들이 어떻게 행해졌는지를 추적한다. 19세기는 웨일즈 민족주의가 형성되기 시작한 시기이기도 하다. 그러나 이러한 민족주의 그룹들은 운동의 목표와 범위 면에서 통합되어 있지 못했기 때문에, 이들의 운동은 지역적으로 분열되고 파벌적인 모습을 보였다. 따라서 19세기에는 웨일즈 민족주의 운동에서 웨일 즈어의 지위 문제는 부차적인 이슈에 머물렀고 주 관심은 종교적 자유에 대한 다양한 대중적 저항에 쏠렸다. 그 결과 20세기 초에 이르러서도, 우편 서비스를 점점 더 많이 사용하게 된 웨일즈인들에게 웨일즈어의 중요성이 크게 증가하고 있었음에도 불구하고 우체국에서는 웨일즈어의 사용이 여전히 불가능했다. 이 논문은 우체국 당국의 웨일즈어에 대한 행동양식과 반응을 평가하고 또 우체국 당국이 웨일즈어를 구사할 줄 아는 사람들을 좀 더 많이 모집하기 위해 어떤 적극적인 노력을 기울였는지도 살펴본다. 나아가 1945년 말까지는 어떻게 여러 정부 부서들이 웨일즈어의 일반적 사용 증진과 특히 우체국 용어로서의 확립을 정치적으로 지원하게 되는지, 이런 지원이 웨일즈어에 대한 태도 변화를 어떻게 촉진하여 웨일즈어의 전반적 지위 향상을 초래하게 되는지, 그 역사적 변천과정을 탐구한다. This article will trace how several efforts were made to improve the status of the Welsh language in the Post Office from the nineteenth century up to the end of the Second World War - a period in which Welsh nationalism began to be realised through the formation of several nationalist groups campaigning for an improved status for the Welsh language in response to the punitive measures taken by the British government to curb its power and usage. However, groups campaigning for an improved status and treatment for Wales as a nation within the British Isles (and especially in its relationship vis-?-vis the British government) were not united in their aim and scope, rendering these movements sectional and divided along geographical lines. In the nineteenth century, a variety of popular protests over the issue of religious freedom was the primary concern. The status of the Welsh language became a secondary issue - a stance that impacted on several areas of the community, most notably the Post Office. The Post Office remained unable to provide services in the Welsh language in the early twentieth century despite its growing importance for the Welsh people, who were now making increased use of Post Office communication services. The government`s reluctance to consider an improvement in the status of the Welsh language were entrenched by the unfavourable views it held concerning the Welsh language as a language of protest with toxic links to political and radical nationalism. This article will assess the attitude and response of the Post Office to the Welsh language, and how it took active steps to recruit more Welsh speakers. It will demonstrate how political support, and support of government departments increased for the usage of the language, and outline how this facilitated an attitudinal change, and an improved status for the Welsh language by the end of 1945.

홀로세중기의 아시아 몬순순환 재현수치실험에 관한 연구

김성중,Thomas J. Crowley 한국기상학회 2005 한국기상학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2005 No.-

High-resolution Simulation of the Asian Monsoon at 6000 Years BP

Kim, Seong-Joong,Crowley, Thomas J.,Lee, Bang-Yong,Suk, Bong-Chool Korea Association For Quaternary Research 2005 제사기학회지 Vol.19 No.2

High-resolution Simulation of the Climate Change for the Last Glacial Maximum

김성중,Thomas J. Crowley,이방용 한국기상학회 2006 한국기상학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2006 No.-

Optimized combination of Cervus nippon (Sika deer), Angelica (Dangui), and Rehmannia (Suk-jihwang) mitigates LPS-induced inflammation: exploring signaling pathways through plasma metabolomics

판정훈,이민국,장문한,Liana N. Crowley,Brandy L. Le,이다슬,김태균,김다혜,이강욱,고성규,이진협,이석희,김재겸 한국식품과학회 2024 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.33 No.7

This study aimed to determine the optimal combination of three anti-inflammatory materials [i.e., Cervus nippon Temminck (CT), Angelica gigas Nakai (AN), and Rehmannia glutinosa (RG)] for the strongest anti-inflammatory potential. Eighteen combinations of the three materials were tested in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells via assessing nitric oxide (NO). The best combination from in vitro studies was administered to LPS-treated C57BL/6J mice for five days. Subsequently, plasma metabolites were profiled by bioinformatics analyses and validations. As results, 2, 20, and 50 µg/mL of CT, AN, and RG (TM) were the most effective combination suppressing inflammation. In mice, TM mitigated hepatic inflammatory markers. Similarly, the metabolomics indicated that TM may suppress NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby alleviating hepatic inflammation. TM also decreased systemic and hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, we found the optimal combination of TM for mitigating inflammation; thus further studies on safety, mechanisms, and clinical models are warranted for human applications.