Das Verh!2aultnis von Achtungs- und Schutzpflichten in Ausnahmesituationen

Clausen, Christoph Duncker & Humblot 2018 국내석사

Uber das karzinom der Zunge

Clausen, Arnold Univ. Hamburg 1980 국내박사

Vergleich der Statischen und dynamischen Eigenschaften von Titan-Saphir gepumpten Thulium-und-Holimium-Granatlasern mit einer Emissionswellenlange von 2 um

Clausen, Roger Universitat Hamburg 1990 국내박사

Macbeth multi speare and Verdi

Clausen, Christoph Rodopi 2005 해외박사

Love and organic unities

Clausen, Ginger The University of Arizona 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

Love is crucial to a good human life; it animates our most meaningful relationships, and it also reveals to us what we value and who we hope to become. My research focuses on the relationship between love and valuing, and defends a version of the quality theory of love. According to quality theories, love's fittingness is determined by properties of the beloved. Quality theories face many objections. In the first part of my dissertation, I argue that five prominent objections to quality theories miss the mark. In the second part, I argue that a less-appreciated objection to quality theories, the problem of love's object, has not yet received a satisfying response. In the third part, I present a new quality theory that both avoids the problem of love's object and is independently well-motivated. Brief summaries of these three parts follow. Quality theories, again, hold that love's fittingness is determined by properties of the beloved. These theories contrast with relationship theories, on which love's fittingness is determined by features of the (substantive, historical, ongoing) relationship between lover and beloved. I motivate quality theories by arguing that loving someone and valuing a relationship are distinct phenomena, subject to different norms. I then defend quality theories in general against several objections. The most important of these is the fungibility objection: if love is fitting because of qualities of the beloved, then the lover should gladly swap out a loved one for a qualitatively similar other. I argue that this objection rests on the moralistic fallacy, which involves treating norms extrinsic to an emotion---e.g. moral or prudential norms---as if they were intrinsic to it. I show how the quality theory can accommodate the importance of loyalty to relationships without requiring the impossible---that our loved ones be the most fitting of all possible candidates. Next, I turn to an objection that is harder to answer than most quality theorists allow, the problem of love's object. Briefly, if we love people on the basis of certain of their properties, then our love must be for these properties, not for the person who has them. Some (Delaney, Keller) respond to this problem by distinguishing the ground from the object of love: even if some of the beloved's properties ground love---i.e. make it fitting---the beloved as a whole is nevertheless the object of love. I argue that the ground/object distinction is no more than a narrow, technical fix. To address the problem meaningfully, the quality theorist must explain why the object of love is also valued by love. Kolodny attempts such an explanation, but implausibly maintains that the beloved is valued only extrinsically. Others (Velleman, Badhwar) respond to the fungibility objection and the problem of love's object together, by making the beloved's "true self" both the object and the ground of love. This is more promising, but neither account works; in answering the fungibility objection, each winds up still vulnerable to the problem of love's object. Finally, I propose a new quality theory that answers the problem of love's object and is independently well-motivated. I argue that in loving someone, we value them for qualities attributable to them as an organic unity, not for qualities that constitute merely a part of them. That is, love does not value some aspect of a person, like her wit or good looks; rather, love is a way of seeing the whole person as possessing some valuable property, such as beauty or goodness, that is attributable to organic unities. This general approach has many advantages. It allows the quality theorist to say that love intrinsically values the whole person, because the valuable property is attributable only to the beloved as a whole, not merely to some of her parts. It also explains why love is fitting, because the properties in question really are worthy of a positive emotional response. Finally, because the valuable property needn't depend on common base properties, the organic unity view offers an expansive account of what we might fittingly love.

Education for All priorities in the education policies of Bolivia and Mexico

Clausen, Robin Lee The Pennsylvania State University 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

This study contains an analysis of the contents of legal and policy texts of Bolivia and Mexico (2000-2012). The content of these texts provides a rationale for the national education agenda and evidence of the directionality of national reform strategies. The study looks at two nations in different stages of development with administrations that have diverse influences to understand how national interpretations of the universal basic education norms may have been constructed. National political commitment to the Education for All (EFA) agenda is demonstrated by the incorporation of these norms into national policy frameworks, specifically the national education sector plan. In Bolivia and Mexico, reforms of the education system are given similar rationales, for example, education is considered to be the backbone of socioeconomic development, low levels of education are said to have caused inequities, higher levels of educational attainment are seen as a potential engine for social progress. These rationales are similar regardless of national political agendas or differences in endogenous factors. Nonetheless, the reforms that align to universal basic education norms pursue different strategies indicating that the spread of universal basic education norms is uneven. The narrative approach adopted in this study is grounded in the contents of national policy texts. An analytical framework was constructed through engagement with the policy texts. The policy texts included in this study are national constitution(s), education laws, national development plans, education sector plans, and related ministry of education texts. In Bolivia and Mexico, the policy texts that tend to have the greatest influence on the contents of other national texts are the constitutions and national development plans. The education plans of Bolivia and Mexico elaborate national reform agendas, yet it is not apparent that education plans construct policies independent of other policy texts. International reform agendas such as EFA may or may not complement national reform priorities as elaborated in the constitution or national development plan.

The effect of particle deformation on the rheology and microstructure of noncolloidal suspensions

Clausen, Jonathan R Georgia Institute of Technology 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

In order to study suspensions of deformable particles, a hybrid numerical technique was developed that combined a lattice-Boltzmann (LB) fluid solver with a finite element (FE) solid-phase solver. The LB method accurately recovered Navier-Stokes hydrodynamics, while the linear FE method accurately modeled deformation of fluid-filled elastic capsules for moderate levels of deformation. The LB/FE technique was extended using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) to allow scalable simulations on leading-class distributed memory supercomputers. An extensive series of validations were conducted using model problems, and the LB/FE method was found to accurately capture proper capsule dynamics and fluid hydrodynamics. The dilute-limit rheology was studied, and the individual normal stresses were accurately measured. An extension to the analytical theory of Roscoe (1967) for viscoelastic spheres was proposed that included the isotropic pressure disturbance found in the solution of Jeffery (1922). Single-body deformation was found to have a small negative (tensile) effect on the particle pressure. Next, the rheology and microstructure of dense suspensions of elastic capsules were probed in detail. As elastic deformation was introduced to the capsules, the rheology exhibited rapid changes. Moderate amounts of shear thinning were observed, and the first normal stress difference showed a rapid increase from a negative value for the rigid case, to a positive value for moderate levels of deformation. The particle pressure also demonstrated a decrease in compressive stresses as deformation increased. The corresponding changes in microstructure were quantified. Changes in particle self-diffusivity were also noted.

Using Silicon Nanomembranes to Evaluate Stress in Deposited Thin Films

Clausen, Anna M The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

Thin-film deposition is widely used and has been well studied on thick substrates. The stress that forms in these systems can be characterized by the physical effect it has on the substrate. Ultra-thin substrates are unique because of their potential for a dynamic response to the film stress during deposition. While theoretical studies have looked at the effect that ultra-thin substrates have on the physical changes in the substrate, little has been done to learn what happens to the film itself. Si and Ge nanomembranes, extremely thin sheets of single-crystalline material, were used as a tethered substrate with SiNx as the stressor film. Nanomembranes are released from a handle wafer with wet etching and transferred to a hole etched into a Si wafer. The nanomembrane window provides a platform for SiNx deposition and strain measurements on the nanomembrane. By measuring the strain in the nanomembrane, the film's stress could be inferred from force balancing. In a similar fashion, the film's stress can be compared on bulk substrates. My observations demonstrate that the strain in the tethered nanomembranes increases as the nanomembrane is made thinner while the stress in the deposited film surprisingly appears to remain constant. A physically realistic model to explain this behavior is suggested. These findings can be used as a way to increase the strain in materials that are difficult to strain and as a demonstration of tethered nanomembranes as a potential strain gauge.

Optimizations in distributed run-time compilation

Clausen, Lars Reder University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

Distributed run-time code generation is a useful technique that can easily be implemented using the technique known as "compositional semantics." In this dissertation, we describe a new system, Jumbo, which adds run-time code generation features to Java. It allows code generators from disparate sources to be combined dynamically. Jumbo allows the creation of highly adaptable code that can be distributed in binary form. In order to handle the increasing complexity of software, programmers have long been creating reusable function libraries. These libraries can be distributed in binary form without revealing implementation secrets. While libraries allow sharing or sale of code, the granularity and inflexibility of pre-compiled functions force the libraries to be either overly general or prohibitively specific. Run-time code generation systems present a light-weight alternative to function calls, where fragments of code, not necessarily whole functions, can be manipulated, creating higher-quality specialized code. However, the currently existing RTCG systems either operate at the source level or take a non-compositional approach, and thus are not amenable to binary distribution. Jumbo implements a novel form of run-time compilation, where code fragments in binary form from several sources can be combined at run time to form efficient specialized code. By using compositional semantics, we allow some previously unknown functionality. For instance, in database systems, a client can create query functions that interact directly with the server's internal calls without neither the query nor the database implementation needing to be disclosed. Render farms can let clients specify textures with code that merges with local, specialized functions without disclosing texture details. Anonymity, copyrights and trade secrets can be retained without sacrificing efficiency. Jumbo is also useful for non-distributed systems that can take advantage of staged compilation for efficiency, and it can additionally be used in a manner similar to that of macros, providing a way to codify common programming practices. We also consider possibilities for optimizations, and present a rewriting This general-purpose optimizer exploits the compositional nature of Jumbo to aggressively optimize the code generators for the individual code fragments.

Essays on dynamic incentives

Clausen, Andrew University of Pennsylvania 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation studies the design of optimal incentives for agents that make many decisions over time. If an agent is able to allocate resources between consumption and saving, then his optimal choice involves equating the marginal value of consumption with the marginal return from saving. However, if the agent also must make a discrete choice (such as whether to cover-up some bad news), then there is a technical problem: the return from saving is not a differentiable function. The second chapter develops envelope theorems that establish that this problem is irrelevant. The non-differentiable points only occur at suboptimal choices, and first-order conditions equating marginal cost with marginal benefit do in fact apply. The third chapter studies dynamic incentives arising from monetary policy in a setting where agents use money to smooth out a fixed cost of labor participation. The envelope theorem from the second chapter establishes that the marginal value of holding money is differentiable at optimal choices. The socially optimal monetary policy given by the Friedman rule leads the agent to equate the marginal utilities of consumption across time periods, so that the fixed cost is perfectly smoothed out over time. If monetary policy is inflationary, then a hot potato effect distorts the agents' incentives away from constant consumption. The fourth chapter studies optimal incentives in moral hazard problems in which the agent may dynamically suppress signals and replace them with counterfeits. This form of fraud may affect the design of optimal contracts drastically. For example, if fraud is costless and produces perfect counterfeits, then there is complete market failure. This chapter studies how the possibility of fraud affects the design of incentives. It establishes that in optimal contracts, the principal deters all fraud, and does so by two complementary mechanisms. First, the principal punishes signals that are suspicious, i.e. appear counterfeit. Second, the principal is lenient on bad signals that the agent could suppress, but does not.