영어 의사소통능력의 신장을 위한 소집단 협동학습 실험

정승영,윤인숙 경남대학교 교육문제연구소 2001 敎育理論과 實踐 Vol.11 No.2

The purpose of this study is to improve listening and speaking ability in English, and to help low-level students learn English more effectively through cooperative learning in small groups in high school English classes. For that purpose, the following hypotheses were established on the basis of the effectiveness of the cooperative learning in small groups. Hypothesis 1 : cooperative learning in small groups will have a positive effect on the students' interest in English learning and 4 skills of English. Hypothesis 2 : Cooperative learning in small group will help the students improve their listening and speaking ability in English by mutual activities. Hypothesis 3 : Cooperative learning in small groups will get the low-level students to learn English more effectively by the help of their fellow students. Subjects for the study were 50 students in the first grade of a high school in the Changwon city of area of Kyoungsangnamdo. The treatment group was made up of 50 students, and the normal group was made up of 48 students. The two groups were considered as equal groups in three achievement tests and the questionnaire about their interest in English. For about 9 months, the treatment group has been assigned to the cooperative learning in small groups, while the normal group has been assigned to the teacher directed whole-class learning. The effects of cooperative learning in small groups were examined in three areas : interest in English, listening and speaking ability, and the number of low-level students in achievement tests. Questionnaires about their interest in English were asked twice, before and after the experiment. Listening and speaking ability tests were given 3 times for each. General achievement tests were given 4 times to find out the low-level students^1). The results above indicated the cooperative learning in small groups turned out to be effective in improving the students' communicative ability and decreasing the number of low-level students. Therefore, it seems to be a very helpful teaching method worth applying in high school English classes. In conclusion, for beginners to improve their communicative ability, they should have enough opportunities to speak in class. And their teacher should not be the center of the class. I hope that further research will be systematically conducted in this area, and applied in high school English classes. It is also expected that this study can be helpful for the new curriculum starting from 2.002.

Shakespeare 悲劇의 展開 : 四大悲劇을 中心으로

鄭仁德 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 1977 인문학연구 Vol.4 No.2

The distinction between tragedy and comedy falls on the end of a drama in general. I think there are more important things in drama than the ending of the play. The opening of a play involves many problems; such as beginning of action, settings, lines, light, and more important thing is atmosphere of a play. In addition, an audience should seriously be conscious, because a play is not for the reader but for the audience. In Shakespearean drama, since the play is written for the Elizabethan audience, they should be carefully studied, too. When adequately acted before a suitable audience, the plays can produce a complete clearing or the emotion. As Shakespeare's drama was not opened at night but in the daytime, there should not be light. The stage being a barestage, there was long lines to illustrate the situation of a play. So the prologue or chorus are pconsequently followed in Shakespeare's drama. The most remarkable thing in Act I, Scene i, the motivation of the great event is introduced and the preparation of the entrance of a hero with curiosity and sometimes with anxiety is also completed. There are two kind of opening scenes; one begins with high pitch or violent action and the other with low pitch or little action. If it opens at high pitch, then a low pitch conversation is naturally followed soon. Though it opens at low pitch, it will soon be broken not long before. So we can say that high and low, or low and high pitch alternate each other to attract attention of the audience in the opening scene. As soon as a play opens, we are confronted with a riot against the ruler as in Coliolanus, with a large crowd as in Julius Caesar and with a noisy street-fight as in Romeo and Juliet. In Hamlet the shrill shouting of the sentries is heard at cold night and soon a low tone is hardly heard when the ghost appears. In Macbeth as the play opens, thunder and lightening are heard and shown, as soon three witches appearing simultaneously, and then follows report of Macbeth's battle. But in Othello and King Lear the opening of the first scene is calm. However after sometime later the calmness is broken down by the disturbance in Othello and by the division of the kingdom in King Lear. On opening the play the appearance of the hero is not found but some time later the appearance of the hero brings a complete change in a drama. The hero encounters deep conflict the moment he appears on the stage. Therefore it is proper that we should say Shakespeare's drama begins shortly before the conflict. In Greek plays, it is opened in the middle of the conflict, but Ibsen's begins at the end of it. To impose conflict to the hero, or to create the terrific atmosphere, such supernatural or unnatural things as witches and ghosts, madness and soothsayers in the opening scene of Shakespeare's tragedies. And the essential words and phrases in Exposition scene bring ominous result throughout the play. 'Fair is foul, and foul is fair', and 'All hail; Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter' in Macbeth, 'Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see; She has deceived her father, and may thee' in Othello, 'The time is out of joint. Oh cursed spite, /That ever I was born to set it right' in Hamlet, 'Let it be so, thy truth, then be thy dower' in King Lear, and 'Beware the ides of March' in Julius Caesar affect all the play and finally brought tragic catastrophy not only to the hero but also to the other people. Above all things, theartrical atmosphere including all the elements mentioned above must be considered as the important factor in the opening scene of Shakespearean plays.

癩患者에서 Clofazimine 治療後 皮膚變化

鄭祥立,金仁珠 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1982 慶北醫大誌 Vol.23 No.2

癩病 및 癩反應治療自的으로 clofazimine을 服用한 患者를 對象으로 皮膚色의 變化, 魚鱗癬樣皮膚의 發生 및 組織學的 變化를 관찰한 結果를 다음과 같이 要約한다. 對象患者는 總 102名으로 病歷期間은 10年 以上이 73例(71.6%)로 가장 많았으며 年齡은 40∼49歲가 30例(29.4%)로 가장 많았다. Clofazimine의 服用期間은 1∼2年이 41例(40.2%)로 가장 많았고 服用量은 癩病治療 目的인 경우가 34例(33.3%), 癩反應治療인 경우가 68例(66.7%)로 後者가 2倍나 많았다. Clofazimine 服用後 皮膚色의 變化는 2週부터가 53例(52.0%)로 가장 많았고 色素沈着은 4週부터가 49例(48.0%)로 가장 많았으며 大量服用할수록 빨리 나타났다. 各種 染色에 依한 病理組織學的인 變化로는 眞皮內에 황갈색의 結晶體와 脂肪物質을 볼 수 있었고 基底部에 melanin 色素가 增加되어 있었다. 魚鱗癬樣皮膚는 90例에서 發生하였으며 服用後 2個月부터가 37例(41.1%)로 가장 많았고 12例에서는 전혀 發生하지 않았다. Clofazimine (Lamprene or B663) is a phenazine congener that is used in leprosy, especially sulphone resistance and lepra reaction. Patients treated with the drug may develop red discoloration and dark brown pigmentation of the skin and ichthyosis. The author observed one hundred and two leprosy patients who had developed discoloration, pigmentation and ichthyotic skin after initiating clofazimine therapy, as well as the histopathological findings of those changes. The results are summarized as follows: The duration of the leprosy was mostly more than 10 years (71.6%). Males (75.5%) predominated over females (24.5%) by 3 times, and the highest incidence occurred in the age group between 40 and 49 years (29.4%). For 40.2% of the patients, the duration of the clofazimine treatment was between 1 and 2 years. The number of patients receving a higher dosage, 100-300㎎ per day, for control of a lepra reaction was two times more than those receiving a lower dosage, 300-400㎎ per week, for the general treatment of leprosy. Reddish discoloration was most frequently observed 2 weeks after beginning treatment in 53 patients (52.0%), and 12 of 14 patients who showed discoloration earlier(a week after treatment) were in the higher dosage group. Dark brown pigmentation was most frequently observed 4 weeks after beginning treatment in 49 patients (48.0%), and by the third month, 64 of 68 patients (94.1%) in the higher dosage group showed pigmentation compared to 25 of 34 patients (74.5%) in the lower dosage group. For histopathological evaluation of color-changed skin, various staining methods were used on unstained frozen sections, yellow brown crystals were scattered in the dermis of both discolored and pigmented skin, being more remarkable in the latter. With H & E stain, melanin pigments were markedly increased in the epidermal basal layer, and a faint yellow brown ghost was seen in the pigmented skin. With fat stains using oil-red-O and Sudan Ⅲ, reddish amorphous materials were scattered in and around the cytoplasm of the macrophages of the pigmented skin. Ichthyotic skin was observed in 90 patients, and most frequently 2 months after beginning treatment in 37 patients (41.1%), but it was never observed in 12 of all patients in spite of a continuous intake of the drug for more than a year, thus showing no significant difference between the different dosage groups.

장애인 평생교육 협력체제 구축 방안 연구

정동영,정동일,정인숙 국립특수교육원 2001 연구보고서 Vol.- No.2

이 연구는 지식기반사회라 일컬어지는 현대 사회에서 장애인을 효과적인 인적 자원으로 개발하고 이들의 삶의 질을 제고하는데 필요한 평생교육체제의 구축방안과 이 과정에서 지원을 제공하는 관련 기관이 서로 협력하여 지원하는 평생교육기관간 협력체제의 구축방안을 마련하는데 목적을 두고 수행되었다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 이 연구는 문헌조사를 통해 장애인 평생교육의 개념과 목표·내용·방법·기관의 분류·기관간 협력의 패러다임을 모색한 이후, 그 틀에 따라 우리 나라의 장애인 평생교육체제와 장애인 평생교육기관간 협력체제의 구축 현황을 파악하고, 장애인과 그들의 가족 및 장애인 평생교육기관 관계자들과의 면담을 통해 장애인 평생교육의 지원내용·지원기관·지원결과 및 지원방법 등에 대한 요구를 조사하고, 미국·호주·일본의 장애인 평생교육체제와 평생교육기관간 협력체제의 구축 실태를 살펴본 다음, 이 모두를 비교·분석·종합하여 우리 나라의 장애인 평생교육체제와 장애인 평생교육기관간 협력체제의 구축 방향과 방안을 마련하였다. 이와 같은 방법과 절차를 통해 장애인 평생교육체제는 장애인이 일반인과 동일한 환경에서 동일한 방법으로 교육 프로그램과 지원 서비스를 받을 수 있는 체제로 구축해야 하며, 장애인이 생애단계별로 간격이 없이 지속적으로 교육 프로그램과 지원 서비스를 제공받을 수 있는 체제로 구축해야 하며, 관련 부처나 기관이 상호 협력하여 평생교육 프로그램과 지원 서비스를 제공하는 체제로 구축해야 한다고 그 방향을 설정하였다. 그리고 장애인 평생 교육기관간 협력체제는 장애인에 대한 지원의 중복이나 누락을 방지하여 지원을 확대·제공하는 체제로 구축해야 하며, 지역 내의 수평적인 협력체제를 중심으로 하되, 지방자치단체와 중앙행정부처 등 정책결정 수준별로 적절히 협력하는 체제로 구축해야 하고, 장애인에 대한 일시적·단발적·단기적인 지원이 아니라 계속적·장기적·지속적인 지원을 제공하는 체제로 구축해야 한다고 그 방향을 설정하였다. 현재 장애인 평생교육과 관련하여 해결해야 할 가장 근본적인 문제는 그들이 원하는 교육적 지원을 지속적으로 제공받을 수 없다는데 있다. 그러므로 장애인의 출생 이후 즉, 장애의 발견에서부터 평생 필요한 교육적 지원을 언제·어디서나 제공받을 수 있는 교육체제의 구축을 위해 이 연구에서 밝힌 장애인 평생교육체제와 장애인 평생교육기관간 협력체제의 구축방안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 장애인이 필요한 경우 언제 어디서라도 그들의 요구에 적절한 교육을 전달받을 수 있는 평생교육체제의 구축을 위해서는 중앙행정부처에서부터 수직적으로 지역사회에까지의 전달체계를 확립하고 그 각각의 경로에 장애인 평생교육 전담인력을 배치하며, 일반인 평생교육기관과 장애인 지원기관 등을 이요하여 장애인 평생교육 전달기관과 지원내용을 확대하고, 이러한 전달체계와 전달기관을 지원하는 체제를 구축해야 한다. 둘째, 장애인 평생교육기관간 협력체제의 구축을 위해서는 교육인적자원부 내에 장애인 평생교육 정책 수립과 집행을 총괄·조정하는 조직의 설치·운영을 통해 장애인 평생교육기관별로 역할과 지원내용을 조정·분담하고 지원대상과 지원내용을 확대하며, 장애인의 생애단계별로 적절한 지원을 제공하는 기관간 협력체제를 개발·운영하며, 중앙행정부처간·지방자치단체 관련 기관간·지역사회 내 관련 기관간 협의체를 개발·운영하고, 장애인 평생 교육 지원정책과 전략 및 장애인 평생교육기관간 협력체제를 지원하는 연구·개발기관을 설립·운영해야 한다. 이와 같은 장애인 평생교육체제와 평생교육기관간 협력체제의 구축을 위해서는 장애인과 일반인의 통합문제를 심층적으로 다루는 연구가 이루어져야 하며, 현재 설치·운영하고 있는 장애인 평생교육기간의 운영실태를 평가하여 각 기관의 운영실태를 개선해야 하고, 현재 장애인 지원부처별로 각각 별도로 설치·운영하고 있는 장애인 평생교육을 지원하는 기관이나 시설의 재구조화와 맞교환 등을 통해 자원활용의 극대화를 도모해야 하며, 부처간·기관간 이기주의를 극복하고 상호 협력하는 풍토를 조성해야 하고, 장애인 평생교육 및 장애인 평생교육기관간 협력을 위한 국가의 지원을 대폭 확대해야 한다고 할 수 있다. The purpose of this study was to establishment of lifelong education system for individuals with disabilities into effective human resources development in the present-day society called the knowledge-based society and raising the quality of their life, and of interagency collaboration system of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities among the agencies which provide a supports and cooperate with each other in the process. In order to achieve this purpose, after this study investigated the paradigm of the concept, goal, contents, classfication method, of the agencies, and collaboration with the agencies on lifelong education for the individuals with disabilities through the literature reviews, it investigated current status of lifelong education system and interagency collaboration system ofn lifelong education for individuals with disabilities in Korea by that frame, surveyed the demands on supporting contents, supporting institutions, supporting results, and supporting methods of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities through interviews with individuals with disabilities, their family and the personnels concerned with lifelong education agencies, and collected the management cases of on lifelong education system and interagency collaboration system for lifelong education of individuals with disabilities in United States, Australia, and Japan. After comparing and analyzing all of these, it prepared the establishment direction and a strategies of lifelong education system and interagency collaboration system of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities in Korea. With this method and process, it established the direction, which says that lifelong education system for individuals with disabilities has to be constructed with the system which helps the individual with disabilities to receive an education programs and a support services with the same way in the same environment with the individuals without disabilities and continuously as to the life stages, without an gap, and to provide lifelong education programs and a support services by a community as a key role and by mutual cooperation with related bureaus agencies and community agencies. And also it built direction, which says that interagency collaboration system of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities prevents the duplication or the omission of the supports against individuals with disabilities and has be established with the setup to magnify and provide the supports, to collaborate relevantly as to the levels of a policy decision in the local self-governing group and the departments of the central government, centralizing horizontal cooperative setup in an area, and to provide not a temporary, a single-shot, and a short-term support but a continuous, a long-term, and a lasting supports on individuals with disabilities. Currently, the fundamental problems to solve in relation to lifelong education for individuals with disabilities is not to be receive an educational supports continuously that they want. Therefore after the birth of individuals with disabilities, that is, the detection of disability, to make a establishment of education system to be provided with educational supports needed in a lifetime in whenever and wherever, the establishment strategies of lifelong education system and interagency collaboration system of lifelong education for the individuals with disabilities revealed in this study are as follows: First, as if the individuals with disabilities want, for the establishment of lifelong education system to be delivered the appropriate education in whenever and wherever they demand, it establishes a vertical delivery system from the departments of the central government to the community, arranges the lifelong education-exclusive personnels for the individual with disabilities in each route, magnifies the lifelong education delivery agencies and support contents for individuals with disabilities, using the lifelong education agencies for the individuals without disabilities and the supporting agencies for individuals with disabilities, and builds the setup supporting the delivery systems and the delivery agencies. Second, for the established of intergency collabration system of lifelong education for the individuals with disabilities, it has to regulate and share the roles and supporting contents as to lifelong education agencies for the individuals with disabilities through the establishment and operation of the organization which generalizes and regulates the lifelong education policy decision and the execution for the individuals with disabilities inside the Ministry of Eudcation & Human Resources Development; expand the support subjects and the support contents; develop and operate the cooperative setup among agenecies which provide with the appropriate supports by the life stages of the individuals with disabilities; develop and operate the setup of discussion among the departments of central government and among the relative agencies with a local-self governing group and among the relative agencies inside a community; found and operate the agency for the research and the development which supports a lifelong education support polices and a strategies, and an interagency collaboration system of lifelong education for the individuals with disabilities. For the establishment of lifelong education system and interagency collaboration system of lifelong education for the individuals with disabilities, the studies which treat the inclusion of individuals with disabilities and the individuals without disabilities have to be accomplished in depth; the actual operation conditions of each agencies has to be improved after it evaluates the actual operation conditions of the lifelong education agencies for the individuals with disabilities being established and operated in the preset time; the maximum of the resources application has to be planned through the re-structure and the big deal of the agencies or the institutions which support the lifelong education for the individuals with disabilities in establishment and operation per support bureau for the individuals with disabilities at present; egoism between departments and between agencies has to be overcome; the climate which shows mutual cooperation must be made up; the supports by the government has to magnified for the collaboration among lifelong education agencies for the individuals with disabilities.

전산화 신경인지기능 검사를 이용한 외상성 두뇌손상환자의 신경인지기능평가

정인원,최인석,김재진 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.2

뇌영상검사상 국소적인 병변을 보이지 않는 경도 외상성 두뇌손상환자를 대상으로 한 신경인지기능검시에서 인지기능결함이 보고되고 있으며 이에 대하여 객관적인 인지기능장애 평가도구가 요구돼 왔다. 본 연구에서는 외상성 두뇌손상환자들을 대상으로 뇌 영상검사를 시행하여 국소적인 병변의 유무에 따라 병변군과 비병변군으로 분류하였으며, 이와 동시에 신경인지기능검사를 시행하여 병변의 유무에 따른 Bender-Gestalt Test, 표준도형검사, 인식력검사. 신호탐지검사 결과를 비교해 보았다. 또한 KWIS 지능지수와 표준도형검사 지능지수간의 상관관계를 조사하여 지능검사도구로 표준도형검사의 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 외상성 두뇌손상환자집단의 신경인지기능검사 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1) 신경정신과적 주요 증상 비교에서 병변군은 인지장애 호소가 맡았으며. 비병변군은 신체장애 호소가 많았다. 2) BGT 전체수행오류는 병변군이 비병변군보다 많았다. 3) KWIS 지능검사상 병변군과 비병변군간의 차이는 없었다. 4) 표준도형검사 소항목 검사결과 병변군은 정상대조군이나 비병변군에 비하여 난이도가 높을수록 수행이 낮았다. 5) 인식력검사 결과 병변군은 정상대조군보다 수행이 낮았다. 6) 외상성 두뇌손상환자집단에서 표준도형검사 지능지수는 KWIS 지능지수와 r=0.67의 높은 상관관계를 보였다. . 이와 같은 결과로 외상성 두뇌손상환자 중 병변군은 공간구성능력, 미세운동협응능력. 형태기억능력, 반응속도에서 장애를 보임을 알 수 있었다. 통계적인 의미는 없었으나 인식력검사결과에서 비병변군은 정상대조군과는 다른 반응 경향을 나타내고 있었다. 인식력검사상 비병변군의 이러한 차이는 비병변군이 신체장애를 주로 호소하였고. 경도 외상성 두뇌손상에서 보상과 같은 심리적 요인들이 증상의 유지에 기여할 수 있다는 보고를 고려할 때. 신경인지기능검사의 임상적,인 해석에 주의를 요하고 있다. 그리고 외상성 두뇌손상환자에서 표준도형검사 지능지수와 KWIS 지능지수는 정상대조군보다 높은 상관관계를 보여 표준도형검사는 두뇌손상환자와 같이 지적능력이 저하된 진단에서 KWIS 지능검사를 보완할 수 있는 유용한 지능검사로 임상상황에서 경제적이고 객관적인 지능검사 도구가 될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. Irrespective of focal lesion in brain imaging study, the deficits in cognitive function have been reported in mild traumatic brain injury patients. Therefore, they have been asked sensitive and objective assessment tools measuring cognitive deficits. In this study, traumatic brain injury patients were classified into lesion group and non-lesion group by presence of focal lesion in brain imaging study At the same time, Results of Bender-Gestalt test, Standard Progressive Matrices, Cognitrone, and Signal Detection were analyzed among the groups. We assessed usefulness of Standard Progressive Matrices as assessment tool of intelligence in traumatic brain injury patients by correlation coefficients between KWIS and Standard Professive Matrices intelligence quotients. 1) Most lesion group showed severe deficits in cognitive function, and most non-lesion group showed severe somatic symptoms. 2) The lesion group showed higher Bender-Gestalt test total error score than non-lesion group. 3) There was no difference in KWIS intelligence quotients between lesion and non-lesion group. 4) The lesion group showed lower performance than normal control and non-lesion group as increasing complexity of Standard Progressive Matrices subset. 5) The lesion group showed poor performance than normal control group in Cognitrone. 6) There were higher correlation coefficients than normal control group between Standard Progressive Matrices intelligence quotients and KWIS intelligence quotients in traumatic brain injury patients. According to the above results, lesion group showed deficits in space-construction ability, fine-motor coordination ability, form-memory ability, and delayed response-time. Although there are no statistical significance, comparing with normal control group, non-lesion group showed different response-trend in Cognitrone. Considering somatic symptoms in most nonlesion group and contribution of psychological factors in maintenance of symptoms in mild traumatic brain injury patients, the differences in Cognitrone must be interpreted carefully. These result suggest than Standard Professive Matrices can be a useful tool for assessment of intelligence in traumatic brain injury patients who showed deficits in cognitive function.

Kainic Acid로 처리한 해마박편배양 마우스 간질모델에서 치아이랑 Parvalbumin 면역 반응성 사이신경세포의 형태학적 변화

정희선,신미영,김영훈,이인구,황경태,김명석 대한소아과학회 2002 小兒科 Vol.45 No.12

한국 재원 정신분열병환자의 사회경제적 특성에 관한 역학적 조사 : 일일 시정조사 Point Prevalence Study

정인원,김용식,이정균 大韓神經精神醫學會 1985 신경정신의학 Vol.24 No.1

1984년 2월 27일 현재 전국 정신과 병·의원의 입원환자를 대상으로 일일시정조사를 시행하였다. 자료분석 때까지 도착한 자료중 ICD-9의 진단기준에 의하여 정신질환의 범주에 속하는 2,895명을 1:1 쌍쌍대응법으로 분석하여 거주지별로 정신분열병군과 대조군간의 사회경제적 특성을 비교하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 정신분열병환자의 결혼상태는 두 지역 모두에서 독신이 많았고 odd ratio는 각각 5.33과 3.56이었다. 농ㆍ어촌의 정신분열병환자가 독신이 더 많았다. 2. 교육수준은 양 군에서 뚜렷한 차이는 없었다. 3. 직업은 도시의 정신분열병환자에서 무직이 많았고 odd ratio는 1.90이었다. 4. 경제수준은 도시의 정신분열병환자에서 낮은 층이 많았고 odd ratio는 1.65이었다. 5. 그외 가족구조와 종교, 부모의 결혼상태에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. Aiming at suggestion the possible ways to improve psychiatric care, rehabilitation, and mental health services in Korea, this nation-wide hospital study was intended to explore the socioeconomical status of mental in-patients. This point prevalence study was conducted to patients who were in psychiatric wards at Feb. 27th. 1984 using mailing questionnaire. The number of hospitals and clinics answered was 88 and the patients, 3,300. Among them, we selected the 2,895 patients who were included in mental disorders (290-319) by ICD-9. Finally we compared the socioeconomical status between schizophrenia and non-schizophrenia in rural and urban area with the method of Fleiss. The results were as follows; 1. The relative proportions of single persons in schizophrenia were higher in both areas, and their odds ratios were 5.33 and 3.56, respectively. There were more single schizophrenics in rural than urban. 2. In educational levels, there were no significant differences between schizophrenia and control. 3. In urban area, the jobless persons were more in schizophrenia than control, and its odd ratio was 1.90. 4. The urban schizophrenics were significantly lower than the urban control in economical levels, and its odd ratio was 1.65. 5. About family structure, religion, and marital status of parents, there were no significant differences between schizophrenia and control.

스티렌 폭로 근로자들의 기중 및 혈중 스티렌과 요중 만델산의 관계 분석

정호근,강성규,양정선,김기웅,이종성,조영숙,박인정 大韓産業醫學會 1994 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.6 No.1

The concentration of styrene in air in blood and mandelic acid in urine were checked for the 60 workers with normal liver function, exposed to styrene. Styrene in air were sampled with personal air sampler at least 4 hours and analyzed by gas chromatography. Blood and spot urine were collected at the end of shift with a vacuum tube and a polythylene bottle and analyzed by gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Means of air and blood styrene and urine mandelic acid were 8.16 ppm(geometric mean), 0.199 mg/L, and 0.519 g/g creatinine, respectively. The concentration of styrene in air and mandelic acid in urine were high in the FRP factories and low in polymerization factory. Styrene in blood showed large difference by the working process. Styrene in air showed a good correlation with mandelic acid in urine(r=0.6369) and styrene in blood(r=0.6371). The mandelic acid in urine and styrene in blood corresponded to exposure of 50 ppm styrene were 0.890 g/g creatinine and 0.434 mg/L. However, hippuric acid in urine did not show any correlation with styrene in air. Urine mandelic acid excretion expected ratio showed a tendency to decrease according to obesity index and to increase with alcohol consumption.

The Taming of the Shrew에 있어서의 順從性 : 一掃德觀을 中心으로

鄭仁德 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 1976 인문학연구 Vol.3 No.1

As shown before it is known that the theme of this drama is to find virtue of woman, "Woman should obey her husband". The purpose of this theme is in the harmony of the family and the method of performing the purpose for this theme, the skill of the taming of the shrew, is wholly laid in Petruchio himself. The source of the trouble in this drama is the character of Kate the shrew. But the headstrong Kate is challenged by a strong man Petruchio. His taming skill is to be revealed as a following phrase. Though little fire grows great with little wind, Extreme gusts will blow out fire and all. He compares himself to the gust or the gale for a little fire, and to the mountain for the wind and tames her as in the taming of the hunting hawk as harshily as the winter does a man and all things. The following English proverb fits for the case of Kate: Highly aggressive woman needed highly masculine men to take them feel feminine. The character of Petruchio is too strong for Kate to challenge and farthermore, "He kills her in her own humour" is his another method of taming her. We may well say that the "taming" of the shrew means a reforming of the character of Kate. Also we may well say that in the part of man it is the taming of woman, while in the part of woman, it is obedienc to her husband's command as he demands. This means that to be tamed is not only the second birth of Kate, or the new birth of a virtuous woman but a spiritual regeneration. There is no man but can be trained by education and no woman but can be obeyed by a strong leadership. Finally, Bianca and the widow changed into disobedient women but only Kate became a new woman, in another word, virtuous woman. Therefore, we can say that a man accepted a wife and two women accepted husbands. The climax and highlight of this drama is in the long Kate's speech on a womanly woman at the last part of this drama. The long journey for taming the shrew from Act 1. Scene ii to Act V. Scene ii was to show the dutiful Kate's obedience in wager and to hear the Kate's speech onan obedient woman. We can find in her lecture the three bonds and five moral rules in human relations in Confucian theory and the virtuous points of view which the Bible, the support of western idea, demands. To wound thy lord, thy king, thy governor. Thy husband is thy lord, thy life, thy keeper, Thy head, thy sovereign-one that cares for thee, And craves no other tribute at thy hands But love, fair looks, and true obedience: Why are our bodies soft and weak and smooth, But now I see our lances are but straws, My hand is ready, may it do him ease. In her famous speech, there are woman's obedience to her husband, three followings of woman and the predominance of man over woman, which were the oriental Confucian ideas. In this speech we can find that the head of woman is man, the head of man is Christ, the head of Christ is God (1 Corinthian 11.367), "man may rule over thee"' (Genesis 3.16)as the winter tames man and all things and man is the lord, life and the maker of woman. Here "female virtue" means the only absolute woman's obedience to man, and the pith and marrow of the reconcilation of the family is wholly laid on the woman's following to man. Therefore, it can be said that the precept of "The Taming of the Shrew" is to make woman obey her husband without condition and to persue this kind of female virtue.

세균독소로 자극시킨 사람 섬유아 세포에서의 Interleukin-6와 Interleukin-8의 생성

정인교,양동규,홍시영,이성근,김욱규,김광혁,김종렬 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 1999 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.21 No.4

Cytokines are hormone-like proteins which mediate and regulate inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in the final differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing cells. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a neutrophil chemotactic factor that plays an important role in the recruitment of neutrophil to inflammatory loci. Inflammatory mediators by cells in the gingiva have been implicated in the initiation and progression of periodontitis and oral infection. The purpose of this study was conducted to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) on production ofIL-6 and IL-8 by human gingival and facial dermal fibroblasts. Primary cultured human gingival and facial dermal fibroblasts were incubated with LPS(0.01, 0.1, 1.0㎍/ml), SEB (0.01, 0.1, 1.0㎍/ml) or LPS (0.1㎍/ml) plus SEB (0.1㎍/ml). Culture supernatants were collected at 24, 48, and 72 hrs and assessed for IL-6 and IL-8 production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-6 production in gingival fibroblasts stimulated with LPS was higher than that with SEB. IL-6 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-6 production in facial demal fibroblasts was increased only by stimulation with a high concertration of LPS (1.0㎍/ml). Its production in facial dermal fibroblasts by exposure with SEB was decreased in comparison with control, nontreated cells. Therefore, gingival fibroblasts showed higher sensitivity than facial dermal fibroblasts in response to low concentration of LPS. Also, IL-6 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB.IL-6 production in facial dermal fibroblasts was increased only by stimulation with a high concentration of LPS(1.0㎍/ml). Its production in facial dermal fibroblasts by exposure with SEB was decreased in comparison with control, nontreated cells. Therefore, gingival fibroblasts showed higher sensitvity than facial dermal fibroblasts in response to low concentration of LPS. Also, IL-6 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-8 production in gingival fibroblasts was enhanced greatly only by stimulation of high concentration of LPS (1.0㎍/ml). That by exposure with SEB was increased only in 24 hrs cultivation. IL-8 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-8 production in facial dermal fibroblasts was decreased by LPS and increased only in 48 hrs cultivation by SEB. IL-8 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was enhanced only in 48 hrs cultivation in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. therefore, IL-6 and IL-8 production were released at various quantities according to bacterial toxin applied and site of fibroblast harvested. These results suggest that gingival fibroblasts may be concerned with IL-6 and IL-8 related inflammatory response more than facial dermal fibroblasts.