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Interpretation aupres des tribunaux nationaux: deux types de formation, en reponse a L`urgence
( Christiane J. Driesen ) 한국통역번역학회 2007 FORUM Vol.5 No.1
The aim of this article is to take stock of the situation concerning training of court interpreters, particularly in what is known as the ? civil law ? countries in Europe as opposed to those with the ? common law ? system. It reviews existing organisational formats and proposes the two types of teaching that seem best-suited to meet the urgent requirements of the courts. One is in the framework of continuing education; the other a university course leading to a bachelor degree. The author recommends a principle of pedagogical progression taking into consideration the difficulties linked to less spoken languages and stresses the importance of teaching all the traditional interpreting techniques, including specific cognitive content, but at the same time focusing especially on ethical and human rights aspects in the interpreting strategies taught.
"If you please, sir...": Forms of Address in Literary Translation
( Christiane Nord ) 한국통역번역학회 2007 FORUM Vol.5 No.1
Les formes d`adresse sont les marqueurs de la fonction phatique comme on peut le voir dans le cadre des salutations ou des bavardages. Il convient ainsi de supposer que les orateurs utilisent des styles conventionnels particuliers afin de rendre leur discours plus naturel ou acceptable aupres de leur public. Si ces styles sont specifiques a une culture particuliere, les traducteurs devront decider s`ils vont les ? apprivoiser ? pour les rendre conformes aux normes de la culture d`arrivee ou s`ils vont les reproduire tels qu`ils sont dans le texte de depart avec les traits de ? l`exotisme ?. Apres avoir defini et classe les fomes et les fonctions d`adresse en general, cet article tend a explorer les differences concernant la forme, la frequence et la distribution des comportements d`adresse dans les oeuvres de fiction contemporaines espagnoles, anglaises et allemandes ainsi que dans ses traductions.
Identification of high-risk subjects in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Christiane Stern,Laurent Castera 대한간학회 2023 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.29 No.-
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the most common liver disease worldwide, and its burden is expected to increase due to the growing epidemic of obesity and diabetes. The key challenge among NAFLD patients is to identify those with advanced fibrosis (F3F4), who are at high risk of developing complications and will benefit from specialized management and treatment with new pharmacotherapies when they are approved. Liver biopsy appears unrealistic and unsuitable in practice, given the large number of high-risk patients and its well-known limitations. Non-invasive sequential algorithms using fibrosis-4 index as first-line test, followed by vibration-controlled transient elastography or patented blood test, are the best strategy for case finding of high-risk subjects. In fact, they are now recommended by several international guidelines, and should be used and disseminated to increase awareness among physicians beyond liver clinics where most NAFLD patients are seen.
( Christiane Liers ),( Rene Ullrich ),( Harald Kellner ),( Do Huu Chi ),( Dang Thu Quynh ),( Nguyen Dinh Luyen ),( Le Mai Huong ),( Martin Hofrichter ),( Do Huu Nghi ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2021 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.31 No.10
A bifunctional glycoside hydrolase GH78 from the ascomycete Xylaria polymorpha (XpoGH78) possesses catalytic versatility towards both glycosides and esters, which may be advantageous for the efficient degradation of the plant cell-wall complex that contains both diverse sugar residues and esterified structures. The contribution of XpoGH78 to the conversion of lignocellulosic materials without any chemical pretreatment to release the water-soluble aromatic fragments, carbohydrates, and methanol was studied. The disintegrating effect of enzymatic lignocellulose treatment can be significantly improved by using different kinds of hydrolases and phenoloxidases. The considerable changes in low (3 kDa), medium (30 kDa), and high (> 200 kDa) aromatic fragments were observed after the treatment with XpoGH78 alone or with this potent cocktail. Synergistic conversion of rape straw also resulted in a release of 17.3 mg of total carbohydrates (e.g., arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose) per gram of substrate after incubating for 72 h. Moreover, the treatment of rape straw with XpoGH78 led to a marginal methanol release of approximately 17 μg/g and improved to 270 μg/g by cooperation with the above accessory enzymes. In the case of beech wood conversion, the combined catalysis by XpoGH78 and laccase caused an effect comparable with that of fungal strain X. polymorpha in woody cultures concerning the liberation of aromatic lignocellulose fragments.
Christiane Graß 영남대학교 법학연구소 2018 영남법학 Vol.0 No.47
According to the German Land Transactions Act, which aims to limit real estate transactions under legal regulations, it requires the approval in the real estate laws for every legal transfer of farmland and also extends the approval for each legal act. At this time, the problematic part is the recognition and transfer of co-owned share of the land, the transfer of the share of inheritance to a coheir, and the establishment of the usufructuary right of the land. This study examined each issue in detail by distinguishing it from the rejection of approval under Article 9 of the German Land Transactions Act, change and limitation of the law, the exception of approval as an opportunity to make a detour, and the acquisition of agricultural occupation according to the death. A desirable way to preserve the agricultural structure and to protect the farmland is to regard the penetration of the agricultural structure by capital investors as a risk and to introduce the prohibition system to hold permission when acquiring the share in the association