LC, Acute : O-061 ; Mode of cirrhosis related complication in Korean patients with liver cirrhosis -A prospective multicenter cohort study

( Hyun Young Woo ),( Jeong Won Jang ),( Sang Gyune Kim ),( Chang Hyeong Lee ),( Tae Yeob Kim ),( Won Young Tak ),( Sung Kyu Choi ),( Mong Cho1 ),( Jong Young Choi ) 대한간학회 2012 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2012 No.-

Background: Cirrhosis-related complications are indications for transplantation. However, the mode of complication has not been evaluated so far. To better address this issue, we investigated the mode of cirrhosis related complication and impact of these complications on survival in prospective, multicenter, inception cohort study of subjects with liver cirrhosis presenting with the first onset of decompensated complication. Methods: In this observational study, 1515 patients with the confirmed onset time of the first decompensated complication were enrolled. The mortality risk of cirrhosis-related complications, including ascites, portal hypertensive gastrointestinal bleeding (PHGB), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), hepatic encephalopathy (HE), hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), was analyzed in these cirrhotic patients. Result: As the first complication, ascites was the most frequent (53.8%), followed PHGB (36.2%), HE (7.6%), SBP (1.7%) and HRS (0.7%). During follow-up (mean 32±47 months), 484 (31.9%) experienced subsequent decompensations and the proportion of subsequent complication was consistently changed; the proportion of HE, SBP, HRS increased as time progressed. The interval between subsequent decompensative events was progressively shortened. The mortality rate according to the first complication was as follows; Ascites =PHGB> HE=SBP>HRS. The mortality rate of patients experienceing subsequent complication was significantly higher than those without subsequent complication. According to the kinds of subsequent complication, survival of HE was also higher than HRS but lower than ascites or PHGB and similar to that of SBP and this difference of survival disappeared after repeated complication. Conclusion: The mortality risk correlated with initial complication and the risk increases as the number of complication episodes is repeated. Patient`s mean age was 56±11.50 years and 72.1% was male. The cause of liver cirrhosis is hepatitis B virus (38.6%), alcohol (35.5%) and hepatitis C virus (8.9%).

법률회피

조승현(Cho Sung Hyun) 한국재산법학회 2011 재산법연구 Vol.28 No.1

법률회피란 하나의 행위에 대해 적용할 수 있는 법규가 있음에도 그 행위를 법적용으로부터 부당하게 배제시키려는 시도를 말한다. 일반 사법영역에서 법률회피현상은 원칙적으로 대부분 법률과 법률행위의 해석에 의해서 해결될 수밖에 없을 것이다. 다만, 법률과 법률행위의 해석은 모든 법 영역에서 동일한 방법론으로 일관되게 관철될 수 없다. 왜냐하면 유추해석이 충분히 허용되는 영역에서는 해석에 의하여 만족한 결과를 얻을 수 있겠지만 그렇지 않은 영역에서는 해석의 한계와 동시에 법률의 흠결이라는 문제점에 직면할 수밖에 없기 때문이다. 법률은 시간과 공간의 제약을 받을 수밖에 없으며 이러한 제약을 입법자의 입법의도나 목적을 고려하고 법률회피가 발생한 시점의 객관적 법의 취지를 살려 최대한 현실을 법에 포섭시키더라도 타당한 결론을 얻을 수 없는 상황이 존재하는 것이다. 이러한 문제점들을 반영한 현상이 법률회피에 대한 새로운 인식과 함께 여기서 얻어진 요건들을 입법에 반영하는 흐름이라고 할 것이다. Gesetzesumgehung ist der Versuch, einen Tatbestand von der Anwendung eines auf ihn anwendbaren Rechtssatzes unstatthafterweise auszuschließen. Seit der Erlörterung dieser Frage können drei Ansichten über den Charakter der Gesetzesumgehung, d.ß das Verständnis der Gesetzesumgehung als Scheingeschäft, als ein Problem der Gesetesauslegung, als selfständiges Rechtsinstitut unterschieden werden. Das Reichgericht hatte Rechtsgeschäft, die unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Umgehung hätten geprüft werden müssen, als simulierte Geschäfte behandelt. Aber diese Ansicht hat es auf Kritik aufgegeben, die darauf hinwiesen, daß man das geschäft so, wie man es abschließe, tatsächlich wolle und auch die unbequemen Flogen um des wirtschaftllichen Erfolges in Kauf nehme. Denn nur auf diese Weise könne man den verbotennen Erfolg errechein. Nach der Lösung, Umgehungsgeschäft als Scheingschäft zu behandeln, wurde schlagen die Ansicht, eine Art ausdehnender Anwendung von Vervotsgesetzen auf solche Handlungen vor, die zwar direct dem Verbote nicht widerstreiten, die aber zu dessen Umgehung dienen. Aber die Ansicht dachte nicht an die extensive Interpretation, sondern befürwortete ein slbständiges Rechtsinstitut Gesetzesumgehung, mit dessen Hilfe die beschriebenen Rechtsgeschäfte für nichtig erklärt werden sollten. Bei den Versuchen, die Umgehung des Gesetzes von den zulässigen Rechtsgeschäften ahzugrenzen, stand von Anfang an der sogensnnte Umgehungsvorsatz im Vordergrund der Erörterungen. Wenn dieses Merkmal vorliegt, dann sollen die Rechtsnachfolgen der Umgehung(Nichtigkeit oder Einordnung des Geschäfts unter die gesetzlichen Folgen kraft des Satzes von der Gleichstellung) eintreten, wärend das gleiche Rechtsgeschäft bei unvorsätzlich handelnden Parteien zulässig sein soll. Aber die Begründung für die Ablehung dieses Merkmales ird häufig in den Schwierigkeiten gesehen, den Vorsatz der Parteien nachzuweisen. Ihr Verhältnis zum Rechtsmißbrauch wird stärk erörtert. Der Begriff des Mißbrauchs worden besonders durch die Formulierung des §5 der Reichsabgaben-ordnung(1919) hervorgehoben. Im Steuerrecht lassen sich in drei Merkmal über das Verständnis des Mißbrauches im Zusammenhang mit der Gesetzesumgehung unterschneiden. Das ist Ungewönlichkeit, Umgehungszweck, wirtschaftliche Unzulässigkeit. Jedoch kann die Ungewönlichleit, Umgehungszweck, wirtschaftliche Unzulässigkeit nicht das entscheidende Kriterium für das Verliegen einer Umgehung sein. Denn diese Merkmals sind wenig faßbar und ein Problem der Auslegung des Rechtsgeschäfts und haben die Schwierigkeit des Beweis. Der Schwerpunkt der auseinandersetzung lag auf der Frage, ob Gesetzesumgehung als selbständiges Rechtsinstitut anzusehen sei oder ob es sich lediglich um eine Frage der Auslegung oder Analogie handele. Bis 1960er Jare waren die Meinungen zu dieser Frage geteilt, die wohl noch überwiegende Meinung gig von einem selbständigen Rechtsinstitut der Gestzesumgehung aus. Aber den Anstoß zu einer Wandlung des Meinungsstandes gab die 1962 erschienene Dissertation „ Die Gesetzesumgeung„ von Teichmann. Teichmann legte anhand mehrerer Beispiele dar, wie bisher unter dem Aspekt der Gestzesumgehung diskutierte Fragen mit dem Mittel der Gestzesanalogie gelöst werden könnten. Manche Umgehungsfälle können mit Auslegung oder analoger Anwendung des umgangenen Gestzes werden gelösten. Umgehungsfälle sind Ausnamefälle, die sich weder mit Auslegung noch mit anderen Rechtsinstituten befriegend lösen lassen. In Umgeungsfälle gibt es keine einheitliche Lösung. Dnnoch ist Gesetzesumgehung als Rechtsbegriff nicht überflüssig. Gesetzesumgehung im materiellen Sachreht u

Three-Dimensional Porous Collagen/Chitosan Complex Sponge for Tissue Engineering

Kim, Sung Eun,Cho, Yong Woo,Kang, Eun Jung,Kwon, Ick Chan,Lee, Eunhee Bae,Kim, Jung Hyun,Chung, Hesson,Jeong, Seo Young The Korean Fiber Society 2001 Fibers and polymers Vol.2 No.2

A three-dimensional, porous collagen/chitosan complex sponge was prepared to closely simulate basic extracellular matrix (ECM) constitutes, collagen and glycosaminoglycan. The complex sponge was prepared by a lyophilization method and had the regular network with highly porous structure, suitable for cell adhesion and growth. The pores were well interconnected, and their distribution was fairly homogeneous. The complex sponge was crosslinked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) to increase its boilogical stability and enhance its mechanical properties. The crosslinking medium has a great effect on the inner structure of the sponge. The homogeneous, porous structure of the sponge was remarkably collapsed in an aqueous crosslinking medium. However, the morphology of the sponge remained almost intact in a water/ethanol mixture crosslinking milieu. Mechanical properties of the collagen/chitosan sponge were significantly enhanced by EDC-mediated crosslinking. The potential of the sponge as a scaffold for tissue engineering was investigated using a Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO-K1) line.

종 분포 모형을 이용한 구상나무림의 지속 및 쇠퇴에 관한 연구 - 전라남도 광양시 백운산을 중심으로 -

조선희 ( Seon Hee Cho ),박종영 ( Jong Young Park ),박정호 ( Jeong Ho Park ),이양근 ( Yang Geun Lee ),문이만 ( Lee Man Mun ),강상호 ( Sang Ho Kang ),김광현 ( Gwang Hyun Kim ),윤종국 ( Jong Guk Yun ) 한국산림과학회 2015 한국산림과학회지 Vol.104 No.3

The present study investigated the habitats of Korean fir trees (Abies koreana E. H. Wilson) on Mt. Baekwun (Baekwun-san), determined the current distribution, quantified the contribution of biological and nonbiological environmental factors affecting the distribution, derived actual and potential habitats, presented a plan for the establishment of protected areas, applied RCP 8.5 climate change scenario to analyze the effects of climate change on the future distribution of Korean fir trees, and predicted future potential habitats. According to the results of the study, 3,325 Korean fir trees (DBH >= 2.5 cm) inhabited Mt. Baekwun, and their distribution area was approximately 150 ha. Populations of Korean fir trees were confirmed to exist at an altitude of 900 m above sea level and were distributed up to 1,200 m. Based on potential distribution, areas appropriate for habitation by Korean fir trees were analyzed to be 450 ha, three times the current distribution area, with a focus on Sang Peak (Sang-bong), Eokbul Peak (Eokbul-bong), Ddari Peak (Ddari-bong), and Dosol Peak (Dosol-bong). The forest stands near Sang Peak, the main peak, were evaluated as those with the most appropriate potential for the habitation of Korean fir trees, and populations of the trees tended to prefer the northern slope rather than the southern slope. When climate change scenario RCP 8.5 was applied and future potential distribution was analyzed, the habitats were expected to decrease in area to 20 ha by 2050, with a focus on Sang Peak, and areas appropriate for habitation were predicted not to exist by 2080. Judging from such results, as global warming accelerates, the habitats of Korean fir trees are clearly expected to move from lowlands to highlands.

3T Multi Voxel Spectroscopy에서 SENSE와 NEX 변화에 따른 정상인 뇌 대사물질 변화 분석

성열훈,임재동,이재현,조성봉,우동철,최보영,Seong, Yeol-Hun,Rhim, Jae-Dong,Lee, Jae-Hyun,Cho, Sung-Bong,Woo, Dong-Chul,Choe, Bo-Young 한국의학물리학회 2008 의학물리 Vol.19 No.4

자기공명분광법(magnetic resonance spectroscopy: MRS)은 인체내 대사물질을 정량분석하여 병변의 조기진단 및 정밀진단에 도움을 주고 있으며, 최근 임상에 이용되고 있는 자기공명분광법은 single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) 기법과 multi voxel spectroscopy (MVS) 기법이 있다. 본 연구에서는 SENSE와 NEX를 변화시킨 multi voxel spectroscopy (MVS)의 데이터와 기존 single voxel spectroscopy (SVS)의 데이터를 비교 분석하여, 각각의 데이터의 유의성 차이를 평가하고자 하였다. 정상 성인 지원자 13명(남자: 5명, 여자: 8명, 평균 41세, 표준편차 11.65세)을 대상으로 chemical shift image (CSI)를 이용한 MVS검사를 시행하였다. 장비는 3.0T Achieva Release Version 2.1 (Philips Medical System, Netherland)을 이용하였고, 8 channel head coil을 사용하여 brain thalamus 부위에서 CSI spectrum을 1 slice 획득하였다. Scan parameter로는 FOV (field of view): $230{\times}184mm^2$, TR (time to repetition): 2000 msec, TE (time to echo): 288 msec, matrix: $15{\times}12$, VOI(view of interest): $110{\times}110mm^2$, voxel size: $15{\times}15{\times}15mm^3$로 하였다. SENSE factor (S)와 NEX (N)는 S1*N1, S2*N1, S2*N2, S3*N2로 변화하여 스펙트럼을 획득하였고, 각 scan time은 5분 54초, 3분 32초, 6분 20초, 4분 20초였다. 얻은 모든 MRS 데이터는 jMRUI 3.0 Version 프로그램에서 분석하였고, SENSE factor와 NEX를 변화시켜 얻은 MVS data 그룹들이 정상 성인 뇌 대사물질의 변화에 영향을 주는지 검증하기 위해 그룹 간에 ANOVA분석을 실행하여 P 값이 0.05보다 크게 나오면 그룹들 사이에 유의한 차이가 없다고 분석하였다. NAA/Cr과 Cho/Cr의 상대적 비율은 MV와 SVS사이에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 즉, SENSE factor와 NEX를 변화시켜 얻은 MVS data에서 정상 성인 뇌조직의 대사물질의 변화를 관찰한 결과, S1*N1의 NAA/Cr은 $1.45{\pm}0.03$, Cho/Cr은 $0.88{\pm}0.03$이고, S2*N1의 NAA/Cr은 $1.44{\pm}0.03$, Cho/Cr은 $0.87{\pm}0.05$, S2*N2의 NAA/Cr은 $1.43{\pm}0.02$, Cho/Cr은 $0.87{\pm}0.04$이며, S3*N2의 NAA/Cr은 $1.45{\pm}0.03$, Cho/Cr은 $0.87{\pm}0.03$으로 나타났다(F-value : 1.37, D.F : 3, P-value : 0.262). 그러나 데이터의 질을 측정하기 위한 MVS 데이터의 NAA Peak line-width는 SVS 데이터의 NAA Peak line-width 보다 약 3배 정도 넓었다. 본 연구에서는 MVS에서 SENSE factor와 NEX 값을 다양하게 변화시킨 MVS의 데이터와 SVS의 데이터가 큰 차이가 없음을 확인하였다. 즉, 어는 특정 부위의 뇌 조직의 대사물질은 MVS와 SVS 기법 모두 큰 차이가 없음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 MVS는 SVS보다 광범한 부위를 짧은 시간 안에 검사할 수 있으므로 매우 유용한 방법이라고 사료된다. To evaluate the metabolic changes in normal adult brains due to alterations SENSE and NEX (number of excitation) by multi voxel MR Spectroscopy at 3.0 Tesla. The study group was composed of normal volunteers (5 men and 8 women) with a mean ($\pm$ standard deviation) age of 41 (${\pm}11.65$). Their ages ranged from 28 to 61 years. MR Spectroscopy was performed with a 3.0T Achieva Release Version 2.0 (Philips Medical System-Netherlands). The 8 channel head coil was employed for MRS acquisition. The 13 volunteers underwent multi voxel spectroscopy (MVS) and single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) on the thalamus area with normally gray matter. Spectral parameters were as follows: 15 mm of thickness; 230 mm of FOV (field of view); 2000 msecs of repetition time (TR); 288 msecs of echo time (TE); $110{\times}110$ mm of VOI (view of interest); $15{\times}15{\times}15$ mm of voxel size. Multi voxel spectral parameters were made using specially in alteration of SENSE factor (1~3) and 1~2 of NEX. All MRS data were processed by the jMRUI 3.0 Version. There was no significant difference in NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratio between MVS and SVS likewise the previous results by Ross and coworkers in 1994. In addition, despite the alterations of SENSE factor and NEX in MVS, the metabolite ratios were not changed (F-value : 1.37, D.F : 3, P-value : 0.262). However, line-width of NAA peak in MVS was 3 times bigger than that in SVS. In the present study, we demonstrated that the alterations of SENSE factor and NEX were not critically affective to the result of metabolic ratios in the normal brain tissue.

Construction of Stably Transformed Bm 5 Cells by Using Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus IE 0 Gene

Cho, Eun Sook,Jin, Byung Rae,Sohn, Hung Dae,Choi, Kwang Ho,Kim, Soung Ryul,Kang, Seok Woo,Yun, Eun Young,Kim, Sang Hyun,Kim, Keun Young,Je, Yeon Ho,Kang, Seok Kwon 한국잠사학회 1998 한국잠사곤충학회지 Vol.40 No.2

To construct transfurmed Bm5 cells, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus(AcNPV) IE1 gene, an immediate early viral gene was firstly used in this study. AcNPV IE1 gene, which shares on 95.3% nucleotide sequence homology with Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) IE1 gene, was isolated and cloned into pBluescript. Neomycin gene from pKO-neo was inserted under the control of the IE1 promoter to yield pAcIE1-neo. The plasmid pAcIE1-neo was transfected into Bm5 or Sf9 cells, and neomycin-resistant cells were selected in TC100 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1 mg/ml G4l8 for two weeks. Individual clones were picked and each was amplified for further characterization. The genomic DNA from neomycin-resistant cells was isolated and characterized by PCR using AcNPV IEI gene-specific primers and by Southern blot analysis using neomycin gene probe. We concluded that AcNPV IE1 gene was functional in B. mori-derived Bm5 cells as well as Spodoptera fugjprrda-derived Sf9 cells to produce stably-transformed insect cells

Investigation of Mo thin film deposited by ion beam assist sputter for CIGS solar cell

Sang Hyun Cho,Hyo Jin Kim,Sung Ho Lee,Jae Ik Woo,Kyu Ho Song,Pung Keun Song 한국표면공학회 2013 한국표면공학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2013 No.11

Effect of Catalyst Layer Ionomer Content on Performance of Intermediate Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (IT-PEMFCs) under Reduced Humidity Conditions

Cho, Min Kyung,Park, Hee-Young,Lee, So Young,Lee, Byung-Seok,Kim, Hyoung-Juhn,Henkensmeier, Dirk,Yoo, Sung Jong,Kim, Jin Young,Han, Jonghee,Park, Hyun S.,Sung, Yung-Eun,Jang, Jong Hyun Pergamon Press 2017 Electrochimica Acta Vol. No.

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>For intermediate-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (IT-PEMFCs), the effects of the cathode gas flow rate and the ionomer content are experimentally examined at 120°C under conditions of low relative humidity (RH). The IT-PEMFC operation at low RH should be beneficial in developing compact systems with smaller humidifiers. First, analysis of the effect of gas flow rate at various current densities confirms that drying of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is an important factor in IT-PEMFC operation, whereas cathode flooding becomes significant in regions of high current density with low flow rates. Then, MEAs with various contents of Aquivion™ ionomer are fabricated, and the combined effect of drying and flooding is further investigated by IT-PEMFC tests at various RH conditions and current densities. The optimum ionomer content increases with decreasing current density at 20% RH or below, indicating that MEA drying becomes dominant over cathode flooding.</P>

Efficient Verification of X-ray Target Replacement for the C-series High Energy Linear Accelerator

Cho, Jin Dong,Chun, Minsoo,Son, Jaeman,An, Hyun Joon,Yoon, Jeongmin,Choi, Chang Heon,Kim, Jung-in,Park, Jong Min,Kim, Jin Sung Korean Society of Medical Physics 2018 의학물리 Vol.29 No.3

The manufacturer of a linear accelerator (LINAC) has reported that the target melting phenomenon could be caused by a non-recommended output setting and the excessive use of monitor unit (MU) with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Due to these reasons, we observed an unexpected beam interruption during the treatment of a patient in our institution. The target status was inspected and a replacement of the target was determined. After the target replacement, the beam profile was adjusted to the machine commissioning beam data, and the absolute doses-to-water for 6 MV and 10 MV photon beams were calibrated according to American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group (TG)-51 protocol. To verify the beam data after target replacement, the beam flatness, symmetry, output factor, and percent depth dose (PDD) were measured and compared with the commissioning data. The difference between the referenced and measured data for flatness and symmetry exhibited a coincidence within 0.3% for both 6 MV and 10 MV, and the difference of the PDD at 10 cm depth ($PDD_{10}$) was also within 0.3% for both photon energies. Also, patient-specific quality assurances (QAs) were performed with gamma analysis using a 2-D diode and ion chamber array detector for eight patients. The average gamma passing rates for all patients for the relative dose distribution was $99.1%{\pm}1.0%$, and those for absolute dose distribution was $97.2%{\pm}2.7%$, which means the gamma analysis results were all clinically acceptable. In this study, we recommend that the beam characteristics, such as beam profile, depth dose, and output factors, should be examined. Further, patient-specific QAs should be performed to verify the changes in the overall beam delivery system when a target replacement is inevitable; although it is more important to check the beam output in a daily routine.

Aggravation of Dysphagia Aortica after Wearing the Abdominal Binder

( Hyun Soo Kim ),( Wan Sik Lee ),( Chang Hwan Park ),( Young Eun Joo ),( Sung Kyu Choi ),( Jong Sun Rew ),( Seon Young Park ),( Sung Bum Cho ),( Jeoung Hyeon Lee ) 대한소화관운동학회 2010 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.16 No.3

Dysphagia aortica is a rare etiology of dysphagia resulting from extrinsic compression of esophagus by thoracic aortic aneur-ysm or tortuosity and elongation of thoracic aorta. The clinical findings resemble those of esophageal malignancy or esoph-ageal motility disorders. Therefore, primary diagnosis of dysphagia aortica is very difficult. We, herein, report a case of dyspha-gia aortica aggravated by wearing the abdominal binder in a 70-year-old woman and review the literature pertaining to this condition. Dysphagia aortica should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dysphagia.