The Demand of Job Stress

Chidong Kim(김치동) 한국창의력교육학회 1998 창의력교육연구 Vol.2 No.1

작업스트레스에 관한 이론이나 연구를 살펴보면 스트레스의 유무를 결정짓는 중추적 역할로서 현장상황에 대한 일차적 검증이 반드시 선행되고 있다. 이러한 일차적 상황평가를 통해서 우리는 주위환경이 제기하는 심리적 위협의 정도를 측정하는 것이다. 그런데 종종 상황의 평가란 그 상황에 처한 대표적 행동인(actor)을 평가함으로써 가능해 지는 것이다. 다양한 작업스트레스에 성공적으로 대처할 수 있는 개인의 대표적 성격 특성을 확인하는 과정이란 바로 작업상황과 종업원을 짜맞추는 일에 필수적인 기초를 제공하는 것이다. 이러한 작업과정은 개인을 각종 업무에 배치하는데 필요한 측정도구 개발에 첫 단계가 되는 것이다. 그러므로 전형적인 스트레스 상황에 처한 대표적 행동인을 평가함으로써 작업 스트레스 자체를 평가하게 되는 것이다. 본 연구의 주요 관심사는 인간의 각종 특질들이 다양한 상황의 상이성을 얼마나 반영할 수 있는 지를 측정하는 일이다. Campbell과 Fiske에 의한 다질특성-다질방법(Multitrait-Multimethod) 상관행렬을 사용하여 여러 특성들과 여러 상황들이 스트레스의 요구사항에 대한 피험자들의 함축적인 스트레스 이론들에 영향을 미치는 정도를 측정하였다. 그 결과 상황평정들이나 특성평정들이 스트레스에 대한 단일한 함축이론에 수렴한다는 증거는 거의 찾을 수 없었다. 분명히 특성차원의 구조는 스트레스 상황에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 다양한 작업 스트레스 상황들에 적용될 수 있는 단일한 함축적 성격이론의 개념을 본 연구에서는 상정할 수 없었다. 그러나 작업스트레스 상황으로 부터 그 상황에 해당하는 원형을 추출할 수는 있었다. 즉, 그 상황에 국한되는 스트레스의 요구사항이 존재하는 것임을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해서 작업 스트레스 상황에 대한 다양한 요구사항의 특이성이 밝혀짐으로써 어떤 작업의 함축적 특성 필요조건과 종업원을 대비하는 작업이 촉진되면서 이 방면의 기초작업 구축이 진일보하게 될 것이다. This work is the first step in developing the instrumentation necessary to match individuals to jobs-an assessment of job stress by assessing the prototypical actors in typically stressing situations. Identification of the prototypical characteristics of individuals who are described as successfully coping with various types of job stress would provide the basis for matching job situations and employees. The main concern was the extent to which the trait adjectives reflected differences in situations. This study was designed as a three-way factorial, with repeated measures over situations and traits. Clearly, the notion of a single implicit personality theory applicable across differing job stress situations was not supported by this study. Principal components analysis, however, supported the proposition that situation-specific prototypes were inferred from the job stress descriptions. The components derived differed considerably between situations.

Some Assumptions about Human Nature and Their Implications for Planning

Kim, Chidong 서울産業大學校 1998 논문집 Vol.48 No.1

The paper is composed of three major sections. The first section speaks to organizational theory and human nature. The second section deals with a seemingly unrelated and more mechanical subject, planning. The third section refers to the implications of the assumptions for planning. What has been presented has served to demonstrate how assumptions about complex issues can impact on organizational processes. The human side to planning must be given considerations lest planners arrive at insensitive to who must carry it out.

Modalities and Factors of Self-Concept Development

Kim,Chidong 서울産業大學校 1999 논문집 Vol.50 No.1

At birth, the infant cannot distinguish between self and environment. Gradually, through human interaction, children form their self-concept. The self-concept may be developed from direct experience and may be socially mediated without language and also through language. The degree, intensity, and duration of each of these modalities is related to factors such as age of the individual, physical condition, and environment. The factors influencing self-concept development are human interaction, social learning, heredity, sex, maturational rates, beliefs, values, attitudes, morals, cognitive dissonance, and perceptual field. Although people continue to learn throughout their lives, the early learning is very significant.

The Rationale of Instructional Sensitivity Indices

Kim,Chidong 서울産業大學校 1996 논문집 Vol.43 No.1

The role and utility of measures of instructional sensitivity were summarized. A case was made that the rationale for the assessment of instructional sensitivity can be applied to all achievement tests and should not continue to be restricted to criterion-referenced mastery tests. Next, a line of research and theory concerning context dependence in tests containing interpretative exercises was outlined. The logic of this theory was integrated with the rationale of instructional sensitivity. Finally, practical interrelationships among content validity, reliability, instructional sensitivity, and related measures were discussed and illustrated by use of a varied sample of test items and data.

A Study on Gender Differences in Play

Kim, Chidong 서울産業大學校 2000 논문집 Vol.51 No.1

Play in the western world is intrinsically motivated, freely chosen, pleasurable, nonliteral, and actively engaged in by the participants. Early theories of play emphasized its biological and genetic elements, while contemporary theories stress the emotional, intellectual, and social benefits of play. Some psychologists argue that we try to accept play but do not understand its functions, while others believe that we begrudge children the opportunity to play and make efforts to hurry them into adulthood. There are two major theoretical viewpoints on the origins of gender differences. According to learning theory, children lean by imitation and reinforcement to behave in gender-appropriate ways, even before they understand the concept of gender. The basic premise of cognitive-developmental theory is that children engage in gender-appropriate activities because such activities are consistent with their gradually emerging gender concept.

Humor, Culture, and Strategic Organizational Change

Kim,Chidong 서울産業大學校 産業大學院 1995 大學院論文集 Vol.3 No.-

본 논문의 목적은 전략적 조직 문화 변천에 있어서의 유머의 역할을 탐구하는데 있다. 그러므로 본 연구는 유머가 조직의 문화 변화를 용이하게 하는 방식을 기술하고 있다. 본 연구자는 배분된 의미체제, 달리 말해 조직문화의 목적과 그 발달을 점검하고 유머가 배분된 의미의 체제 부위가 되는 과정을 탐색해 본다. 이어서 전략적 조직 변화의 몇몇 견해를 살펴 보며 마지막으로 유머가 전략적 조직문화를 변화시키려는 노력에 함께 할 수 있는 여러방법을 논의한다. 본질적으로 본 논문유머를 통해서 조직 문화를 전략적으로 변화시키려는 시도의 여러 가능성을 탐색하고 있다. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of humor in strategic organizational culture change. This research delineates ways in which humor may facilitate culture change in organizations. I examine the purpose and development of shared meaning systems, or organizational cultures. Then I explore how humor is part of those systems of shared meanings. Following that, I review some views of strategic organizational change. Finally I discuss ways in which humor can be incorporated into strategic organizational culture change efforts. In essence, this paper is an exploration into the possibilities of consciously attempting to strategically change organizational culture through humor.

Statistical Methods of Detecting Differential Item Functioning

Kim, Chidong 서울産業大學校 1994 논문집 Vol.40 No.1

문항의 차별 기능이란 인간의 잠재적 특성을 측정하는 한 검사 문항이 다른 모집단에 걸쳐 일련의 기능들을 다르게 측정하는 정도를 가리킨다. 검사제작시 차별기능 문항의 효율적인 추출에는 단순히 문항의 내용 타당도 또는 안면 타당도에 따라 판단될 것이 아니라 객관적 통계적 기준에 따라 결정되어야 한다. 차별기능문항을 탐지하는 통계적 방법들이 오래전부터 연구되어 지금까지 상당한 수의 통계적 기술들이 제시되어 왔는데 본 논문에서는 이들을 묶어 정리하여 8가지 통계적 방법들을 소개하였다. 차별기능문항 추출을 위한 각 통계적 방법들은 차별기능의 개념화, 그 이론적 근거 및 통계적 복잡성 등에서 서로 다르며 또한 여러가지 방법 중 어느 것이 가장 타당하고 효율적인 방법인지 결정하기가 쉽지 않다.

The Demand of Job Stress:Assessing Situations by Assessing Prototypical Actors in Situations

Kim, Chidong 서울産業大學校 1997 논문집 Vol.46 No.1

This work is the first step in developing the instrumentation necessary to match individuals to jobs-an assessment of job stress by assessing the prototypical actors in typically stressing situations. Identification of the prototypical characteristics of individuals who are described as successfully coping with various types of job stress would provide the basis for matching job situations and employees. The main concern was the extent to which the trait adjectives reflected differences in situations. This study was designed as a three-way factorial with repeated measures over situations and traits. Clearly, the notion of a single implicit personality theory applicable across differing job stress situations was not supported by this study. Principal components analysis, however, supported the proposition that situation-specific prototypes were inferred from the job stress descriptions. The components derived differed considerably between situations.

Validating the Multitrait-Multimethod Approach

Kim, Chidong 서울産業大學校 1995 논문집 Vol.42 No.1

This paper reviewed the Campbell-Fiske multitrait-multimethod model and some of the criticisms of it. Several alternatives to this model have been proposed, including a three-way factoral ANOVA and serveral multivariate techniques. The approprateness of these alternatives to MTMM data has been questioned, both conceptually and statistically, and their precision is often no better than that of the original. Evidence for the construct validity of a measure is generally of two types, convergent or discriminant. Convergent validity is supported to the extent that an index(or test) is related to other indices (tests)presumed to measure the same or similar constructs. For example, evidence of convergent validity would be gained for a new test of anxiety if it correlated significantly with other established measures. Of interest in the present context is the extent to which this new index correlates with itself using different measuring techniques. The second, though obviously related form of construct validity evidence, is that gained from discriminant validation, the process of comparing the new test to other tests presumed, either by theory or practice, to be conceptually distinct. That is, tests can be invalidated by sufficiently high correlations with other indices believed to measure separate and independent concepts. To continue the example from above, a strong relationship between a new measure of anxiety and number of years of formal education might suggest this instrument is biased by educational level (e.g., level of verbal fluency required by the test, unless one assumes anxiety also differs by level of education). Of particular importance in this paper are comparisons of convergent and discriminant validity evidence, a source of information typically overlooked in the traditional’single operationalism’practiced in test development. The selection of a measuring technique, say, peer evaluation, introduces some variance as a by-product of the method, presumably unwanted variance in a test of individual differences. By comparing test scores both within and between measuring methods, the relative importance of method and individual differences on total score variance can be assessed. The relationship (usually measured by a correlation coefficient) of a test to itself under different methods of measurement is nothing more than a special case of convergent validation and closely related to reliability, as will be discussed later. Similarly, the extent to which different tests are not correlated - especially those employing the same measurement methods, and so, subject to ’common method bias’- evidence of discriminant validity is accrued. The relative contributions to variance from test (which will be termed ’trait’) and method sources can be evaluated, as suggested by Campbell and Fiske(1954)in a Multitrait-Multimethod(MTMM) matrix. This paper will review the Campbell-Fiske MTMM model and some of the criticisms of it. Several suggested alternatives will then be briefly examined in light of the strengths and weaknesses of the Campbell-Fiske model and method. The Campbell-Fiske MTMM approach recognized the results of psychological tests as unions of trait and method effects, and proposed measuring two or more traits with two or more methods to study the relationship of these factors. To the extent that the measures of a trait correlated under different methods of measurement, convergent validity was supported. Additionally, if these validity values exceeded the correlations between that trait and any other, measured under the same of different methods, and if the pattern of trait relationships held for different methods of measurement, evidence consistent with discriminant validity was gained. However, the approach has been criticized as unwieldy and imprecise. Several alternatives to the Campbell-Fiske model have been proposed, including a three-way factorial ANOVA and several multivariate techniques. The appropriateness of these alternative models to MTMM data has been questioned, both conceptually and statistically, and their precision is often no better than that of the original.

가정용 공기청정기 사용성 검증 툴 연구

송치동(Chidong Song),조수현(Suhyeon Cho),배주언(Jueon Bae),김현정(HyeonJeong Kim) 한국디자인학회 2021 한국디자인학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.5