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The Measurement of People’s Satisfaction on Public Safety and Police Service
Chang Charles (Kuang-Ming),Wang Tsu-Shea 아시아경찰학회 2006 Asia Pacific Journal of Police & Criminal Justice Vol.4 No.1
In American police history, supervisor’s judgment, crime reports and public opinion investigation have been used as indicators to measure police performance. Contemporarily, public opinion investigation is the most important indicator because it is the instrument to measure citizen satisfaction, a major dimension of police performance in community problem-solving era.<BR> Page and Shapiro (1992) noted that public opinion is rational and stable; public opinion does change, but the change is incremental and predictable; a sudden change of public opinion can be traced to a certain events. Longitudinal data of polls conducted by independent institutions demonstrated that Taiwanese attitude and perception toward public safety is stable, incremental and predictable too. This paper shows the national trend of polls on Taiwanese sense of public safety. In addition, differences among counties and cities will be compared.
Charles CHANG,Jiangsheng ZHANG,Wenli ZHANG 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 2009 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.10
There are many differences between the non-Shuren society that is called incomplete contract society in urban areas and the Shuren society complete contract society in rural areas, because of a Chinese long-term pattern of polarization in the urban and rural areas. By surveying, we find that the labor transfer between the two social patterns in still quite different. The Shuren society played a much more important role than the non-Shuren society. There are 85.4% rural migrate workers obtain job opportunities through the Shuren society, however, the non-Shuren society, especially the formal labor agency, failed to win the trust of the workers, just less than 3.5 percent. Through intensive analysis, we conclude that the risk in nos-Shuren society is higher than that in Shuren society, and offer the solution to the risk abersion of rural migrate workers’ job-seekings.
Metabolism of Rabbit Masseter Muscle Measured with ^31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Chang, Chongon,Chew, Will,Alcantara, Moses,McNeill, Charles,DeCrespigny, Alex J.,Miller, Arthur J. Korean Academy of Oral Biology and the UCLA Dental 1997 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.22 No.1
^31P NMR spectroscopy was used to study the metabolic characteristics of a jaw-closing muscle. The masseter was stimulated electrically to evoke repeated twitches (5 Hz), tetany (50 Hz) and periodic contracions in 15 anesthetized New Zealand adult male rabbits in 22 recording sessions. NMR spectra consisting of 5 peaks related to unbound phosphate were obtained during rest and contraction using a 2×3㎝, double-turn, copper transmit/receive coil while the animal was placed in a small bore Bruker 4.7 Tesla superconducting magnet. Stimulation at frequencies below 20-30 Hz evoked a significant increase in inorganic phosphate (Pi) and a marked decrease in phosphocreatine (PCr); both exhibited a steady state plateau during a three-minute stimulation trial. In contrast, stimulating at frequencies above 20-30 Hz developed a peak change in Pi and PCr that rapidly declined during the three-minute contraction. Electrically stimulating the masseter at 50 Hz while varying the periodicity of the stimulus with train durations of 200 to 800 msec indicated that the Pi and PCr changes switched between that of twitching to tetany with train durations exceeding 200 msec. These findings suggest that Pi/PCr changes demonstrate two types of responses during contraction that relate to the frequency of contraction.
Cho, Sung-Yup,Chae, Jeesoo,Na, Deukchae,Kang, Wonyoung,Lee, Ahra,Min, Seoyeon,Kang, Jinjoo,Choi, Boram,Lee, Jieun,Sung, Chang Ohk,Chuang, Jeffrey H.,Lee, Charles,Lee, Won-Suk,Park, Hansoo,Kim, Jong-Il American Association for Cancer Research 2019 Clinical Cancer Research Vol.25 No.9
<P><B>Purpose:</B></P><P>Genomic and transcriptomic alterations during metastasis are considered to affect clinical outcome of colorectal cancers, but detailed clinical implications of metastatic alterations are not fully uncovered. We aimed to investigate the effect of metastatic evolution on <I>in vivo</I> treatment outcome, and identify genomic and transcriptomic alterations associated with drug responsiveness.</P><P><B>Experimental Design:</B></P><P>We developed and analyzed patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models from 35 patients with colorectal cancer including 5 patients with multiple organ metastases (MOMs). We performed whole-exome, DNA methylation, and RNA sequencing for patient and PDX tumors. With samples from patients with MOMs, we conducted phylogenetic and subclonal analysis and <I>in vivo</I> drug efficacy test on the corresponding PDX models.</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>Phylogenetic analysis using mutation, expression, and DNA methylation data in patients with MOMs showed that mutational alterations were closely connected with transcriptomic and epigenomic changes during the tumor evolution. Subclonal analysis revealed that initial primary tumors with larger number of subclones exhibited more dynamic changes in subclonal architecture according to metastasis, and loco-regional and distant metastases occurred in a parallel or independent fashion. The PDX models from MOMs demonstrated therapeutic heterogeneity for targeted treatment, due to subclonal acquisition of additional mutations or transcriptomic activation of bypass signaling pathway during tumor evolution.</P><P><B>Conclusions:</B></P><P>This study demonstrated <I>in vivo</I> therapeutic heterogeneity of colorectal cancers using PDX models, and suggests that acquired subclonal alterations in mutations or gene expression profiles during tumor metastatic processes can be associated with the development of drug resistance and therapeutic heterogeneity of colorectal cancers.</P>
Charles Jimenez Cruz,Incheon Kang,Woo Jung Lee,Chang Moo Kang 한국간담췌외과학회 2019 Annals of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery Vol.23 No.3
Chronic pancreatitis is a benign inflammatory process that results symptoms pertaining to loss of endocrine and exocrine function. Pain poses a great challenge in the management of CP and intractable pain represents the main indication for surgical intervention. Surgical options for CP ranges from pancreatic resection to pure drainage procedures. Herein, we present the case of 68 year-old female with recurrent abdominal pain due to chronic pancreatitis, who underwent successful laparoscopic pancreatic neck transection and double pancreatico-jejunostomy (duct-to-mucosa). Pre-operative imaging revealed a uniformly dilated pancreatic duct with encrusted pancreatic stone in the pancreatic head near the ampulla of Vater, with no inflammatory mass. Pre-operative laboratory work-ups were all normal. Pancreas texture was noted to be intermediate to soft. During pancreatic neck transection, there was spontaneous deviation of distal stump laterally leaving an ample space to accommodate jejunal loop. PD measured 8 mm. The standard duct to mucosa double layer simple interrupted suture was used for PJ anastomosis. There were no significant intra-operative events. No transfusion was required. Total operation time was 297 minutes, and it took 129 minutes for laparoscopic PJ completion. Immediate post-operative course was unremarkable. This case suggests laparoscopic double PJ can be an alternative surgical approach to reduce the pancreatic duct pressure in chronic pancreatitis. Based on accumulating experiences, long-term outcome also needs to be investigated to address potential role of this technique.