건축 프로젝트 적정 설계변경 관리를 위한 사례조사

김성욱(Kim Sung-Wook),남혜원(Nam Hye-Won),이종식(Lee Jong-Sik),신창현(Shin Chang-Hyun),전재열(Chun Jae-Youl) 대한건축학회 2009 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.29 No.1(구조계)

Recent design changes in the existing research on the factors and issues of design changes and analysis, responsible for analyzing the relationship, procedural issues, and issues of research that can be active. However, changes in the design of problems are essentially designed to complement the book is for the procedure. Methodology for dealing with design changes in the characteristics of the country and to reflect more realistically, and various design changes and looked at trends in related research. the design Change of this study to examine the domestic status and problems, identify the status of the country about the design changes, and in suggesting the direction to the development of the design changes.

걷기운동과 조깅운동의 지질대사 변화에 관한 분석

장영금(Young Kum Chang),임식(Sik Lim) 한국사회체육학회 2001 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.16 No.-

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of regular exercise on the change of lipids. Three groups were organized, which included a control group, a walking group and a jogging group. The latter two groups were asked to get no extra exercise. By type of exercise, the experimental group was divided into two subgroups: walking and jogging. The mean heart rate per minute was maintained at 40%HRmax(±5%) in the walking group and at 70°%HRmax(±5%) in the jogging group. Both groups walked or run separately for 30 minutes at a regular pace. The pretest was conducted before the experiment, and posttest was implemented twice, 8 and 12 weeks after the experiment. The lipids was measured while they were relaxed. The variables to be observed were total-cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C and LDL-C. As a result of analyzing the collected data, the following findings were given: 1. There was no significant lipids change when they were at ease after getting incremental loading exercise. So the incremental loading exercise didn`t affect lipids change during relaxation. 2. The two types of incremental loading exercise brought a different change, to lipids 8 weeks after the groups started exercising. Especially, the jogging group showed most increase or decrease, which showed jogging, one of high-intensive exercises, was more effective. 3. Exercise 12 weeks after, it`s found that not only type of exercise but exercise term made a difference to lipids change. In both walking and jogging groups, lipids change was more significant after 12-week exercise than 8-week one. This fact suggested that higher-intensive (jogging) and longer-term(12 weeks) regular exercise was more effective. 4. The control group showed no significant difference in lipids change after getting incremental loading exercise during different terms. Therefore, it could be said that incremental loading exercise didn`t have any influence, unless it`s done on a regular basis. 5. The lipids change of the walking group was more significant after 8- and 12-week exercise than at ease, except HDL-C. This implied HDL-C could increase after walking exercise for more than 8 weeks at least. So a regular exercise with an intensity equivalent to or higher than that of walking would produce a good result. 6. For the jogging group, HDL-C also increased more significantly after 12-week exercise than after 8-week one. As a regular exercise for 12 weeks or more exerted a significant impact on lipids change, a high-intensive and long-term exercise turned out more effective. In the jogging group, there was a significant lipids decrease among pretest, 8-week after posttest, and 12-week after posttest. And there also was a significant lipids decrease, except HDL-C, between 8-week exercise and 12-week one. Accordingly, a regular exercise for 8 weeks or more at least could serve to reduce cholesterol.

Aflatoxin B_1 투여가 急性 肝 病變에 미치는 영향에 對한 病理學的 硏究

장선문,이충식,강대영 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1989 충남의대잡지 Vol.16 No.1

In an attempt of elucidate the pathologic and histochemical changes of aflatoxin B_2-induced hepatie lesions, the present study in male Sprague-Dawley rats was undertaken to evalute the relation between pathologic change of the liver and histochemical changes of several enzymes : alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase at 3. 9. 24. 48. 72, and 144 hours after single administration of aflatoxin B_1 by gastric tube. The aflatoxin B_1 was dissolved in peanut oil(0.5㎎ aflatoxin B_1 to 0.5ml peanut oil). Grouop of male rats received aflatoxin B_1 1㎎ per ㎏ of body weight, respectively. Control animals were given a similar volume of peanut oil alone. The results on morphologic and histochemical changes were as follows: 1. The necrotic change of liver was mainly periportal, and it became most severe at 24 hours and was more prominent in the large dose group than the small dose group. 2. Biliary ductular cell proliferation started to appear within 72 hours and after became regressed later in the small dose group, but it remained approximately 144 hours after exposure in the large dose group. 3. Electron microscopically, all three groups showed irregular nuclear membrane and nucleolar change characterized by segregation of granular and fibrillar elements. All the group showed cytoplasmie changes such as dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum with detached ribosome, hyperplasia of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, increased numbers of lipid droplets and mitochondrial alteration. The above change in the large dose group was more severe than those of the small dose group. 4. In the histochemical study of experimental animals, there was a decrease in the intensity of the staining reaction of alkaline phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase within 24 hours and a progressive decrease in staining intensity was noted at 144 hours. And then the staining intensity of the acid phosphatase was similar to that shown by the control animal. In summary, the data obtained by present experiments indicate aflatoxin B_1 exerts periportal necrosis of hepatic lobules accompanied by bile ductular cell proliferation, and inhibition of protein synthesis, as jedged by elertron microscopic and histochemical changes.

Correlation between skeletal and dental changes after mandibular setback surgery-first orthodontic treatment

Chang-Hoon Rhee,Youn-Kyung Choi,Yong-Il Kim,Seong-Sik Kim,Soo-Byung Park,Woo-Sung Son 대한치과교정학회 2015 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.45 No.2

Objective: To investigate skeletal and dental changes after application of a mandibular setback surgery-first orthodontic treatment approach in cases of skeletal Class III malocclusion. Methods: A retrospective study of 34 patients (23 men, 11 women; mean age, 26.2 ± 6.6 years) with skeletal Class III deformities, who underwent surgery-first orthodontic treatment, was conducted. Skeletal landmarks in the maxilla and mandible at three time points, pre-treatment (T0), immediate-postoperative (T1), and post-treatment (T2), were analyzed using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-generated half-cephalograms. Results: The significant T0 to T1 mandibular changes occurred ?9.24 ± 3.97 mm horizontally. From T1 to T2, the mandible tended to move forward 1.22 ± 2.02 mm, while the condylar position (Cd to Po-perpendicular plane) shifted backward, and the coronoid process (Cp to FH plane) moved vertically. Between T1 and T2, the vertical dimension changed significantly (p < 0.05). Changes in the vertical dimension were significantly correlated to T1 to T2 changes in the Cd to Po-perpendicular plane (r = ?0.671, p = 0.034), and in the Cp to FH plane (r = 0.733, p = 0.016), as well as to T0 to T1 changes in the Cp to Poperpendicular plane (r = 0.758, p = 0.011). Conclusions: Greater alterations in the vertical dimension caused larger post-treatment (T2) stage skeletal changes. Studying the mandibular position in relation to the post-surgical vertical dimension emphasized the integral importance of vertical dimension control and proximal segment management to the success of surgery-first orthodontic treatment.

급성 심근허혈에 따른 심실활성시간(Ventricular Activation Time)의 변화

한성욱,김윤년,김기영,남창욱,김기식,김권배 대한순환기학회 2001 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.31 No.3

체육교과 평가방식에 대한 소비자 의견 분석

모창배,유인영,김정식 청주대학교 학술연구소 2004 淸大學術論集 Vol.2 No.-

To collect customers opinion about physical education estimation system, this study targeted on 3rd grade students at academic high schools in Cheongju-city and Chungju-city in Chungcheongbuk-do. Main subjects of the study are each 4 classes in boys high school and girls high school. This paper examines the feasibility of estimation system change in the result of collecting customers opinion about estimation factors like reflection of school record and change, time factors like time obstacle and exercise ability, ability factors like influence and contents of school record, result factors like fairness of estimation, course factors like necessary and value of estimation and academic factors like private education expenses and its reduction. Based on the above result, it analyzes certification and correlation by item, sex and factor focused on every factor. Study materials are managed by SAS Package(Window Ver. 6.11). In the result of correcting customers opinion about the above estimation system, it shows as follows: First, it showed the difference by sex in change and reflection of physical education estimation system, change and influence of school record and necessary and value of estimation contents. Second, many male students supported items about exception and reflection of school record in physical education. It showed that most of students asked to change estimation system. Third, it showed time obstacle by students exercise ability in physical education estimation system. Male students have more obstacles to study other subjects than female ones. Fourth, it showed that many students asked to change estimation system not by influence of school record but by exercise ability. Fifth, it showed that many students emphasized fairness in estimation results by teachers. Sixth, in the case of male students, they asked enjoy activity and in the case of female ones, they asked physical development and health maintenance. Most students replied that physical education is necessary subject regardless of estimation. Seventh, Most students replied that physical education estimation system is not cause of increasing private education expenses directly. Eighth, students at academic high school have much correlation with estimation, time, ability, result and academic factor. On the other hand, it showed that subject factor did not much correlation with other factors.

GIS기법과 기후변화시나리오를 이용한 극한 강우에 따른 재해 영향성 평가

함창학(Hahm, Chang Hahk),김병식(Kim, Byung-Sik) 한국측량학회 2012 한국측량학회 학술대회자료집 Vol.2012 No.4

There has been growing the damage in an urban area on account of recent climate change. As the complicated type of damages such as domestic flooding, landslide overflow of rivers etc., has been emerged, great attention has been shown to the question of extreme precipitation, local downpour. Under confined spaces and limited resources, we should selectively take appropriate counterplan on flood disaster in accordance with the climate change. For decision making, we should consider the estimation of disaster according to extreme precipitation affected by climate change. Simulating the daily rainfall in the future (2001-2100) by using SRES A2 scenarios and high-resolution RCM model, we estimated EVI(Extreme Volatility Index), HRI(Human Risk Index), and DII(Disaster Impact Index). Then, we finally evaluated the effect of occurrence of extreme precipitation in future climate change through comparison and analysis on spatio-temporal distribution of the Korean Peninsula. The conclusion which can be drawn from study are these: 1) Extreme Volatility Index loomed large in Gyeongsang-do and Jeolla-do, 2) Human Risk Index has largely revealed 7 metropolitan city and national capital region, and 3) Area located on the border of the whole area on the West Coast , Gyeongsang-do and Jeolla-do have large Disaster Impact Index. In short, these areas will be influenced by flood disaster in accordance with the future climate change.

Rat의 복강내에 투여한 5-fluorouracil-polyglycolic acid 제형이 장기에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

강대영,송규상,최정목,노승무,정경수,오정연,김진향,양준묵,최선웅,이진호,조준식,민병무,김용백,김창식,박근성,김승영,김학용,인현빈 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.1

For more effective intraperitoneal chemotherapy, the authers made 5-fluorouracil-polyglycolic acid composite disks(FU-PGA disks) with 5-fluorouracil and polyglycolic acid, a biodegradable polymer. We inserted the FU-PGA disk into the peritoneal cavites of Sprague-Dawley male rats, the control and three experimental groups; one FU-PGA disk insert group(300mg/kg), two FU-PGA disk insert group(600mg/kg), and three FU-PGA disk insert group(900mg/kg). The control group received a similar number of PGA disk inserts. A pharmacokinetic study was performed to measure the 5-fluorouracil concentration in the peritoneal fluid, blood, and tissues(liver, kidney and heart) at 24 hours, 72hours and 168 hours after insertion of the FU-PGA disk. Light and electron microscopic studies were done. The results were as follows: 1) The number of white blood cells and platelets decreased after FU-PGA insertion. The degree was proportional to the duration and amounts inserted. The change in the number of red blood cells varied slightly. 2) Light microscopically, slight changes were noted at 168 hours in the 3 disk insert group (900mg/kg). Mild fatty change and hepatocyte degeneration around the central veins of the liver were noted, with vacuolar degeneration in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. 3) Electron microscopically,the liver showed focal increases of lipid droplets in the hepatocytes, and irregular nuclear membrane with focal nucleolar segregation of the fibrillar and granular elements. Also the double membranous structure of the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells was widened with bleb formation. The kidney showed wide separation of the nuclear double membrane in the proximal convoluted tubular cells and mesangial cells, with vacuolation and myelin figure formation in the mitochondria of the proximal convoluted tubular cells, at 72 hours and 168 hours in the 2 to 3 FU-PGA insert groups. The heart showed focal loss of cristae,vacuolation and myelin figure formation in the mitochondria of the 2 to 3 FU-PGA insert groups. In conclusion, despite the large amont of FU-PGA inserted, the histopathological changes in the liver, kidney and heart were slight, and consonant with the very low amount of 5-fluorouracil concentrations detected in the liver, kidney and heart. The above results suggest that the FU-PGA composite can serve as a new device for releasing drugs in a controlled manner and easily targeted to intraperitoneal organs. This device can improve the efficacy of intraperitoneal chemotherapy for gastric cancer.

평행봉 몸 굽혀 2회전 뒤 공중 돌아 내리기 동작의 국면별 운동학적 분석

윤창선,강대식 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.14 No.3

This thesis has an aim to examine the influence on landing of successful salto by the difference of athletic factors of salto backward tucked dismount on the parallel bars. This thesis analyzed six national representative players dividing them into the skill group (G1) who got more than 9.5 point and the unskilled group (G2) who got less than 9.5 point based on the average point by four international referees utilizing three dimensional image analyses photographed with video camera, and it got the conclusion of the athletic factors dividing into each aspect as followings. 1. As for the time spent by the groups when the thesis divided them into each aspect, G1 spent more time than G2. It's because G1 acted in stability at the moment of staying in the space and landing as it spent much time in the space with fast down swing and release, but G2 on the contrary, acted fast at the moment of space of four aspects with slow down swing and release. And its landing was unstable at the movement of low height. 2. As for the positional change in each aspect, the parallel position of G2 increased than that of G1, and the increased parallel position made the unstable salto and landing . As for the change of vertical position, at the time of down swing in the first aspect, what G1 acted at the low position of the second aspect at the high position seemed to be an act to release fast falling the high joint down, and it made salto high and made landing stable. 3. As for speed change of high joint in each aspect, G1 acted with fast horizontal speed generally at the time of release, aspect of space, and aspect of landing because of right horizontal speed at the time of down swing, and it seemed to be an act to get rotary power of double salto. As for the vertical speed, G1 acted with a much more vertical speed than G2 in four aspects with a big up-down movement by the fast vertical speed at the time of down swing and release. It means that G1 acted fast with a fast vertical speed of the high joint to get the height to stay in the air. 4. As for the change of the angle of the high joint in each aspect, G1 acted a bigger down swing and release than G2 utilizing the stretched body of the high joint at the time of down swing and release. As for change of angle of shoulder, G1 acted down swing with the shoulder joint accessed nearer than G2 to the body. At the time of down swing, it acted with a big angle of shoulder joint to stretch high shoulder at the time of swing. In addition to it, at the time of release, G2 escaped from the hand more slowly than G1 because of big angle. It made the movement of space and landing movement unstable. 5. As for change of angular speed in each aspect, G1 acted with a fast high joint down swing from the start to the first aspect. It acted with a slow speed of the angle stretching the high joint in the second and the third aspect so that it could get fast angular speed in the forth and the fifth aspect. As for the change of shoulder joint, G1 acted with a fast angular speed in the aspect of space and that of landing movement by the fast speed of shoulder joint at the time of release. In addition to it, fast angular speed of the shoulder joint in the release aspect of space made the rotary power of double salto.

자원봉사활동의 유래를 통한 행정체계의 발전방향에 대한 고찰

우태식 ( Tae Sik Woo ),김창래 ( Chang Lae Kim ) 한국행정사학회 2015 韓國行政史學誌 Vol.37 No.-

인류 역사를 통해 볼 때 자원봉사는 자기희생, 헌신과 봉사, 자선, 상부상조, 박애주의, 인도주의, 민주주의 등 철학적, 종교적, 도덕적 배경에서 출발하였다. 우리나라 자원봉사는 상부상조를 목적으로 하는‘계 조직’이 삼한시대에 성행하였다. 이는 순수한 주민협동체 조직으로 취미나 그 밖의 생활의 공통된 분야에서 공동으로 회유, 제례 또는 회식 같은 행사를 통해 이해관계를 같이 해왔다. 이런 계 조직은 신라시대에 이르러 다양한 형태로 발전되어 오늘날까지 유사한 형태로 전달되어지고 있다. 신라시대에는 계 이외에도 두레라고 하는 촌락단위로 조직된 농촌사회의 상호협력, 감찰을 목적으로 하는 주민 협동체가 있었다. 고구려 시대의 세민구호책인 진대법, 고려의 의창·제위보·혜민국제, 조선의 상평창·사창 및 향약은 영국의 구빈법보다 훨씬 앞서는 제도로서 사회연대 책임 하에 실시된 사회복지적 측면이라 할 수 있다. 현대적 의미의 자원봉사활동이 실시되기 시작한 것은 1903년 YMCA창립을 시작으로 해서 1921년태화기독교사회관에서 여성계몽과 어린이 건강을 위한 봉사활동이 전개되면서 부터이다. 그러나 이 시기에는 기독교의 전파에 따라 기독교사상, 민주주의 철학 등이 유입되면서 교회 및 관련단체의 자선적, 박애적 성격을 띠는 초보적 형태의 자원봉사활동이 시작되었다고 볼 수 있다. 자원봉사활동에 대한 관심이 본격적으로 높아지기 시작한 것은 1980년대에 들어서면서 부터이다. 이것은 경제수준의 향상, 국민의식의 증대, 가족구조의 변화 등 사회·경제적 변화가 크게 작용하였기 때문이다. 1984년 한국여성개발원에 의하여 자원봉사인력은행이 설치되고, 1985년에는 올림픽조직위원회에 의하여 자원봉사단이 구성됨으로써 보다 조직적으로 자원봉사활동이 전개 되었다. 특히 ``86아시안게임과 ``88올림픽에 있어서 거국적인 자원봉사자활용은 전국적으로 자원봉사를 인식시키고 확산시키는데 크게 기여하였다. 서양에서는 기록에 의하면 4,300여 년 전 이집트인들의 무덤에 자선행위가 기록되어 있고, 그리스시대에는 개인의 고통을 덜어주는 일보다 사회문제의 답을 사회개혁에서 찾으려 했다. 그리하여 모두에게 혜택이 돌아가는 박애주의(Philanthropy)가 발달하게 되었다. 전통적 자원봉사활동에서부터 현대적 자원봉사활동에 이르기까지의 전반적인 활동을 토대로 우리나라의 자원봉사활동과 제 외국의 역사적 전개과정과 지원체계 그리고 제도를 비교 고찰한 것은 자원봉사 발전에 어떠한 의미와 가치를 부여하는지에 대한 행정상 체계방안과 행정법상 제도를 마련하고, 더 나아가 자원봉사활동의 활성화에 기여하는가에 의의가 있다할 것이다. Volunteer work began with philosophical, religious, moral background of self-sacrifice, dedication and service, charity, mutual aid, philanthropy, humanitarianism, democracy, etc. seen from human history. In Korean voluntary work, gye for the purpose of mutual aid flourished in the time of the Three Han State, and this had have common interest through events such as get-together, ancestral ritual formalities or congregate dining jointly in the common fields of interest or other living standards as the pure resident community. This gye had been developed in various forms by the Sinra ear and has being come in similar form up to this day. There was dure other than gye in the period of Sinra, dure was the farmers`` cooperative group composed of village unit for mutual aid, inspection of rural community and relief measure of the poor, jindaebeob of Goguryeo era, uichang·jewibo·hyemingugje of Goryeo era, sangpeongchang·sachang·hyangyak of Joseon dynasty was the system exceeding poor law of England and could be seen as efforts for social welfare taken under the responsibility of social solidarity. Beginning to conduct volunteer activities in the modern meaning was from developing volunteer work for women`` enlightenments and children`` health at Taehwa Christianity Society Complex, 1921, starting the foundation of YMCA, 1903.However in this period, there could appear to be begun volunteer activities of rudimentary forms with charitable, philanthropic character of church and relevant groups by the introduction of Christian ideas, philosophy of democracy, etc. according to propagation of Christianity. That interest on volunteer work was rising in earnest came into the 1980s. This is because social·economical changes such as improvement of the economic levels, increase of national consciousness, change of family structure, etc. are a big factor, Korean Women’s Development Institute established the volunteer manpower bank in 1984, and volunteer activities developed more systematically by consisting of volunteers in 1985 by the Olympic organized committee. Especially in ``86 Asian Game and ``88 Olympic, a nationwide use of volunteer largely contributed to recognize and spread volunteer work all over the country. According to the record, an act of charity was recorded on Egyptian tomb 4,300 years ago, and in the time of the Greeks, they tried to find the answer of social problem in social reform rather than in relief of the individual pain and Philanthropy providing benefits to all was developed. In England, Charity organization society established in 1869 pursued an effective adjustment between welfare business and institute, and avoided the overlap and competition of relief administration and was to develop the organization and technique. Settlement House Movement started about 15 years later than the charity organization society in order to deal with the same social problem at that time, but viewpoint approaching the problems was much different. Settlement House movement was that the environmental factor based on liberalism and radicalism idea in those days was the source of the very social problem. Approach to the problem emphasized not modification of the poor but social reformative side having to change existing order. This tried to find the realizable effective solutions in a concrete way in a pragmatic stance. This was just the first social group work. In America, the charity organization society started a charity at Buffalo, New York in 1877, and Hull house was also built at Chicago in 1889. Everyone that worked at Hull house was housed and lived in settlement house. In Japan, Osaka volunteering association built in 1965 was concentrating on education and training as the first private volunteering association. This was the model of voluntary school in Japan. Welfare ministry began to make welfare volunteer village from 1985, and social welfare council installed the volunteer center throughout the country. Volunteer activity began to be vitalized nationally in school education such as forming the nationwide volunteer study leader contact council becoming the focal point for teachers, etc. People living in the 21th century were living in the direct effect of the fast-changing social structures and economical circumstances. In the rapidly changing society, every member tries to keep up the pace of change, for which struggles to maintain physical·economical·psychological stability. Notwithstanding all sorts of social welfare policies being pushed by government, there still exist those suffering from physical, psychological isolation in people who are neglected in society. These can find the case of neglect in the visible or invisible presence on the ground of budget deficits. The very volunteer is the way that can support the area beyond hand of government or local government like this. In addition, because volunteers are unpaid human resources with spontaneity and want to extend help to others or members of the society, they can promote ideal community development and local change. The member in society can have the meaning to drive voluntarily efforts to convert a person who cannot enjoy the social welfare benefits to the state of enjoying the social welfare benefits. Therefore volunteer activities can be playing pivotal role in forming democratic welfare society based on the sound civic spirit. The history of volunteer work in our country is relatively short compared to other advanced countries such as England or America, etc. Of course in case of the four ceremonial occasions of coming of age, wedding, funeral, and ancestral rites or work of farming season with a rural village as a unit, there exists the tradition such as dure, exchange of labor, gye, hyangyak, etc. in the form of reciprocity to help one another among the village people, however because these traditions have strongly the concept of risk-reduction by collective effort in aspects of economic compensation to help one another by working for one another and preparation for emergency of disaster, etc. rather than are grounded on volunteer spirit, they are not volunteer work in the original meaning. Thus, based on the overall activity from traditional volunteer activities up to modern volunteer activities, considering the historical development of volunteer activities in our country prepares the administrative system and the system under administration law in regard to granting the meaning and value to the development of volunteer work, and furthermore has a significance in contributing to development of volunteer work.